Index
absorptivity, 488
acetic acid, 157
acrolein, 154
activated alumina, 372
activated carbons, 414
active conditioning systems, 523
active nucleants, 260
adhesion, 30
adiabatic system, 5
adsorbents, 116
liquid, 372
solid, 372
application in practice, 495–9
demand reshaping measures progressive deployment, 500
embedded RE systems in The Lighthouse Building, 501
Lighthouse Building in Glasgow, 498
solar façade at University of Strathclyde student residences, 497
benchmarking performance, 499–501
building performance integrated view, 496
component options, 485–6
demand reshaping, 485
energy supply, 485–6
embedded heat flux sensor, 493
integrated performance rating, 494–5
modelling and simulation required parameters, 495
performance assessing and benchmarking, 484–501
performance models and model parameter measurement, 486–94
advanced glazings, 488
ducted wind turbines, 490–3
in situ measurements, 493–4
material properties, 486–8
photovoltaic cells, 489–90
transparent insulation, 488
adventitious leakage, 92–4
effect on a balanced mechanical system, 93
effect on a natural ventilation system, 93
adventitious openings, 84
optical applications, 336
solid state insulation, 336
space applications, 336
formation, 325–32
ambient-pressure drying process, 329–31
controlling density and void size distribution, 331–2
drying techniques, 325–6
evaporation of solvent molecules, 326
freeze-drying process, 329
spring back effective gel demonstration, 330
supercritical drying, 326–9
supercritical drying schematic, 327
supercritical drying using carbon dioxide, 328
surface silylating process, 330
future trends, 336–8
covalent bio-conjugation protocols schematic, 338
formation of non-covalent biospecies conjugates schematic, 337
materials for insulation in buildings, 319–39
background, 320–1
general properties, 319–20
physical properties, 332–5
acoustic properties, 336
comparing thermal conductivity with other materials, 333
model of thermal transportation properties, 332
optical properties, 334–5
principle of energy saving, 334
thermal conductivity, 332–4
processing materials and properties, 321–5
advancement using other alkoxides, 324–5
electrical double layers, 323
metal alkoxides synthesis and structure, 324
silicon-oxygen groups, 324
sol-gel and drying processes scheme, 321
sol-gel processing, 321–3
uncharged nanoparticles, 323
translucent, 336
transparent, 336
Agency for Renewable Raw Materials, 249
AGI Working documents, 295
air conditioning, 104
air entry value, 46
air exchange rate, 155
air fresheners, 162
ventilation in buildings, 77–98
future trends, 97–8
issues concerning materials, 92–7
natural ventilation design, 90–2
natural ventilation feasibility, 86–90
physical mechanisms, 81–6
ventilation systems, 77–81
airtight membrane, 447
albedo, 516
alcogels, 320
aliphatic hydrocarbons, 259
allophone, 412
alumina aerogel, 325
aluminium nitride, 413
aluminosilicates, 372
ambient-pressure drying, 329–31
detailed algorithm, 15
angular velocity, 491
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 160-2009, 62–3
Apollo Adhesives, 449
aquagels, 320
Arc Architects, 353
Arndale Shopping Centre, 574
artificial lighting systems, 618
friable, 164
non-friable, 164
ASHVE, 373
Aspen Aerogel, 445
solar reflectance and thermal performance of asphalt shingles, 467
asphyxiants, 153
asthma, 158–9
ASTM C 1340, 306
ASTM C 1371, 307
ASTM E06, 63
Attestation of Conformity procedure, 234–5
Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), 666
auto coherent homogenisation, 349–50
automation, 624–5
bacteria, 164–5
bamboo, 166
barometric pressure, 373
BASF study, 640–1
BASFAG (2006), 640
batch process, 262–3
bathroom pod, 436
installation, 435
batt, 461
Bedford seven-point scales, 129
behavioural scripts, 544
behavioural thermoregulation, 142
BEMS See Building Energy Management System
bentonite, 378
BEPAC, 480
BER See Building Emission Rate
BET, 332
biodiversity, 513
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 602
Biot number, 12
effect on steady state temperature gradient, 13
effect on temperature gradient evolution, 13
black body, 19
blanket, 461
blowing agents, 258–9
BMS See Building Management System
boards, 276
Boustead, 181
BRE See Building Research Establishment
BRE Trust, 622
British Board of Agrément, 546
British Pavilion, 456
brittleness, 286
BS EN ISO 8990, 9
BS EN ISO 14025, 184
BS EN ISO 14040, 178
BS EN ISO 14040:2006, 183
BS EN ISO 14044:2006, 183
BS ISO 15686-8:2008, 185
buffering, 345
