L
L character, on long integers, 27
l(ist) debugger command, pdb module, 188
alternatives to, 274-275
LambdaType type, 237
last_accepted attribute, of Listener objects, 434
last_traceback variable, sys module, 231
last_type variable, sys module, 231
last_value variable, sys module, 231
lastChild attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
lastgroup attribute, of MatchObject objects, 286
lastindex attribute, of MatchObject objects, 286
latin-1 encoding, description of, 169
launching a web browser, 544
launching python applications, 176
launching subprocesses, 402
examples, 404
lazy evaluation, 99
lchflags() function, os module, 387
lchmod() function, os module, 387
lchown() function, os module, 387
ldexp() function, math module, 252
le() function, operator module, 274
__le__() method, 56
leading 0b on integers, binary, 27
leading 0o on integers, octal, 27
leading 0x on integers, hexadecimal, 27
leading b character on string literals, byte strings, 29
leading r character on strings, raw strings, 29
leading u character on string literals, Unicode strings, 28
left shift operator <
left_list attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
left_only attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
legacy code, and exec statement, 115
on dicts, 74
on mappings, 44-45
and truth testing, 56
length attribute, of HTTPResponse objects, 504
less than operator
less than or equal to operator <=, 66
letters variable, string module, 287
levelname attribute, of Record objects, 359
levelno attribute, of Record objects, 359
lexical scoping, 97
lexicographical ordering
of UTF-8, 170
of strings, 70
lexists() function, os.path module, 397
LifoQueue() function, queue module, 444
limit_denominator() method, of Fraction objects, 250
limiting the output of error tracebacks, 232
line continuation character , 9, 25, 29
line continuation, and parentheses, braces, or brackets, 25
line separator character for files, 379
line structure of programs, 25
line_buffering attribute, of TextIOWrapper objects, 353
linecache module, 585
lineno attribute, of Record objects, 359
linesep variable, os module, 379
link() function, os module, 387
linkname attribute, of TarInfo objects, 322
Linux, 331
Linux link-level packet protocol, 470
address format, 472
Linux, epoll interface, 460
list comprehensions, 13
and declarative programming, 110
conditional expressions, 79
creation of tuples within, 109
difference from generator expression, 110
general syntax of, 108
scope of iteration variable, 109
similiarity to SQL queries, 111
similiarity to awk command, 111
list of Unix signal names, 400
list type, 38
list() function, 12, 40, 77, 207
applied to dictionaries, 16
list() method
of Manager objects, 429
of TarFile objects, 321
list_dialects() function, csv module, 551
listdir() function
os module, 387
listen() method
of dispatcher objects, 456
of socket objects, 483
Listener class, multiprocessing module, 433
as sequence, 39
compared to array objects, 260
comparison of, 70
concatenation, 12
counting items, 40
deletion of items, 69
empty, 12
equality of, 78
indexing operator, 12
inefficiency of insert(), 194
keeping in sorted order, 261
list comprehension, 108
making shallow copy of, 40
nested, 13
random shuffling, 254
reassigning a slice, 12
removing items, 40
reversing, 40
searching, 40
shared by multiple processes, 429
slice assignment, 69
slice deletion, 69
slices, 12
sorting, 40
versus tuples, 14
little endian format, 167
little endian, packing and unpacking, 292
ljust() method, of strings, 43
ln() method, of Decimal objects, 243
load() function
json module, 565
marshal module, 226
load() method
of SimpleCookie objects, 512
of Unpickler objects, 228
loads() function
json module, 565
marshal module, 226
pickle module, 227
xmlrpc.client module, 526
local storage for threads, 443
local variables, 96
and eval(), 115
storage of in stack frames, 52
use before defined, 98
local() function, threading module, 443
localcontext() function, decimal module, 248
locale module, 587
locale setting, and string comparison, 70
localName attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
locals() function, 207
localtime() function, time module, 406
Lock object
multiprocessing module, 427
threading module, 438
Lock() method, of Manager objects, 429
LOCK_* constants, flock() function, 348
lockf() function, fcntl module, 348
locking() function, msvcrt module, 373
locking
avoiding deadlock, 442
files on Windows, 373
multiprocessing module, 427
of critical sections, 414
of files, 348
threading module, 439
locks
and context managers, 89
and exceptions, 23
proper management of, 442
log files, real-time monitoring example, 19
log() function, math module, 252
log() method, of Logger objects, 358
log10() function, math module, 252
log10() method, of Decimal objects, 243
log1p() function, math module, 252
log_error() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 510
log_message() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 510
log_request() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 510
LogAdapter() function, logging module, 366
logging module, 355
adding extra fields to log messages, 365
and multiprocessing module, 435
basic configuration, 355
configuring with .ini files, 368
filtering messages, 359
formatting of messages, 365
handler objects, 362
how to configure, 367
including exceptions in log messages, 358
issuing log messages, 356
logger hierarchy, 360
message handling, 361
message propagation, 360
picking logger names, 356
using a null logger, 369
login() method
of FTP objects, 498
of SMTP objects, 514
lognormvariate() function, random module, 255
long integers, 27
and integers, 38
automatic promotion from integers, 27
long type, 38
long() function, 207
__long__() method, 61-62
lookup table, and dictionaries, 16
lookup() function
codecs module, 277
unicodedata module, 296
LookupError exception, 87, 212
loop() function, asyncore module, 457
breaking out prematurely, 83
keeping a loop counter, 83
while statement, 8
loose-coupling of objects, 122
low-level file manipulation, 382
lower() method, of strings, 43
lowercase variable, string module, 287
lseek() function, os module, 383
lshift() function, operator module, 274
__lshift__() method, 60
lstat() function, os module, 387
lstrip() method, of strings, 43
lt() function, operator module, 274
__lt__() method, 56
LWPCookieJar class, http.cookiejar module, 513
M
-m command line option, 173-174
-m pdb option to interpreter, 189
mailbox module, 587
mailcap module, 587
main program execution, 146
main program, and pickle module, 228
main thread, 413
main() function, unittest module, 184
__main__, check needed for multiprocessing module, 417
major() function, os module, 387
make_server() function, wsgiref.simple_server module, 542
makedev() function, os module, 387
makedirs() function, os module, 387
makefile() method, of socket objects, 483
maketrans() function, string module, 290
making timing measurements, 191
managed objects, multiprocessing module, 428
Manager() function, multiprocessing module, 428
mant_dig attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
map() function, 207
and Python 3, 207
and optimization, 197
future_builtins module, 217
map() method, of Pool objects, 424
map-reduce, multiprocessing module, 424
map_async() method, of Pool objects, 425
Mapping abstract base class, 266
mappings, 44
deletion of items, 45
key index operator, 44
special methods of, 58
MappingView abstract base class, 266
marshal module, 226
match() function, re module, 284
match() method, of Regex objects, 285
MatchObject objects, re module, 285
math module, 251
mathematical operators
in-place, 61
mixed types, 66-67
mathematical special methods, 60
max attribute
of date class, 337
of datetime class, 340
of sys.float_info, 231
of time class, 338
of timedelta class, 341
max() function, 13, 39-40, 67, 69, 207
on sets, 75
required methods for user-defined objects, 57
max_10_exp attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
max_exp attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
maxint variable, sys module, 231
maxsize variable, sys module, 231
maxunicode variable, sys module, 231
