The authors gratefully acknowledge their colleagues and collaborators including Profs. Ming-Shien Chang, Wen Chang, Jui-I Chao, Chia-Chun Chen, Kuei-Hsien Chen, Yit-Tsong Chen, Bing-Ming Cheng, Chia-Liang Cheng, Bon-chu Chung, Jim-Min Fang, Wunshain Fann, Chau-Chung Han, Cheng-Hsiang Hsiao, Chia-Lung Hsieh, Patrick C. H. Hsieh, Hsao-Hsun Hsu, Jui-Hung Hsu, Jyh-Chiang Jiang, Hsien-Ming Lee, Sheng-Chung Lee, Te-Chang Lee, Yuan-Tseh Lee, Chung-Leung Li, Tsung-Lin Li, Tsong-Shin Lim, Cheng-Huang Lin, Chih-Kai Lin, Chun-Hung Lin, Jiing-Chyuan Lin, Sheng Hsien Lin, Thai-Yen Ling, Tzu-Ming Liu, Chung-Yuan Mou, Ker-Jar Song, Kwok Sun, Juen-Kai Wang, Chih-Che Wu, Yi-Chun Wu, Alice L. Yu, John Yu, Tsyr-Yan Yu, and Yueh-Chung Yu in Taiwan for their kind support and assistance.

We also thank all group members in the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory at the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, for their important contributions to this work over the past 24 years. They include Be-Ming Chang, Che-Wei Chang, Cheng-Chun Chang, Yu-Tang Chang, Yuan-Chang Chang, Chao-Sheng Chen, Kowa Chen, Oliver Y. Chen, Yen-Wei Chen, Yi-Ying Chen, Chi-An Cheng, Chandra Prakash Epperla, Orestis Faklaris, Chia-Yi Fang, Feng-Jen Hsieh, Chih-Wei Huang, L.-C. Lora Huang, Yuen Yung Hui, Ming-Wei Kang, Xianglei Kong, Shan-Jen Kuo, Yung Kuo, Chien-Hsun Lee, Hsiao-Wen Lee, Hung-Cheng Li, Yingqi Li, Chung-Lun Lin, Hsin-Hung Lin, Ko-Wei Lin, Yu-Chun Lu, Yi-Wen Mau, Nitin Mohan, T.-Thanh-Bao Nguyen, Lei Pan, Dinh Minh Pham, Shu-Yao Sheu, Hualin Shu, Shingo Sotoma, Long-Jyun Su, Pei-Chang Tsai, Yan-Kai Tzeng, V. Vaijayanthimala, Tse-Luen Wee, Shih-Hua Yeh, Shu-Jung Yu, and Bailin Zhang.

Across the Pacific Ocean, we thank Dr. Ian Jones for his enthusiastic support. Our appreciation also goes to the students at Sonoma State University who have helped to improve the manuscript, including Shaanti Trikha, Claire Sylva, Megumi Hallberg, and Amir Arshi.