Building Act 1984, 149
Building and Environment, 403
Building Authority Acceptance, 303
Building Emission Rate, 581
primary objective, 442
building equipment, xxi
thermal insulation material, 274–303
heat and mass transport processes, 3–47
nomenclature, 50–3
life cycle assessment and environmental profiling, 175–91
environmental labeling, 178–9
LCA of building materials, 179–82
LCA standardisation, 182–7
life cycle approach, 176
materials sustainability, 175–6
other issues, 189–91
UK context, 187–9
building physics, 442
Building Regulations (1965), 537
Building Regulations Part L2, 567
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, 68, 187, 480, 568, 580, 589, 622–3, 645
aims, 622–3
construction, 622
environment, 622
fire and risk in built environment, 622
objectives, 623
building science, 442
Building Science Corporation, 442
building tight and ventilating right, 569
bulk density, 60
BUWAL, 182
calcium chloride, 420
calcium silicate foam, 217–18
Cannabis sativa, 244
capillary conduction, 35
capillary domain, 34
vs relative water content, 36
capillary suction See capillarity
capillary water, 29
capric acid, 386
carbon aerogels, 324–5
carbon capture storage, 543
carbon composites, 408
emissions, 513
structure types, 415
Carbon Performance Rating, 567
Carbon Vision Buildings, 541
carboxylic acids, 156
cardigan culture, 524
casting, 265
cavity masonry, 537
cavity wall, 204
CCS See carbon capture storage
CCTV surveillance systems, 612
CEEQUAL, 187
CEH See Creative Energy Homes
cellular concrete, 379
cellular glass, 215–16
cellular-planned offices, 565
cellular wool, 662
cellulose acetate, 259
air-to-air heat and mass exchanger, 420
Celuka process, 265
CEN Mandate, 187
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 602
fibres, 218–19
structure overview, 413
thermal conductivity, 408
CFD See computational fluid dynamics
changeover mixed-mode system, 78
charcoal, 152
Charles Rennie Mackintosh design, 498
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers See CIBSE
chemical foaming, 260
materials, 120–1
reaction heat storage, 118
sorption heat storage, 115–17
chlorine, 160
4-chloro-3-nitro-benzoic acid, 155
chlorofluorocarbon, 259
chloromethane, 157
chlorotrimethylsilane surface silyating process on aerogel, 330
CHP systems See combined heat and power systems
Ciba Chemicals, 449
CIBSE Building Energy Codes, 580
CIBSE Guide C, 15
CIBSE Guide F, 638
CIBSE recommendation, 569
CIBSE TRY climate files (2005), 544
Clausis Dictum, 5
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 114
bricks, 227
expanded pellets, 226
light expanded clay aggregate, 225
materials, 351–4
mineral structures composition, 352
plasters, 354
CLAYTEC, 354
cleaning products, 162
climate, 86–7
impact on building fabric, 688–9
glazing, 688
thermal insulation, 688
thermal storage, 688–9
impact on urban pattern and building form and fabric, 685–7
building form, 686–7
roof form, 687
street planning, 686
thermal comfort, 681–5
global criteria, 683–5
influencing parameters, 682
Climate Consultant software, 478
Clo, 133
closed system, 5
coal, 513
coefficient of diffusivity, 40
coefficient of performance, 95
coefficient of permeability, 36
moisture dependent, 37
cohesion, 30
cold cure, 264
combustion, 151–2
comfort, 441
comfort equation, 133
Comfort Zone Chart, 373
embodied energy, 577–8
embodied pollution, 578
factories and warehouses energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 574–7
environmental design, 575–6
typical construction, 576–7
future trends in design and refurbishment, 583–6
material choice, 578–80
steel vs concrete, 579–80
thermal mass, 579–80
materials for energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 562–86
measured room temperature with additional salt hydrate and without PCM, 585
with and without PCM-plaster, 585
modelling and monitoring thermal performance and comfort, 580–3
fingerprinting, 581–2
SBEM, 580–1
sensors, 582–3
offices energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 563–70
air conditioning and natural ventilation, 568–70
good practice/typical practice, 566–7
journey to work, 567–8
lighting and artificial lighting, 568
main differences from dwellings, 563
situation in offices, 563–6
retail spaces energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 570–4
environmental design, 572
freezer cabinets in supermarkets, 573
lighting and artificial lighting, 571–2
natural ventilation and air conditioning in supermarkets, 573