md5() function, hashlib module, 559
MemberDescriptorType type, 237
membership test
of sequences, 67
memmove() function, ctypes module, 617
memoization of results, 242
memory efficiency
and __slots__, 133
of generator expressions, 110
of generators, 107
memory management, 128
checking for leaks, 221
creation of instances, 129
reference counting, 129
memory mapped files, 370
and IPC, 413
memory use
array objects, 260
measuring, 192
obtaining size of objects, 234
tuples versus lists, 14
memory, location of objects, 33
MemoryError exception, 87, 214
MemoryHandler class, logging module, 362
memset() function, ctypes module, 617
merge() function, heapq module, 270
Mersenne Twister, 254
Message class, email package, 552, 555
message attribute, of Exception objects, 213
message digests, 559
message passing, 414-415
and coroutines, 415
and synchronization, 415
coroutines, 108
definition of, 413
sending byte buffers, 421
sending objects between processes, 421
message propagation, of log messages, 360
message queues, 415
coroutines, 108
multiprocessing module, 418
message_from_file() function, email package, 552
message_from_string() function, email package, 552
metaclass keyword argument, of class definitions, 139
__metaclass__ attribute, of classes, 139
__metaclass__ global variable, 139
metaclasses, 138
__prepare__() method, 627-628
and descriptors, 140
and inheritance, 139
caution on use, 141
example of, 140
how to define, 139
performance benefits, 197
use of __new__() method, 55, 129
use of a custom dictionary object, 628
method resolution order, and TypeError exception, 122
method resolution
__mro__ attribute, 121
multiple inheritance, 121
single inheritance, 120
methodcaller() function, operator module, 275
methodHelp() method, of ServerProxy objects, 525
calling process, 48
class, 125
@classmethod decorator, 48
defining in classes, 21
definition of, 118
handling as properties, 125
preventing redefinition in subclasses, 128
static, 125
@staticmethod decorator, 48
type of, 47
type of built-in, 49
unbound, 49
use of super() function, 120
methodSignatures() method, of ServerProxy objects, 525
microsecond attribute, of time objects, 338
microthreading, 446
migrating code
Python 2 to 3, 634
practical strategy, 637
MIMEApplication class, email package, 557
MIMEAudio class, email package, 557
MIMEImage class, email package, 557
MIMEMessage class, email package, 557
MIMEMultipart class, email package, 557
MIMEText class, email package, 558
mimetypes module, 566
min attribute
of date class, 337
of datetime class, 340
of sys.float_info, 231
of time class, 338
of timedelta class, 341
min() function, 13, 39-40, 67, 69, 207
on sets, 75
required methods for user-defined objects, 57
min_10_exp attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
min_exp attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
minimum requirements for supporting equality, 57
minor() function, os module, 387
minute attribute, of time objects, 338
mirrored() function, unicodedata module, 296
missing parenthesese, and tuples, 14
mixed-type mathematical operations, 66-67
mixin classes, 122
mixing byte strings and Unicode, 167
mkd() method, of FTP objects, 498
mkdir() function, os module, 388
mkdtemp() function, tempfile module, 323
mkfifo() function, os module, 388
mknod() function, os module, 388
mkstemp() function, tempfile module, 323
mktemp() function, tempfile module, 323
mktime() function, time module, 406
mmap module, 369
mmap() function, mmap module, 370
mod() function, operator module, 273
__mod__() method, 60
mode attribute
of FileIO objects, 350
of TarInfo objects, 322
of files, 161
modf() function, math module, 252
modifying global variables from a function, 18
modifying the module search path, 147
module attribute, of Record objects, 359
module loading, 147
module reloading, 149
module search path
and site module, 177
and zip files, 147
modifying, 147
setting with environment variable, 174
module unloading, 149
__module__ attribute, of types, 50
modulefinder module, 585
modules variable, sys module, 149, 231
accessing classes, 144
and .pyc files, 148
as objects, 144
attribute access, 51
attributes of, 51
dynamic loading, 144
global namespace for functions, 96
importing multiple, 144
one-time execution, 144
search path of, 147
self-testing with doctest, 182
type of, 50
type of module object, 47
types of recognized files, 148
using to write extensible programs, 144
modulo operator %, 65
month attribute, of date objects, 337
Morsel class, http.cookies module, 512
move() function, shutil module, 319
move() method, of mmap objects, 371
moving the file pointer, 161
MozillaCookieJar class, http.cookiejar module, 513
__mro__ attribute, of classes, 121
MSG_* constants, socket module, 483
msvcrt module, 372
mtime attribute, of TarInfo objects, 322
mul() function, operator module, 273
__mul__() method, 60
multi-dimensional lists, 13
MultiCall() function, xmlrpc.client module, 526
multicore, and program execution, 414
multiple inheritance, 120-121
multiple statements on the same line, 26
multiplexing, of I/O, 459
multiplication operator *, 65
multiprocessing module, 415
and global interpreter lock, 444
and pickle, 435
connecting separate processes, 433
distributed computing, 435
logging, 435
managed objects, 428
passing a list through shared memory, 427
pipes, 421
process pools, 424
queues, 418
shared memory, 426
synchronization primitives, 427
use of __main__ check, 417
multithreaded chicken, 414
mutability
default function arguments, 94
dictionary keys, 44
function parameters, 95
in-place assignment operators, 75
reference counting, 35
mutable, definition of, 33
MutableMapping abstract base class, 266
MutableSequence abstract base class, 266
MutableSet abstract base class, 266
mutual exclusion lock, 438
MySQL, accesing from Python, 297
N
N escape code, in strings, 28
n(ext) debugger command, pdb module, 189
name attribute
of FieldStorage objects, 535
of FileIO objects, 350
of Process objects, 417
of Record objects, 359
of TarInfo objects, 322
of Thread objects, 436
of files, 161
name mangling, of private attributes, 127
name variable, os module, 379
__name__ attribute
of built-in functions, 49
of functions, 48
of methods, 49
of modules, 51
of types, 50
__name__ variable, of modules, 146
name() function, unicodedata module, 296
named tuples
use as tuples, 264
use by standard library, 265
NamedTemporaryFile() function, tempfile module, 324
namedtuple() function, collections module, 264
NameError exception in __del__ ignored, 179
NameError exception, and variable lookup, 96
namelist() method, of ZipFile objects, 326
Namespace() method, of Manager objects, 429
namespace
and classes, 117
local variables of function, 96
namespaceURI attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
NaN variable, decimal module, 248
NaN
not a number, 213
not a number, decimal module, 244
ne() function, operator module, 274
__ne__() method, 57
neg() function, operator module, 273
__neg__() method, 61
negative indices, 68-69
negInf variable, decimal module, 248
nested classes, problem with pickle, 228
nested functions, 97
and closures, 99
nested lists, 13
nested() function, contextlib module, 267
Netlink protocol, 470
address format, 472
netloc attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
netrc module, 587
network programming modules, Python 3 reorganization, 497
network programming
Unicode encoding, 452
asynchronous, 467
event-driven programming, 455
getting hostname, 474
introduction, 449
performance of polling, 468
new() function
hashlib module, 559
hmac module, 559
__new__() method, 54-55
and instance creation, 129
and metaclasses, 139
caution when reading code, 129
use by immutable types, 129
uses of, 55
newline character, difference on Unix/Windows, 159
newline escape code in strings, 28
newline parameter, to open() function, 159
newline suppression, print statement, 162
newline termination of statements, 7
newlines attribute
of TextIOWrapper objects, 353
of files, 161
next() function, 207
next() method, 59
of TarFile objects, 321
of files, 160
of iterators, 82
use with coroutines, 104
__next__() method, 59
Python 3, 633
of iterators, 82
nextset() method, of Cursor objects, 299
nextSibling attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
NI_* constants, socket module, 475
nice() function, os module, 392
nis module, 586
nlargest() function, heapq module, 270
nntplib module, 587
no_site attribute, of sys.flags, 230
nodeName attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
nodeType attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
nodeValue attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
non-printing characters, specifying in string literals, 28
None, 38
and default arguments, 94
return statement in functions, 96
nonlocal statement, Python 3, 97, 624
normalization of Unicode strings, 171
normalize() function, unicodedata module, 171, 296
normalize() method, of DOM Node objects, 571
normalvariate() function, random module, 255
normcase() function, os.path module, 398
normpath() function, os.path module, 398
not equal to operator !=, 66
not operator, boolean expressions, 9, 77
not_() function, operator module, 274
NotConnected exception, http.client module, 504
notify() method, of Condition objects, 441
notify_all() method, of Condition objects, 441
NotImplementedError exception, 87, 214
NotSupportedError exception, database API, 302
now() method, of datetime class, 339
nsmallest() function, heapq module, 270
NTEventLogHandler class, logging module, 362
ntohl() function, socket module, 476
ntohs() function, socket module, 476
ntransfercmd() method, of FTP objects, 498
null object, 369
null values, 38
NULL-terminated strings, and UTF-8, 170
Number abstract base class, 253
number of CPUs on system, 434
numbers, example of defining new type, 133
numerator attribute
of Fraction objects, 250
of integers, 39
numeric data, and strings, 11
numeric literals, 26-27
numeric type coercision, 66-67
numeric type hierarchy, 137, 253
numeric types, 38
numeric() function, unicodedata module, 296
O
-O command line option, 91, 148, 173-174, 369
object, 47
object() function, 208
objects, 21
attributes of, 33
class of, 34
comparison, 34
comparison in Python 3, 633
container or collection, 33
defining a null object, 369
definition of, 33
first-class status, 36
getting a list of referrers, 221
getting the size of, 192
hierarchy of, 137
how to copy, 36
identity of, 33
inspecting with dir(), 63
instance of, 33
introspection of, 222
methods for comparison, 56
name of, 35
obtaining size of, 234
persistence, 171
proxies in multiprocessing module, 431
reference counting of, 34
representation of, 131
requirements for ordering, 57
sending between processes with pipes, 421
sending between processes with queues, 418
serializing with marshal, 226
serializing with pickle, 227
sharing in the interpreter, 35
supporting iteration, 82
type of, 33
weak references to, 240
future_builtins module, 217
octal integer literals, 27
octdigits variable, string module, 287
old-style classes, 139
-OO command line option, 148, 173-174
Python 3, 159
codecs module and Python 3, 279
dbm module, 310
description of file modes, 159
difference between Python 2 and 3, 208
gzip module, 317
io module, 354
os module, 384
tarfile module, 319
webbrowser module, 544
open() method
of ZipFile objects, 326
of controller objects, 544
open_new() function, webbrowser module, 544
open_new() method, of controller objects, 544
open_new_tab() function, webbrowser module, 544
open_osfhandle() function, msvcrt module, 373
OpenKey() function, winreg module, 410
OpenKeyEx() function, winreg module, 410
openpty() function, os module, 385
OpenSSL, 486
example of creating certificates, 489
operating system, scheduling by, 414
OperationalError exception, database API, 302
operator module, 273
alternative to lambda, 274
use in optimization, 274
operator overloading, 54
example of, 133
order of operands, 134
reversed operands, 60
type coercion, 134
mathematical, 60
precedence of, 78
optimization
__slots__ attribute of classes, 132, 196
array objects, 260
attribute binding, 195-196
built-in types, 194
creation of instances, 195
decorators and metaclasses, 197
definition of speedup, 192
deque objects, 263
dict() function, 195
dict lookups, 197
dicts versus classes, 195
disassembly, 193
effect of adding layers, 195
exceptions, 196-197
formatting of log messages, 358
functional programming, 197
impact of I/O polling, 469
internal type cache, 233
lists versus array objects, 260
logging module, 369
making timing measurements, 191
map() and filter() functions, 197
marshal versus pickle, 226
measuring memory use, 192
repeated timing measurements, 192
select() function, 467
sorting callback functions, 275
speedup, 194
tuning strategies, 194
use of io module, 354
use of multiprocessing pools, 426
use of operator module, 274
user defined classes, 195
optimize attribute, of sys.flags, 230
optimized mode, enabling with an environment variable, 174
optional function arguments, 18, 93
and None, 38
OptionParser() function, optparse module, 374
options() method, of ConfigParser objects, 333
optionxform() method, of ConfigParser objects, 333
optparse module, 374
example, 157
or operator, boolean expressions, 9, 77
or_() function, operator module, 274
__or__() method, 60
order of evaluation, 78
attempts to modify, 79
order of operands, operator overloading, 134
organizing code for distribution, 152
OS X, 331
os.environ variable, 158
os.path module, 396
ossaudiodev module, 588
output() method
of Morsel objects, 512
of SimpleCookie objects, 512
OutputString() method, of Morsel objects, 513
overflow, lack of with integers, 66
OverflowError exception, 214
P
p debugger command, pdb module, 189
P_* constants, spawnv() function, 392
pack() function, struct module, 290
pack() method, of Struct objects, 291
pack_into() function, struct module, 290
pack_into() method, of Struct objects, 291
packages, 149
relative import, 150-151
PACKET_* constants, socket module, 472
packing
binary data structures, 290
of tuples, 14
pairs, creating a list of from dictionary, 45
parallel iteration over sequences, 83
parameter passing to functions, 95
params attribute, of urlparse objects, 520
paramstyle variable, database API, 300
pardir variable, os module, 386
parent class, 119
parentNode attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
paretovariate() function, random module, 256
parse() function
xml.dom.minidom module, 570
xml.etree.ElementTree module, 578
xml.sax module, 580
parse() method
of ElementTree objects, 574
of Formatter objects, 288
parse_args() method, of OptionParser objects, 158, 376
parse_header() function, cgi module, 536
parse_multipart() function, cgi module, 536
parse_qs() function, urllib.parse module, 521
parse_qsl() function, urllib.parse module, 522
parser module, 586
parseString() function
xml.dom.minidom module, 570
xml.sax module, 580
parsing
CSV files, 548
HTML, 561
URLs, 520
XML, 568
command line options, 157, 374
email messages, 552
form fields in CGI scripts, 534
large XML documents with ElementTree, 579
robots.txt file, 523
partial() function
use with network handlers, 510
partition() method, of strings, 41, 43
password attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
path attribute
of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
path variable
os module, 379
__path__ attribute, of modules, 51
__path__ variable, in packages, 151
pathconf() function, os module, 388
pathname attribute, of Record objects, 359
pathsep variable, os module, 386
pattern attribute, of Regex objects, 284
pattern syntax, regular expressions, 281
pause() function, signal module, 399
pdb module, 186
debugging programs from command shell, 189
.pdbrc configuration file, 190
.pdbrc configuration file, 190
peek() method, of BufferReader objects, 351
PEM_cert_to_DER_cert() function, ssl module, 488
PEP 249, Python Database API Specification, 297
PEP 333 (WSGI), 540
per-user site directory, 154, 177
installing packages in, 178
performance
of binary file I/O, 351-352
of generator expressions, 110
of logging module, 369
of type checking, 34
Perl
and dynamic scope, 97
interpretation of numeric strings vs. Python, 11
permutations() function, itertools module, 272
persistent dictionary, shelve module, 171