shopping centres and supermarkets, 571
typical construction, 573–4
compatibility, 408
complementary mixed-mode system, 78
Composite Technology Park, 459
composites, 356–7
computer modelling, 591
Concrete Centre report, 638
concrete panel, 438–9
interstitial, 104
surface, 104
conservation area, 540
law of conservation of energy, 6–7
law of conservation of mass, 6
law of conservation of momentum, 6
conservation of thermal energy equation, 88
constant drying rate, 44
construction moisture, 57
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1994), 602
Control Volume Method, 14
convection, 14–15
convection coefficient, 15
forced, 16
natural, 15
convection heat transfer, 16
convective heat, 576
cooking energy, 653
cool roofs, 466
heat energy storage in buildings, 101–24
fundamentals of thermal energy storage, 106–18
materials for thermal energy storage, 118–22
psychometrics, 102–6
thermal storage applications for building heating and cooling, 122–4
copper, 409
CPR See carbon capture storage
cradle-to-cradle assessment See life cycle assessment
cradle-to-grave assessment See life cycle assessment
Creative Energy Homes, 669
Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings, 62
cryogel, 320
CTP See Composite Technology Park
cubic lattice and capillary bridge model, 350
CVM, 26
d-limonene, 162
DALI control gear, 611
dampness control, 360
expression for mean flow of velocity, 38
Davison Microtraps, 414
daylight, 514–15
daylight compensation lighting, 618–19
Daylight-Europe project, 494
DEC See Display Energy Certificate
decarbonising, 513
declared value, 287–93
fire behaviour, 291
maximum service temperature, 292
thermal conductivity, 288–90
water vapour diffusion, 293
density, 266
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 603–4
summer psychrometrics, 376
typical psychrometrics, 375
winter psychrometrics, 377
air quality, 369–70
applications, 367
cycle, 366–7
desiccant cycle schematic, 366
EER and COP, 382–3
evaporative cooling method, 105
health and comfort, 367–9
heat loss by clothed sedentary person, 368
influence of humidity on comfort, 369
influence of moisture on people, 370
lines of comfort, 374
liquid desiccants vs water, 367
moisture control in buildings, 365–83
natural and commercial desiccants, 370–2
absorption and desorption cycle, 380
novel desiccant system, 379
desiccant and humidity levels, 371
dew point and humidity level, 373
performance comparison of typical building materials, 381
commercial desiccants, 373–8
natural desiccants, 378–82
desorption, 115
desorptivity, 44
Determination of Thermal Transmissivity of a Moist Material, 350
Developing Rammed Earth for UK Housing, 354
Development of WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality, 150
cooling system, 401
temperature, 103
dibenzodioxins, 166
1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol, 159
differential scanning calorimetry, 387
diffusivity, 260–1
dimethyl sulfoxide, 624
DIN 4108-10, 205–6
diode factor, 490
direct evaporative cooling, 399–400
process schematic, 400
discharge coefficient, 84
displacement ventilation, 81
architectural vernacular, 540–1
carbon payback time, 546–58
external wall insulation systems with different insulation materials, 551
fabric and occupancy, 550
insulation material properties, 549
other factors, 556–8
wall encompassing an external insulation system, 549
certified external insulation systems in the UK, 547–8
EU domestic housing stock, 534
dwellings in some EU countries disaggregated by location and construction age, 535
total dwellings in EU27 disaggregated by country, 534
external wall insulation, 545–6
market statistics, 545–6
groupings, 546
system types, 546
fabric heat loss and CO2 emissions, 537–40
dwellings of solid wall construction, 539
heat loss through the external wall, 539
in-situ measurement of solid walls, 537
wall construction and insulation level effect, 538
household willingness to pay, 554–5
household income level of respondents disaggregated by level of interest, 557
innovator class disaggregated by income level, 557
respondent perception to the effect of energy efficiency measures, 558
respondents interested in purchasing energy saving technological interventions, 556
internal wall insulation, 543–5
intervention strategies, 541–3
CO2 savings of detached solid wall dwelling, 542
deep cut technological intervention sets, 542
materials for energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 533–59
UK domestic housing, 534–7