PHP, interpretation of numeric strings vs. Python, 11
pi variable, math module, 252
__main__ module, 228
and multiprocessing module, 435
cPickle, 229
incompatible objects, 171
interaction with copy module, 220
protocol selection, 171-172
security concerns, 172
used by shelve, 311
pickle protocol, selecting in shelve module, 172
Pickler class, pickle module, 228
pickletools module, 586
pid attribute
of Popen objects, 404
of Process objects, 417
Pipe() function, multiprocessing module, 421
pipe() function, os module, 385
pipelines and generators, 19
pipelines, and generators, 106-107
pipes module, 586
pipes, creating with subprocess module, 403
pkgutil module, 586
placement of decorators, 101
platform module, 586
platform variable, sys module, 232
plistlib module, 587
plock() function, os module, 392
pm() function, pdb module, 186
POINTER() function, ctypes module, 614
pointer() function, ctypes module, 615
poll() function, select module, 459
poll() method
of Connection objects, 421
of Poll objects, 460
of Popen objects, 403
POLL* constants, select module, 459
polling, 459
performance of, 468-469
polymorphism, 122
Pool() function, multiprocessing module, 424
pop() method
of array objects, 260
of deque objects, 262
of lists, 41
of sets, 47
Popen() function, subprocess module, 402
popen() function, os module, 392
popitem() method, of dicts, 45
popleft() method, of deque objects, 262
poplib module, 587
port attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
port number
in network programs, 449
list of well known, 450
portability, of marshal module, 226
portable manipulation of filenames, 396
pos attribute, of MatchObject objects, 286
pos() function, operator module, 273
__pos__() method, 61
POSIX interface, 331
posix attribute, of TarFile objects, 321
post_mortem() function, pdb module, 186
math module, 252
__pow__() method, 60
power operator **, 65
pp debugger command, pdb module, 189
pprint module, 586
preamble attribute, of Message objects, 554
prec attribute, of Context objects, 247
precision, of floating point, 38
predicate() function, itertools module, 271
prefix attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
—prefix option to setup.py, 154
prefix variable, sys module, 177, 232
__prepare__() method, Python 3 metaclasses, 627-628
preventing the creation of .pyc files, 230
previousSibling attribute, of DOM Node objects, 570
and __str__(), 56
and sys.stdout, 161
newline suppression, 162
softspace attribute of files, 162
syntax error with Python 3, 6
trailing comma, 10
Python 3, 631
enabling in Python 2.6, 163
file redirection, 163
newline suppression, 163
separator character, 163
print_directory() function, cgi module, 537
print_environ() function, cgi module, 537
print_environ_usage() function, cgi module, 537
print_exc() function, traceback module, 236
print_exception() function, traceback module, 236
print_form() function, cgi module, 537
print_last() function, traceback module, 236
print_stack() function, traceback module, 236
print_tb() function, traceback module, 235-236
printable variable, string module, 287
printdir() method, of ZipFile objects, 326
printf() function equivalent, 8
printing to the screen, 10
printing
creating custom formatters, 288
dates and times, 406
formatted, 8
priority queue, 269
PriorityQueue() function, queue module, 445
private attributes, 127
and properties, 128
name mangling of, 127
private class members, 26
private methods, and inheritance, 128
private specifier, lack of, 127
probability, random number distributions, 255
process attribute, of Record objects, 359
process id, getting, 380
Process() function, multiprocessing module, 416
processes
connecting with pipes, 421
daemonic, 415
definition of, 413
joining, 415
scheduling of, 414
sending signals to, 392
terminating, 392, 403-404, 415
worker pools, 424
ProcessingInstruction() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 575
processingInstruction() method, of ContentHandler objects, 581
producer-consumer
with coroutines, 20
with pipes, 422
with queues, 419
with threads and condition variables, 441
with threads and semaphores, 439
product() function, itertools module, 272
profile module, 190
profiling, 190
interpreting output, 191
program execution model, 81
program execution, main program, 146
program structure, 81
program termination, 7, 179, 233
and garbage collection, 179
brutal, 179
brute force, 391
ignored NameError exception, 179
registering cleanup functions, 219
programming errors, lack of compiler checking, 181
ProgrammingError exception, database API, 302
prompts
changing, 176
interactive mode, 175
propagate attribute, of Logger objects, 360
properties, 117
and __setattr_() method, 131
and private attributes, 128
definition of, 124
set and delete functions, 126
uniform access principle, 125
use by methods, 125
@property decorator, 124
protected specifier, lack of, 127
proto attribute, of socket objects, 484
protocol parameter, to pickle functions, 171
protocol_version attribute, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler class, 509
ProtocolError exception, xmlrpc.client module, 527
proxies, and attribute binding methods, 132
proxy, 62
proxy functions, 95
proxy objects
and multiprocessing module, 428, 431
problem with type checking, 135
proxy() function, weakref module, 241
ProxyBasicAuthHandler class, urllib.request module, 518-519
ProxyDigestAuthHandler class, urllib.request module, 518-519
ProxyHandler class, urllib.request module, 518-519
ProxyTypes class, weakref module, 241
ps1 variable, sys module, 232
ps2 variable, sys module, 232
.pth files, site configuration, 177
pty module, 586
punctuation variable, string module, 287
push() method, of asynchat objects, 453
push_with_producer() method, of asynchat objects, 453
put() method, of Queue objects, 418, 445
put_nowait() method, of Queue objects, 419, 445
putch() function, msvcrt module, 373
putenv() function, os module, 380
putheader() method, of HTTPConnection objects, 503
putrequest() method, of HTTPConnection objects, 503
putwch() function, msvcrt module, 373
pwd module, 586
pwd() method, of FTP objects, 498
and library modules, 23
py2app package, 154
py2exe package, 154
py3k_warning attribute, of sys.flags, 230
py3kwarning variable, sys module, 232
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS macro, 607
Py_BuildValue() function, 602
py_compile module, 586
Py_DECREF() macro, 607
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS macro, 607
Py_Finalize() function, 609
Py_GetExecPrefix() function, 609
Py_GetPath() function, 609
Py_GetPrefix() function, 609
Py_GetProgramFullPath() function, 609
Py_INCREF() macro, 607
Py_Initialize() function, 609
Py_IsInitialized() function, 609
Py_SetProgramName() function, 609
Py_XDECREF() macro, 607
Py_XINCREF() macro, 607
PyArg_ParseTuple() function, 597
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords() function, 597
PyBytes_AsString() function, 611
.pyc files, 147
compilation on import, 148
preventing the creation of, 230
when created, 148
pyclbr module, 586
.pyd files, compiled extensions, 148
pydev, 5
pydoc command, 24
PyErr_Clear() function, 606
PyErr_ExceptionMatches() function, 606
PyErr_NoMemory() function, 605
PyErr_Occurred() function, 606
PyErr_SetFromErrno() function, 605
PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename() function, 605
PyErr_SetObject() function, 605
PyErr_SetString() function, 605
PyEval_CallObject() function, 610
PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords() function, 610
PyExc_* exceptions, in extension modules, 605
PyFloat_AsDouble() function, 611
PyImport_ImportModule() function, 610
PyInt_AsLong() function, 611
PyLong_AsLong() function, 611
PyModule_AddIntConstant() function, 604
PyModule_AddIntMacro() function, 605
PyModule_AddObject() function, 604
PyModule_AddStringConstant() function, 604
PyModule_AddStringMacro() function, 605
.pyo files, 147
when created, 148
PyObject_GetAttrString() function, 610
PyObject_SetAttrString() function, 610
pypi (Python Package Index), 154
pyprocessing library, 435
PyRun_AnyFile() function, 608
PyRun_InteractiveLoop() function, 609
PyRun_InteractiveOne() function, 609
PyRun_SimpleFile() function, 609
PyRun_SimpleString() function, 609
PyString_AsString() function, 611
PySys_SetArgv() function, 610
Python 3
2to3 tool, 635-637
Ellipsis as an expression, 626
Unicode characters in identifiers, 622
__next__() method, 633
absolute imports, 634
abstract base class, 137
adoption of, 621
and WSGI, 541
byte strings and system interfaces, 630
chained exceptions, 626
command line options, 633
commands module, 332
comparison, 633
dictionary comprehension, 623
dictionary operations, 45
difference in extension modules, 595
different behavior of byte strings, 629
division operator, 65
encode() and encode() methods, 629
environment variables, 633
exception attributes, 213
exec() function, 631
extended iterable unpacking, 623
filenames, 633
files, 160
filter() function, 205
function annotations, 624
generator changes, 103
import statement, 151
incompatibility with Python 2, 621
integer division, 633
interactive mode encoding issues, 175
iterator protocol, 633
keyword-only arguments, 625
map() function, 207
migration pitfalls, 629
network programming, 452
next() method of generators, 53
nonlocal statement, 624
open() function, 159, 208, 279
practical porting strategy, 637
raw_input() function, 209
reorganization of network modules, 497
round() function, 209
set comprehension, 623
set literals, 622
socketserver module, 489
standard library reorganization, 634
super() function, 120, 210, 627
supporting both Python 2 and 3, 638
syntax error with print, 6
third party libraries, 621
types module, 237
unbound methods, 49
unicode() function removal, 211
using new built-in functions in Python 2, 217
view objects on dicts, 632
viewing objects in ASCII, 201
who should use, 621
xrange() and range() functions, 17
xrange() function removal, 44, 211
python interpreter, 6
PYTHON* environment variables, 174
Python.h header file, in extensions, 594
PyZipFile() function, zipfile module, 325
Q
-Q command line option, 173
q(uit) debugger command, pdb module, 189
qsize() method, of Queue objects, 419, 445
queries, how to safely form for databases, 300
query attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
QueryInfoKey() function, winreg module, 410
QueryValue() function, winreg module, 410
QueryValueEx() function, winreg module, 410
queue module, 444
Queue() function
multiprocessing module, 418
queue module, 444
Queue() method, of Manager objects, 429
queue, circular, 262
queues
coroutines, 108
example with threads, 446
message passing, 415
multiple consumers and producers, 420
priority, 269
shared by multiple processes, 429
thread programming, 444
quit() method
of FTP objects, 498
of SMTP objects, 514
quitting the interactive interpreter, 7
quopri module, 567
quote() function, urllib.parse module, 522
quote_from_bytes() function, urllib.parse module, 522
quote_plus() function, urllib.parse module, 522
quoteattr() function, xml.sax.saxutils module, 583
quotes, difference between styles, 27
quoting, characters in URLs, 522
R
!r specifier in string formatting, 74
r character, before a string literal, 29
‘r’ mode, to open() function, 159
r(eturn) debugger command, pdb module, 189
__radd__() method, 60
when invoked over __add__(), 134
radians() function, math module, 251
radix attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
raise statement, 23, 84-85, 88
__rand__() method, 61
RAND_add() function, ssl module, 488
RAND_egd() function, ssl module, 488
RAND_status() function, ssl module, 488
randint() function, random module, 254
random module, 254
random numbers, and threads, 256
random() function, random module, 255
randrange() function, random module, 254
range of integer values, 38
removal in Python 3, 17
Rational abstract base class, 253
rational numbers, 250
raw I/O on files, 350
raw socket, 470
raw strings, 29
Unicode, 29
backslash rules, 29
use in regular expressions, 281
raw-unicode-escape encoding, description of, 170
raw_decode() method, of JSONDecoder objects, 566
raw_input() function, 10, 162, 209
RawArray() function, multiprocessing module, 427
RawConfigParser class, configparser module, 336
RawIOBase abstract base class, 354
RawValue() function, multiprocessing module, 426
RCVALL_* constants, socket module, 482
__rdiv__() method, 60
__rdivmod__() method, 60
re attribute, of MatchObject objects, 286
read() function, os module, 385
read() method
of BufferReader objects, 351
of ConfigParser objects, 333
of FileIO objects, 350
of HTTPResponse objects, 504
of StreamReder objects, 278
of TextIOWrapper objects, 353
of ZipFile objects, 326
of files, 159-160
of mmap objects, 371
of ssl objects, 488
of urlopen objects, 515
read-eval loop, 5
read1() method, of BufferReader objects, 351
read_byte() method, of mmap objects, 371
read_mime_types() function, mimetypes module, 567
readable() method
of IOBase objects, 349
of dispatcher objects, 456
readall() method, of FileIO objects, 350
reader() function, csv module, 549
ReadError exception, tarfile module, 322
readfp() method, of ConfigParser objects, 334
reading CSV data, example of, 14
reading configuration files, 332
reading lines, files, 10
readinto() method, of BufferReader objects, 351
readline library, 176
readline module, 586
readline() method
of IOBase objects, 349
of StreamReder objects, 278
of TextIOWrapper objects, 353
of mmap objects, 371
of urlopen objects, 515
readlines() method
of IOBase objects, 349
of StreamReder objects, 278
of urlopen objects, 515
readlink() function, os module, 388
ready() method, of AsyncResult objects, 425
Real abstract base class, 253
real attribute
of complex numbers, 39
of floating point, 39
realpath() function, os.path module, 398
reason attribute, of HTTPResponse objects, 504
reassigning part of a list, 12
Record objects, logging module, 359
recursion limit, changing, 112, 235
recursion, 112
and generator functions, 112
recursive traversal of directory trees, 390
recv() method
of Connection objects, 421
of dispatcher objects, 456
of socket objects, 483
recv_bytes() method, of Connection objects, 421
recv_bytes_into() method, of Connection objects, 422
recv_into() method, of socket objects, 483
recvfrom() method, of socket objects, 483
recvfrom_info() method, of socket objects, 483
recvmsg() system call, lack of support, 486
reduce() function, functools module, 268
__reduce__() method, 229
__reduce_ex__() method, 229
reentrant mutex lock, 438
ref() function, weakref module, 240
and copying, 35
and del statement, 35
and memory use, 192
and mutable objects, 36
in extension modules, 607
obtaining, 35
reference cycles
and garbage collection, 221
avoiding with weak references, 130, 240
ReferenceError exception, 87, 214
REG_* constants, winreg module, 409
Regex objects, re module, 284
register command of setup.py file, 155
webbrowser module, 544
register() method
of BaseManager class, 430
of Poll objects, 459
of abstract base classes, 137
register_adapter() function, sqlite3 module, 305
register_converter() function, sqlite3 module, 304
register_dialect() function, csv module, 551
register_function() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 527
register_instance() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 527
register_introspection_functions() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 528
register_multicall_functions() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 528
RegLoadKey() function, winreg module, 409
regular expressions
pattern syntax, 281
re module, 281
use of raw strings, 281
relational databases, accessing from Python, 297
relative package imports, 150-151
release() method
of Condition objects, 441
of Lock objects, 438
of RLock objects, 439
of Semaphore objects, 439
reliable datagrams, 470
reload() function, 149
reloading modules, 149
relpath() function, os.path module, 398
remote procedure call
XML-RPC, 524
multiprocessing module, 423-424
remove() function, os module, 388
remove() method
of Element objects, 577
of array objects, 260
of deque objects, 262
of lists, 40-41
remove_option() method, of ConfigParser objects, 334
remove_section() method, of ConfigParser objects, 334
removeChild() method, of DOM Node objects, 571
removedirs() function, os module, 388
removeFilter() method