disaggregated by construction age and type of dwelling, 536
stock, 536–7
whole life cycle costing, 550–4
annual gas tariff increase effect on external wall insulation discounted cost of investment, 552
caveat 1, 553
caveat 2, 553–4
caveat 3, 554
learning rates for a range of different technologies, 554
major assumptions used in WLC calculation, 552
double-Likert scale, 581
draught rating, 140
model, 140
dry air, 102
dry-bulb temperature, 103
dry cup test, 43
DSM See Dynamic Simulation Model
façade-integrated DWT, 491
monitored power output and CP value, 492
Dupont Energain, 123
durability, 408
dust, 164
dust mite, 165
dynamic insulation, 96–7
Dynamic Simulation Model, 635
DYNBIL, 642
EC Biological Agents Directive (2000/54/EC), 602
ECG019, 566–7
eco-building design, xxii
advanced building materials, 505–31
comfort and health in buildings, 506–8
health, 507–8
light, 507
sound, 507
the brief, 506
thermal comfort, 506–7
brief for new materials, 529
dynamic materials, 529–30
living world, 530
plants in buildings, 531
annual working hours where temperatures exceed various thresholds, 527
brief case history, 523–5
daylight in mezzanine, 526
ground floor fresh air intake, 528
roof construction, 525
roof vent internal view, 528
sun path and air flow, 524
issues, 506–13
buildings and external environment, 511–12
energy efficiency in buildings, 509–11
food and water, 511
materials and waste, 508–9
renewable energy variability, 510–11
process, 520–3
climate and site conditions, 522
design, 522–3
documentation and delivery, 523
environmental control standards and maintenance, 520
fitting into the existing urban fabric, 520–2
sustainable development challenges for a designer, 513–20
cold bridging on aluminium frame and poor air circulation, 519
cooling, 516–17
energy usage in buildings, 520
environmental control in a building, 513–14
growth area in energy use, 521
heating, 515
internal moisture and pollutant control, 518–20
light and daylight, 514–15
lower heating energy consumptions in newer buildings, 521
stopping things going in or out of a window, 518
thermal storage, 516
ventilation, 517–18
use of space, 512–13
climate change, 512
investment in new vs existing buildings, 513
social equity, 513
eco-roofs, 467–9
Ecoinvent, 181
ECON19, 566–7
Ecoterre bricks, 353
EER See energy efficiency ratio
effective emittance, 310
effective temperature index, 132
efflorescence, 36
EH75/1, 165
electrical energy, 510
embodied energy, 655
longwave, 493
opaque surface, 488
surface, 494
EN 12086:1997, 286
EN 12667:2001, 282
EN 12939:2000, 282
EN 13162, 214
EN 13172:2008, 288
EN 13238:2001, 283
EN 13469:2001, 286
EN 13501, 283
EN 13787:2008, 288
EN 13823:2002, 283
EN 14114, 298
EN 14706:2005, 285
EN 14707+A1:2007, 285
EN ISO 1182:2002, 283
EN ISO 1716:2002, 283
EN ISO 8497, 300
EN ISO 8497:1996, 283
EN ISO 15148, 39
EN ISO 17011, 295
EN ISO 17025, 294
EN ISO 11925-2:2002, 283
energy, 4
energy balance, 58
energy consumption, xix, 652
by end use in EU, 652
in residential buildings, 653
operational, xxi
typical patterns, 567
world market, 651
breakdown of energy for major end uses in Australia, 653
by end use in EU, 652
residential buildings, 653
world market, 651
materials for domestic buildings, 533–59
materials for high performance buildings, 589–625
materials for new buildings, 631–47
materials for the refurbishment of existing buildings, 649–77
total primary energy use world-wide, 650
energy efficiency ratio, 382–3
energy labeling system, 663
Energy Performance of Building Regulations, 635
Energy Performance of Buildings Directives, 581
energy wasters, 562
atmospheric air, 103
envelope flows, 81–2
Envest, 188–9
Environmental Agency, 578
Environmental Change Institute for Building Market Transformation research project, 538
combustion, fire and combustible materials, 151–5
deposition velocities of gases, 156
in buildings, 148–68
indoor emissions and outgassing, 157–61
fabrics and coverings, 158–9
flame retardants, 159–60
floors, 157
formaldehyde occupational and environmental concentrations, 160
paints, solvents and preservatives, 158
plastics, foams and glues, 160–1
secondary production, 161
wood, 157
materials and toxicity, 165–6
regulation, 165–6
occupant activity, 161–3
cleaning and fragrances, 162
cooking, 161–2
ozone generation, 162–3
outdoor pollutants infiltration, 155–7
particles in buildings, 164–5
non-viable particles, 164
spores and bacteria, 164–5
potential limits to exposure from toxic gases, 154
recommended air change rates, 152
safety issues in occupied spaces, 150–1
transformations within the interior, 163
environmental labelling, 178–9
framework and declaration, 179
Environmental Management – life cycle assessment, 178
Environmental Management Systems, 611
environmental product declaration, 210
Environmental Profiles Methodology, 188
weighting factors, 182
environmental profiling, xxi
and life cycle assessment of building materials, 175–91
environmental labelling, 178–9
life cycle approach, 176
materials sustainability, 175–6
other issues, 189–91
UK context, 187–9
environmental temperature node, 22
EPC See Energy Performance Certificate
epoxy resin, 621
equivalent resistance, 9
Errol Brick Company, 353
estimated service life, 185
ETH-ESU, 182
ETICS, 214
EU Directive 89/106/EEC, 294
EU Directive 89/677/EEC, 166
EuroACE, 658
European Commission Joint Research Centre: Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 182
European Construction Products Directive, 197
European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, 193
European heat-wave 2003, 167
European Organisation for Technical Approvals, 235
European Recoverable Carrier, 336
evapo-transpiration, 467
application of porous materials in buildings, 417–22
assessing the capacities and associated requirements in materials, 404–9
direct and indirect systems using porous materials in buildings, 399–423
nomenclature, 426
direct evaporative cooling process schematic, 400
heat and moisture transfer indication in an indirect evaporative cooling system, 404
psychrometric diagram, 404
indirect evaporative cooling process schematic, 400
materials used, 402–3
potential materials comparative analyses, 409–17
carbon, 414–15
carbon fibre structures, 415
ceramic structure overview, 413
ceramics, 412–13
comparing the materials, 415–17
fibre, 411–12
hardwood fibre structure, 411
heat exchanging copper tube, 409
heat pipe with metal wick, 421
metal, 409–11
metal foams, 410
metal wools, 411
properties selected material types, 416
zeolites, 413–14
thermal conductivity fibres, 407
metals and alloys, 407
porosity of carbon fibres and carbon composites, 408
various ceramics, 408
types, 399–402
direct evaporative cooling, 399–400
indirect evaporative cooling, 400–2
evaporator, 104
existing buildings, refurbishment, 649–77
exothermal sorption, 105
extensive roof gardens, 467–9
external wall insulation systems, 558
carbon payback time, 559
retrofit, 553
energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 574–7
environmental design, 575–6
collection of heat for warm-air system and radiant heating system, 576
heating requirement and systems, 576
lighting and daylight control, 575–6
typical construction, 576–7
falling drying rate, 45
fan energy, 80
Fanger comfort theory, 683
Fanger heat balance equation, 134
Fanger model, 684
Fanger Predicted Mean Vote model, 683
far stream, 45
fatty acids, 386–7
FDA See Food and Drug Administration
felts, 276
fibre, 423
hardwood structure, 411
transparent, 688 see also specific fibre
fibre composite materials insulation in buildings, 229–55
fibreboards, 160
fibreglass, 461
Fick's law equation, 40
Fife, 353
filigrane, 325
fingerprinting, 581–2
deep-plan, modern, naturally-ventilated building, 583
deep-plan office with atrium and underfloor air conditioning, 582
double-Likert scale for building performance criterion, 582
finishes, 166
flammability, 268–9
fibres, 412
floor insulation, 206
flow rate, 83
foamed glass, 216–17
foaming mechanism, 259–62
Food and Drug Administration, 599
Forest Stewardship Council, 190
occupational and environmental concentrations, 160
vapour, 603
formic acid, 157
Fourier number, 14
Fourier's equation, 487
Fourier's Law of Thermal Conduction, 8
fractional effective dose, 154
fragrances, 162
Franklin, 182
Fraunhofer façade test building, 642
Fraunhofer Institut, 642
free cooling, 123
freeze-drying, 329
freezer cabinets, 573
fume cupboards, 610
furans, 166
furfural, 157
GaBi, 181
gas cooking, 153
GEF See grid emission factor
gel, 320
generic WLC equation, 551
German Environmental Survey, 151
German Hazardous Substances Ordinances, 214
German Institute for Building Technology, 221
Gibbs function, 112
vs temperature curve under constant pressure, 113
steady state temperature gradients in a composite wall, 21
Glasgow Herald building, 498
glass fibre, 662
glass reinforced panel, 434
glass wool, 211–12
glazing, 688
materials, 488
global climate change, 661
GLP See good laboratory practice