of Handler objects, 364
of Logger objects, 359
removeHandler() method, of Logger objects, 361
removing directories, 318
removing files, 388
removing sequence items, 40
removing slices, 40
rename() function, os module, 388
rename() method, of FTP objects, 498
renames() function, os module, 388
repeat() function
cProfile module, 190
itertools module, 272
operator module, 274
timeit module, 192
‘replace’ error handling, Unicode encoding, 166
replace() method
of date objects, 337
of datetime objects, 340
of time objects, 338
replace_header() method, of Message objects, 556
replaceChild() method, of DOM Node objects, 571
replacing substrings, 41
replication, of sequences and shallow copies, 67
report() method, of dircmp objects, 315
report_full_closure() method, of dircmp objects, 315
report_partial_closure() method, of dircmp objects, 315
repr (reprlib) module, 586
repr() function, 11, 55, 77, 176, 209
and eval(), 55
difference from str(), 12
__repr__() method, 55-56
representing dates and times, 336
request attribute, of BaseRequestHandler objects, 490
Request() function, urllib.request module, 516
request() method, of HTTPConnection objects, 503
request_queue_size attribute, of SocketServer class, 492
request_version attribute, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
RequestHandlerClass attribute, of SocketServer objects, 492
reraising the last exception, 84
reserved attribute, of ZipInfo objects, 327
reserved words, 26
reset() method
of HTMLParser objects, 562
of IncrementalDecoder objects, 279
of IncrementalEncoder objects, 278
of StreamReder objects, 278
of StreamWriter objects, 278
resetwarnings() function, warnings module, 239
resize() function, ctypes module, 617
resize() method, of mmap objects, 371
resolution attribute
of date class, 337
of datetime class, 340
of time class, 338
of timedelta class, 341
resource module, 587
response time, asynchronous networking, 467
ResponseNotReady exception, http.client module, 504
responses attribute, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler class, 509
restricting attribute names, 132
restype attribute, of ctypes function objects, 613
result of last operation in interactive mode, 6, 176
retrbinary() method, of FTP objects, 499
retrlines() method, of FTP objects, 499
return statement, 96
returncode attribute, of Popen objects, 404
returning multiple values from a function, 18, 96
reverse keyword argument, to sort(), 40
reverse() method
of array objects, 260
of lists, 40-41
reversed operand methods, when invoked, 134
reversed operands, operator overloading, 60
reversed() function, 209
reversing a list, 40
rfile attribute
of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
of StreamRequestHandler objects, 491
rfind() method, of strings, 41, 43
__rfloordiv__() method, 60
right shift operator >>, 65
right_list attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
right_only attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
rindex() method, of strings, 41, 43
rjust() method, of strings, 43
rlcompleter module, 586
rlecode_hqx() function, binascii module, 548
rledecode_hqx() function, binascii module, 548
multiprocessing module, 427
threading module, 438
RLock() method, of Manager objects, 429
__rlshift__() method, 61
rmd() method, of FTP objects, 499
rmdir() function, os module, 388
__rmod__() method, 60
rmtree() function, shutil module, 319
__rmul__() method, 60
robotparser module, 523
robots.txt file, 523
rollback() method, of Connection objects, 298
rollover() method, of SpoolTemporaryFile objects, 324
root logger, logging module, 355
__ror__() method, 61
rotate() method, of deque objects, 263
rotating log files, 363
RotatingFileHandler class, logging module, 363
and Python 3, 209
rounding attribute, of Context objects, 247
rounding behavior, 66
change in Python 3, 66
rounding, decimal module, 245
rounds attribute, of sys.float_info, 231
row_factory attribute, of Connection objects, 308
rowcount attribute, of Cursor objects, 299
rpartition() method, of strings, 41
__rpow__() method, 61
__rrshift__() method, 61
rshift() function, operator module, 274
__rshift__() method, 60
rsplit() method, of strings, 41, 43
rstrip() method, of strings, 43
__rsub__() method, 60
__rtruediv__() method, 60
Ruby, differences in object system, 124
run debugger command, pdb module, 189
run() function
cProfile module, 190
pdb module, 186
profile module, 190
run() method
of Process objects, 416
of Thread objects, 436
runcall() function, pdb module, 186
runeval() function, pdb module, 186
running programs, 6
RuntimeError exception, 87, 214
RuntimeWarning warning, 216, 238
__rxor__() method, 61
S
!s specifier in string formatting, 74
-S command line option, 173-174
-s command line option, 173
s(tep) debugger command, pdb module, 189
safe_substitute() method, of Template objects, 289
SafeConfigParser class, configparser module, 336
same_files attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
samefile() function, os.path module, 398
sameopenfile() function, os.path module, 398
samestat() function, os.path module, 398
sample() function, random module, 255
SaveKey() function, winreg module, 410
SAX interface
XML parsing, 568
example of, 583
scaling, with concurrency, 415
sched module, 587-588
scheduler, for generators and coroutines, 447
scheme attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
scientific notation, floating point, 27
and module imports, 145
and self parameter in methods, 118
lexical scoping of functions, 97
of classes, 118
of iteration variable in list comprehension, 109
of iteration variables, 82
script name, 157
search path, for modules, 147
search() function, re module, 284
search() method, of Regex objects, 285
searching, strings with an offset, 41
second attribute, of time objects, 338
sections() method, of ConfigParser objects, 334
secure sockets layer (SSL), 486
security
XML-RPC servers, 530
database queries, 300
marshal module, 226
seed() function, random module, 254
seek() method
of IOBase objects, 350
of mmap objects, 371
seekable() method, of IOBase objects, 350
signal handling, 399
select() function
and asyncore module, 455
performance problems, 467
select module, 459
self parameter of methods, 22, 118
why required, 119
__self__ attribute
of built-in functions, 49
of methods, 49
Semaphore object
multiprocessing module, 427
threading module, 439
Semaphore objects, use for signaling, 439
Semaphore() method, of Manager objects, 429
semicolon ;, 26
send() method
of Connection objects, 422
of HTTPConnection objects, 503
of dispatcher objects, 456
of socket objects, 484
send_bytes() method, of Connection objects, 422
send_error() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
send_header() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
send_response() method, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
send_signal() method, of Popen objects, 403
sendall() method, of socket objects, 484
sendcmd() method, of FTP objects, 499
sending email, example of, 514, 558
sendmail() method, of SMTP objects, 514
sendmsg() system call, lack of support, 486
sendto() method, of socket objects, 484
sentinel, use with queuing, 420, 446
sep keyword argument, to print() function, 163
sep variable, os module, 386
separator character, print() function, 163
Sequence abstract base class, 266
sequences, 39
comparison of, 70
concatenation, 67
extended slicing of, 68
in operator, 67
indexing in string formatting, 72
item assignment, 40
lookup in composite string formatting, 42
negative indices, 68
operators, 67
picking random elements, 254
random sampling, 254
replication, 67
shallow copies in replication, 67
slice assignment, 40
slicing operator, 68
special methods of, 58
unpacking, 67-68
serve_forever() method
of BaseManager objects, 431
of SocketServer objects, 491
server attribute, of BaseRequestHandler objects, 490
server program, 449
TCP example, 451
UDP example, 485
example of restricting access with HTTP, 507
example with SocketServer module, 490
example with coroutines, 464
server_address attribute, of SocketServer objects, 492
server_version attribute
of BaseHTTPRequestHandler class, 508
of HTTPRequestHandler class, 507