glue, 160
GMP See good manufacturing practice
granite, 694
Great Pyramids, 694
green bricks, 352
Green Guide to Specification, 188
Green wash, 632
GreenTech, 469
grid emission factor, 543
HadRM3, 570
Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 149
hardwoods, 355
harmonised products standards, 197
harmonised standards, 232
heat, 106
heat transfer: the transport of energy, 7–26
Biot number effect on steady state temperature, 13
Biot number effect on temperature gradient evolution, 13
dry state thermal conduction, 8–10
Glaser's method for steady state temperature gradients, 21
incident thermal radiation, 19
moisture-dependent thermal conduction, 10–11
Planck's isothermal curves, 18
steady state environmental parameters, 20–2
steady state temperature gradient across a material, 8
temperature gradient evolution in a material, 8
thermal convection, 14–18
thermal radiation, 18–20
thermal responses in the admittance model, 24
transient environmental parameters, 22–6
transient thermal conduction, 11–14
Y, U, and f for different fabric design configurations, 25
mass transfer, 26–46
capillarity, 33–6
capillary potential vs relative water content, 36
evaporation and drying, 43–6
Kelvin's equation and sorption isotherms, 29–33
liquid flow, 36–9
partial immersion test for water absorption apparatus, 39
porous materials, 27–9
psychrometrics, 26–7
sharp wet front analogy for absorption, 38
sorption isotherm with wetting and drying curves, 32
three phase model for porous materials, 28
vapour diffusion, 40–3
water droplet formation, 30
water vapour permeability testing apparatus, 42
processes in building materials, 3–47
conservation laws, 6–7
laws of thermodynamics, 4–5
nomenclature, 50–3
heat balance, 134–5
equation, 134
method, 26
heat energy, 515
cooling in buildings, 101–24
nomenclature, 126
fundamentals of thermal energy storage, 106–18
chemical heat storage, 115–18
energy in substances, 106–7
heat transfer in heat storage systems, 118
latent heat storage, 110–15
sensible heat storage, 107–10
specific heat of water varying with temperature, 108
materials for thermal energy storage, 118–22
chemical heat storage, 120–1
Gibbs functions of two phases around the equilibriium state, 113
heat transfer in heat storage materials, 121–2
latent heat storage, 119–20
phase diagram of a substance, 111
sensible heat storage, 118–19
psychometrics, 102–6
air conditioning principles, 104–6
air conditioning processes on psychometric chart, 105
state of air, 102–4
surface and interstitial condensation, 104
thermal storage applications for building heating and cooling, 122–4
storage media thermal density, 119
structural thermal energy storage materials, 122–3
thermal energy storage incorporated with active cooling/heating, 124
thermal energy storage materials for passive cooling, 123–4
heat flow, 307
rate, 493
Heat Flowmeter Output, 10
heat flux, 307
heat gains, 617–18
heat sink, 616
heat storage, 106
heat storage capacity, 117
heat transfer, 7–26
modes, 16
steady state conditions, 22
transient environmental conditions, 23
heat transfer coefficient, 307
downward, 311
horizontal, 312
upward, 312
values for air gaps that exhibit convection, 313
heat transport, 333
heating, 515
annual working hours where temperatures exceed various thresholds, 527
brief case history, 523–5
daylight in mezzanine, 526
ground floor fresh air intake, 528
roof construction, 525
roof vent internal view, 528
sun path and air flow, 524
HelioVolt Inc, 474
Hemcrete, 357
Adnams Brewery facility, 358
walls, 358
hemp, 244
mats, 245
shives, 245
HEPA filtration See high efficiency particulate air filtration
herbicides, 512
HEVACOMP, 26
hexamethyldisilazane, 330
high efficiency particulate air filtration, 605
BREEAM, 622–3
aims, 622–3
objectives, 623
clean room environment, 601
complex extract and supply ductwork installation, 606
environmental and energy considerations, 613–22
BMS controls, 619
CHP, 616
daylight compensation lighting, 618–19
external cladding, 620
flooring, 620–1
ground source heat pumps, 615
heat gains reduced by building orientation, 617–18
natural light, 617
natural ventilation, 616
paint systems, 621–2
photovoltaic cells, 619–20
PIR based motion detector/switching to artificial lighting systems, 618
rainwater harvesting, 615
roof lights and light pipes, 619
solar heating, 615
water course/heat sink, 616
wind turbines, 616–17
environmental design and computer modelling, 612–13
external considerations, 595–8
flue stacks as skyline feature of some specialist buildings, 596
future trends, 623–5
internal considerations, 598
with adjacent benching, 609
materials for energy efficiency and thermal comfort, 589–625
people areas, 612
process areas, 598–612
clean room facilities, 599–602
containment facilities, 602–3
electrical systems considerations, 609–12
mechanical systems considerations, 605–9
other specialist requirements, 603–5
UHTS robotic compound store by REMP, 625
user considerations, 591–5
public/commercial companies, 592–3
quasi-government, 594–5
research and development facility building, 593
research building for UK cancer charity, 595
universities, 593
university laboratory building, 594
high temperature supercritical drying, 326
high throughput screening, 624
Hockerton housing development, 638
hot and tropical climates design and passive technologies application for thermal comfort in buildings, 681–705
hot box apparatus, 314
hot box facility, 313
hot cure, 264
hot-plate method, 486
House of the Future, 666
HTS See high throughput screening
human thermal comfort, 441
absolute, 102
hybrid products, 212–13
hybrid ventilation, 570
hydrated salts, 387
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 259
hydrofluorocarbons, 259
hydrogen bonding, 29
hydrogen chloride, 155
hydrostatic equation, 82
Hydroton, 226
hygrothermal analysis, 345
behaviour and simulation in buildings, 54–75
coinciding temperature and humidity conditions, 68
future trends, 73–5
integral water content of exposed natural stone samples, 69
liquid diffusivity functions of mineral building materials, 61
modelling simultaneous heat and moisture transfer processes, 57–9
temperature and humidity variations, 66
typical simulation result outputs, 64
input data, 59–63
results, 63–5
hygrothermal loads, 55–7
and their alternating directions, 56
model validation and practical applications, 65–73
annual variations and mean profiles of temperature and moisture content, 71
hygrothermal conditions in a flat roof, 65–8
moisture behaviour of natural stone facade, 68–73
moisture distribution in a wall section, 72
models limitations, 73
simulations flow chart, 59
input data, 59–63
results, 63–5
hygrothermal loads, 55–7
and their alternating directions, 56
hygrothermal materials, xxi–xxii
applications in buildings and occupied spaces, 358–60
dampness and mould control, 360
humidity buffering and perceived comfort, 359–60
thermal buffering, comfort and energy efficiency, 359
for heat and moisture control in buildings, 345–64
buffering capacities, 346–9
future trends, 360–1
moisture buffer value classification scheme, 348
moisture buffer value experimental data, 348
nomenclature, 363–4
what makes a material hygrothermal, 345–6
functional properties characterisation, 349–51
measurement techniques, 350–1
volume-averaged properties, 349–50
material classes, 351–8
adsorbed water layers surrounding clay particle, 353
clay materials, 351–4
clay mineral structures composition, 352
European spruce timber cellular microstructure images, 356
Hemcrete walls, 358
lime-hemp composite wall cross section, 357
natural fibre materials and composites, 356–7
smart materials, 358
stabilised earth materials, 354–5
stabilised rammed earth house interior, 354
timber, 355–6
hygrothermal simulation, 63–4
flow chart, 59
Ibstock, 353
ICE database, 549
ideal moisture buffer value, 348
IDEMAT, 182
IEA See International Energy Agency
IEQ See indoor environmental quality
IES Virtual Environment, 580
IKTS, 412
immersion process, 387
implicit method, 83
Importation of Animal Pathogens Order (1980), 604
INCA website, 546
cooling efficiency, 405
heat and moisture transfer indication, 404
schematic, 400
individually ventilated cages, 604
Indoor Air Pollution, , 149
Indoor Air Quality Management Act, 167
indoor environmental quality, 370
initial type test, 293
injection moulding, 264–5
ink bottle effect, 31
inorganic mineral materials, xxi
individual product files, 211–27
aerogel, 219–21
calcium silicate foam and mineral foam, 217–18
calcium silicate foam boards, 218
cellular glass, 215–16
ceramic fibres, 218–19
exfoliated vermiculite, 224–5
exfoliated vermiculite typical composition, 225
expanded clay, 225–7
expanded clay pellets, 226
expanded perlite, 223–4
expanded perlite and insulation boards, 223
foamed glass, 216–17
forms of products supply, 211
glass wool, 212
insulating clay bricks, 227
mineral wool, 211–15
pyrogenic silicic acid and vacuum insulation panels, 221