ServerProxy() function, xmlrpc.client module, 524
Set abstract base class, 266
set comprehension, Python 3, 623
set difference operator -, 75
set intersection operator &, 75
set literals, Python 3, 622
set symmetric difference operator ^, 75
set theory, similarity to list comprehensions, 110
set union operator |, 75
set() method
of ConfigParser objects, 334
of Element objects, 577
of Event objects, 440
of Morsel objects, 512
__set__() method, of descriptors, 58, 126
set_authorizer() method, of Connection objects, 306
set_boundary() method, of Message objects, 556
set_charset() method, of Message objects, 556
set_conversion_mode() function, ctypes module, 617
set_debug() function, gc module, 221
set_default_type() method, of Message objects, 556
set_defaults() method, of OptionParser objects, 158, 377
set_errno() function, ctypes module, 618
set_executable() function, multiprocessing module, 435
set_last_error() function, ctypes module, 618
set_param() method, of Message objects, 556
set_pasv() method, of FTP objects, 499
set_payload() method, of Message objects, 556
set_progress_handler() method, of Connection objects, 307
set_proxy() method, of Request objects, 517
set_server_documentation() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 528
set_server_name() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 528
set_server_title() method, of XMLRPCServer objects, 528
set_terminator() method, of asynchat objects, 453
set_threshold() function, gc module, 221
set_trace() function, pdb module, 186
set_type() method, of Message objects, 557
set_unixfrom() method, of Message objects, 557
set_usage() method, of OptionParser objects, 377
set_wakeup_fd() function, signal module, 399
setattr() function, 210
and private attributes, 128
__setattr__() method, 57-58, 131
and __slots__, 133
setblocking() method, of socket objects, 484
setcheckinterval() function, sys module, 235
setcontext() function, decimal module, 248
setDaemon() method, of Thread objects, 437
setdefault() method
of dicts, 45
of dicts and defaultdict objects, 263
setdefaultencoding() function, sys module, 235
setdefaultencoding() method, sys module, 177
setdefaulttimeout() function, socket module, 476
setdlopenflags() function, sys module, 235
setDocumentLocator() method, of ContentHandler objects, 581
setegid() function, os module, 380
seteuid() function, os module, 380
setFormatter() method, of Handler objects, 365
setgid() function, os module, 380
setgroups() function, os module, 380
setinputsize() method, of Cursor objects, 299
setitem() function, operator module, 274
__setitem__() method, 58-59
and slices, 59
setitimer() function, signal module, 399
setLevel() method
of Handler objects, 364
of Logger objects, 359
setmode() function, msvcrt module, 373
setName() method, of Thread objects, 436
setoutputsize() method, of Cursor objects, 299
setpassword() method, of ZipFile objects, 326
setpgid() function, os module, 381
setpgrp() function, os module, 381
setprofile() function
sys module, 235
threading module, 444
setrecursionlimit() function, sys module, 235
setregid() function, os module, 381
setreuid() function, os module, 381
_setroot() method, of ElementTree objects, 574
sets, 15
adding items, 15
creating from iterable objects, 46
difference operator, 15
equality of, 78
in-place modification of, 47
intersection operator, 15
length of, 75
removing items, 15
symmetric difference operator, 15
union operator, 15
updating, 15
setsid() function, os module, 381
setslice() function, operator module, 274
setsockopt() method, of socket objects, 484
setstate() function, random module, 254
__setstate__() method, 228
and copying, 220
and pickle module, 172
@setter decorator of properties, 126
settimeout() method, of socket objects, 484
setting default encoding of standard I/O, 175
settrace() function
sys module, 235
threading module, 444
setuid() function, os module, 381
setUp() method
TestCase objects, 184
of TestCase objects, 184
setup() function, distutils module, 152, 596
setup() method, of BaseRequestHandler objects, 490
setup.py file
C extensions, 596
SWIG extensions, 620
and setuptools, 154
creating, 152-153
install command, 153-154
installing in per-user site directory, 178
SetValue() function, winreg module, 411
SetValueEx() function, winreg module, 411
sha1() function, hashlib module, 559
sha224() function, hashlib module, 559
sha256() function, hashlib module, 559
sha384() function, hashlib module, 559
sha512() function, hashlib module, 559
shallow copy, 36
of dicts, 45
of lists, 40
sequence replication, 67
shared arrays, multiprocessing module, 426
shared libraries
extension modules, 148
loading with ctypes, 612
shared memory
example of passing a list, 427
multiprocessing module, 426
sharing of objects, 35
Shelf class, shelve module, 311
shell commands
collecting output from, 331
emulating in Python, 318
shell pipes, similarity to generators, 106
dbhash module, 311
selecting the pickle protocol, 172
shlex module, 588
short-circuit evaluations, of boolean expressions, 78
showwarning() function, warnings module, 239
shuffle() function, random module, 255
shutdown() function, logging module, 366
shutdown() method
of BaseManager objects, 431
of SocketServer objects, 492
of socket objects, 484
shutil module, 318
side effects
in functions, 95
reasons to avoid, 96
SIG* signal names, 400
SIGHUP signal, 179
siginterrupt() function, signal module, 400
signal handling, 399
signal module, 399
signal() function, signal module, 400
signaling, with semaphores, 439
signals
close() method of generators, 104
list of, 400
mixing with threads, 402
throw() method of generators, 105
SIGTERM signal, 179
simple_producer() function, asynchat module, 453
SimpleCookie() function, http.cookies module, 512
SimpleHandler() function, wsgiref.handlers module, 543
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler class, http.server module, 507
SimpleHTTPServer module, see http.server, 506
SimpleXMLRPCServer class, xmlrpc.server module, 527
SimpleXMLRPCServer module, 527
sin() function, math module, 252
single precision floating point, 39
singleton tuple, 14
sinh() function, math module, 252
site configuration files, 177
site-packages directory, 175
sitecustomize module, 177
size attribute
of Struct objects, 291
of TarInfo objects, 322
size() method
of FTP objects, 499
of mmap objects, 371
Sized abstract base class, 265
sizeof() function, ctypes module, 618
skippedEntity() method, of ContentHandler objects, 581
sleep() function, time module, 406
sleeping, 406
until signal received, 399
slice assignment, lists, 12
and indexing methods, 59
attributes of, 54
slice type, 51
slices, 39
and special methods, 59
and xrange objects, 44
multidimensional, 59
slicing operator [:], 67-68
on lists, 12
on strings, 11
__slots__ attribute
and __dict__ attribute of instances, 50
compatibility with other code, 133
inheritance, 133
of class definitions, 132
optimization, 196
Smalltalk, differences in object system, 124
SMTP protocol, example of sending a message, 514
SMTP() function, smtplib module, 514
smtpd module, 587
SMTPHandler class, logging module, 363
smtplib module, 513
sndhdr module, 588
sniff() method, of Sniffer objects, 550
Sniffer() function, csv module, 550
SO_* socket options, socket module, 479
SOCK_* constants, socket module, 470
socket attribute, of SocketServer objects, 492
socket module, 469
socket() function, socket module, 476
socket, definition of, 449
socket_type attribute, of SocketServer class, 493
SocketHandler class, logging module, 363
socketpair() function, socket module, 477
sockets
address families, 470
methods on, 478
polling with select(), 459
specifying network addresses, 471
types of, 470
SocketServer module, 489
and Python 3, 489
changing server parameters, 492
softspace attribute, of files, 161
sort() method, of lists, 40-41
sorted() function, 210
sorting
changing behavior of, 40
in-place on lists, 40
requirements for objects, 57
reverse order, 40
use of operator module, 275
source code encoding, 31
Python 3, 622
span() method, of MatchObject objects, 286
spawnl() function, os module, 393
spawnle() function, os module, 393
spawnlp() function, os module, 393