stone or rock wool, 213
vacuum insulation panels, 222
insulation in buildings, 193–228
application matrix, 205–6
applications of thermal insulation products, 202
building application related properties, 203
building-related properties, 201–7
ecological and health aspects, 207–11
ecological performance, 209
European technical specification standards and approvals, 199
highest thermal transmission coefficient values, 194
individual product profiles, 211–27
insulating materials and products in Germany, 197
mineral materials employed, 196
properties related to acoustic and fire performance, 204
regulatory requirements, 197–200
specific properties based on manufacturer's declarations, 203
standardised properties, relevant test methods and designations, 200
Institute of Third World Studies (London), 695
insulating materials, 16
cellulose fibres, 244
coconut fibres, 248
cotton, 246
hemp, 244
hemp mats, 245
hemp shives, 245
wood chippings, 249
woodwool, 242
natural fibre and fibre composites for insulation in buildings, 229–55
application matrix, 238–9
building application related properties, 236
ecological performance based on standardised conditions, 241
European technical specifications, 233
insulating materials and products in Germany, 230
natural organic raw materials, 230
natural organic raw materials forms of product supply, 231
natural organic sources market share, 231
properties related to acoustic and fire performance, 237
regulatory requirements, 231–5
specific properties based on manufactures declaration, 236
standardised properties, relevant test methods and designations, 234
reference buildings, 249–55
kindergarten in Dobeln, 252–3
Passive House in Esslingen, 254–5
Werlte Climate Centre, 250–2
insulation, xxi
inorganic mineral materials for buildings, 193–228
building-related properties, 201–7
ecological and health aspects, 207–11
individual product profiles, 211–27
natural fibre and fibre composite materials for buildings, 229–55
building-related properties, 235–7
reference buildings, 249–55
regulatory requirements, 231–5
polymeric foam materials for buildings, 257–69
abbreviations, 272–3
foams classification, materials and foaming mechanism, 258–62
future trends, 269
processing technologies, 262–5
thermoplastic and thermosetting foams, 265–9
reflective materials and radiant barriers for buildings, 305–16
applications and assemblies, 307–9
background and definitions, 305–7
basis for thermal performance, 309–13
calculated thermal resistances for reflective air spaces, 308
codes and standards, 315–16
downward heat flow values, 311
effect of dividing a fixed space, 309
heat flow meter apparatus, 315
heat transfer coefficient values for air gaps, 313
horizontal heat flow values, 312
hot box apparatus, 314
hot box facility to evaluate attic radiant barriers, 316
reflective insulation assemblies, 310
rotatable hot box, 314
thermal performance measurement, 313–15
thermal resistance, 308
units for reflective systems, 307
upward heat flow values, 312
Insulation Contractors Association of America, 462
insulation layer thickness, 302–3
fire behaviour, 283
fundamentals, 275–87
applicability and operational temperature range, 279–80
basic materials and structures, 276
forms of supply and dimensions, 276
important properties, 280–7
properties, 299–301
fire behaviour, 300–1
operational thermal conductivity, 299–300
integrated performance rating, 494–5
integrated performance view, 494
interatomic potential energy, 6
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 661
Interim Guidance Note, 149
internal air motion, 81
internal heat gains, 90
internal heat transfer coefficient, 301
International ENERGEX Conference, 696
LCA standardisation, 183–7
ISO 14025, 184
ISO 14040 series, 183–4
ISO and comparability, 186–7
ISO and LCA in construction, 184–5
interstitial condensation, 447
intrinsic permeability, 37
Ionica building, 478
Isle of Wight, 537
ISO 7726, 132
determination of PMV and PPD indices, 138–41
ISO 8497:1994, 283
ISO 8996, 132
ISO 10551, 130
assessing influence of thermal environment, 141
subjective scales, 141
ISO 13787:2003, 290
ISO 14040, 184–5
ISO 14644, 600
ISO 15392, 184
ISO 15686, 185
ISO 21930, 184
ISO 21932, 184
ISO 14644 Parts 1 to 8, 599
ISO DIS 28802, 130
ISO DIS 9239-1:2008, 283
ISO TR 9774, 205–6
ISO/TS 21929-1, 184
ISO/TS 21931-1, 184
isolated system, 5
isothermal sorption, 105
IVAM, 182
IVC See individually ventilated cages
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