spawnlpe() function, os module, 393
spawnv() function, os module, 392
spawnve() function, os module, 393
spawnvp() function, os module, 393
spawnvpe() function, os module, 393
special symbols, 30
speedup, definition of, 192
split() function
os.path module, 398
re module, 284
split() method
of Regex objects, 285
splitdrive() function, os.path module, 398
splitext() function, os.path module, 398
splitlines() method, of strings, 44
splitunc() function, os.path module, 398
SpooledTemporaryFile() function, tempfile module, 324
sprintf() function equivalent, 70
spwd module, 587
SQL queries
SQL injection attack, 300
examples of, 309
executing on database, 297
how to form, 300
similarity to list comprehensions, 111
SQLite database, 303
sqlite3 module, 303
sqrt() function, math module, 252
sqrt() method, of Decimal objects, 243
ssl module, 486
SSL, example of creating certificates, 489
st_* attributes, of stat objects, 389
stack frames, 52
in tracebacks, 53
stack size, for threads, 444
stack() function, inspect module, 225
stack_size() function, threading module, 444
Stackless Python, 467
standard I/O streams, 161
and integrated development environments, 162
setting the default encoding, 175
standard error, 157
standard input and output, 10
standard library reorganization, Python 3, 634
standard_b64decode() function, base64 module, 546
standard_b64encode() function, base64 module, 546
StandardError exception, 87
starmap() function, itertools module, 272
start attribute, of slices, 54
start() method
of BaseManager objects, 431
of MatchObject objects, 286
of Process objects, 416
of Thread objects, 436
of Timer objects, 438
of TreeBuilder objects, 577
startDocument() method, of ContentHandler objects, 582
startElement() method, of ContentHandler objects, 582
startElementNS() method, of ContentHandler objects, 582
startfile() function, os module, 393
startPrefixMapping() method, of ContentHandler objects, 582
startswith() method, of strings, 44
startup script, in interactive mode, 174
stat() function
os module, 388
os.path module, 398
stat_float_times() function, os module, 389
statement termination, 7
and semicolons, 7
statements
breaking across multiple lines, 9
putting on the same line, 25-26
running in the debugger, 186
static method, 22, 48, 123, 125
practical use of, 123
@staticmethod decorator, 22, 48, 123, 125, 210
statistics, random number distributions, 255
status attribute, of HTTPResponse objects, 504
statvfs() function, os module, 389
stderr attribute, of Popen objects, 404
stderr variable, sys module, 161, 232
__stderr__ variable, sys module, 162, 232
stdin attribute, of Popen objects, 404
stdin variable, sys module, 10, 161, 232
__stdin__ variable, sys module, 162, 232
stdout attribute, of Popen objects, 404
stdout variable, sys module, 10, 161, 232
__stdout__ variable, sys module, 162, 232
step attribute, of slices, 54
StopIteration exception, 59, 87, 215
and generators, 103
storbinary() method, of FTP objects, 499
storlines() method, of FTP objects, 499
str type, 38
str() function, 11, 56, 76, 210
and print, 162
difference from repr(), 12
__str__() method, 55-56
StreamError exception, tarfile module, 322
StreamHandler class, logging module, 363
StreamReader class, codecs module, 278
streamreader() method, of CodecInfo objects, 278
StreamRequestHandler class, SocketServer module, 491
streams, 470
StreamWriter class, codecs module, 278
streamwriter() method, of CodecInfo objects, 278
strerror() function, os module, 381
strftime() function, time module, 406
strftime() method
of date objects, 337
of time objects, 338
‘strict’ error handling, Unicode encoding, 166
string attribute, of MatchObject objects, 286
string formatting, 70
!r specifier, 74
!s specifier, 74
alignment, 73
attribute lookup, 72
codes for % operator, 70-71
customizing format() method, 74
dictionaries, 72
dictionary lookup, 72
fill characters, 73
format specifiers, 72
formatting operator %, 70
string literals, 27
Unicode characters, 28
and Unicode encodings, 29
and documentation strings, 30
byte strings, 29
unicode characters in source code, 31
string module, 287
Template strings, 164
string_at() function, ctypes module, 618
StringIO class, io module, 353
stringprep module, 586
strings, 11
and numeric calculations, 11
as a dictionary key, 16
as in-memory text files, 353
as sequences, 39
basestring object for type checking, 202
byte literals, 29
case conversion, 43-44
character substitution, 42
comparison of, 70
concatenation, 11
concatenation of adjacent literals, 27
creating custom formatters, 288
disabling escape codes in literals, 29
encoding for URLs, 522
escape codes in literals, 27
escaping characters for use in HTML, 536
escaping characters for use in XML, 583
executing Python code contained within, 115
formatting in log messages, 358
indexing, 11
internal representation, 28
iterating over characters, 17
joining, 43
line structure, 11
mixing byte strings and Unicode, 70
mutable byte arrays, 202
partitioning, 41
regular expressions, 281
replacing substrings, 41
searching for substrings, 41
slices, 11
sorting and internationalization, 70
specifiers for format() method, 72-73
splitting, 43
stripping, 43
unescaping XML character references, 583
strip() method, of strings, 44
stripping
control characters from a string, 42
strings, 44
strptime() function, time module, 343, 407
strptime() method, of datetime class, 339
Struct class, struct module, 291
struct module, 290
Structure class, ctypes module, 614
structures, and tuples, 14
sub() function
operator module, 273
re module, 284
sub() method, of Regex objects, 285
__sub__() method, 60
subclass, 119
__subclasscheck__() method, 57, 136
subdirs attribute, of dircmp objects, 315
SubElement() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 575
subn() function, re module, 284
subn() method, of Regex objects, 285
subprocess module, 402
subprocess, definition of, 413
substitute() method
of Template objects, 289
of Template strings, 164
substrings
checking for existence using in, 69
searching for, 41
subtraction operator -, 65
sucessful() method, of AsyncResult objects, 425
sum() function, 39-40, 67, 210
accuracy of, 252
and decimal module, 69
restriction to numeric data, 39
versus math.fsum() function, 252
sunau module, 588
superclass, 119
calling methods in, 120
super() function, 120
supporting both Python 2 and 3, 638
supports_unicode_filenames variable, os.path module, 398
suspension, of threads, 443
swapcase() method, of strings, 44
SWIG, 591
example of, 619
interface file, 619
switch statement, lack of, 9
symbol module, 586
symbolic links, testing a filename for, 397
symlink() function, os module, 389
symmetric difference operator ^, of sets, 15
symmetric_difference() method, of sets, 46
symmetric_difference_update() method, of sets, 47
sync() method
of dbm-style database objects, 310
of shelve objects, 311
synchronization primitives
multiprocessing module, 427
threading module, 438
synchronization
of close() method of generators, 104
of concurrent programs, 414
of throw() method of generators, 105
SyntaxError exception, 87, 215
Python 3 print statement, 6
and default arguments, 93
and except statements, 85
SyntaxWarning warning, 216, 238
sys.argv variable, 13, 157, 174
sys.displayhook variable, 176
sys.exec_prefix variable, 177
sys.exit() function, 179
sys.modules variable, 144, 149
sys.path variable, 147
and site module, 177
third-party modules, 154
sys.prefix variable, 177
sys.ps1 variable, 176
sys.ps2 variable, 176
sys.stdin variable, 161
sys.stdout variable, 161
sys_version attribute, of BaseHTTPRequestHandler class, 508
sysconf() function, os module, 395
syslog module, 587
SysLogHandler class, logging module, 363
system calls, os module, 378
system error codes, 344
system() function, os module, 393
system.listMethods() method, of ServerProxy objects, 525
SystemError exception, 87, 215
SystemExit exception, 7, 87-88, 157, 179, 215
T
-t command line option, 26, 173-174
tab escape code in strings, 28
tabcheck attribute, of sys.flags, 230
TabError exception, 26, 87, 215
tabnanny module, 586
tabs, and indentation, 26
tag attribute, of Element objects, 576
tagName attribute, of DOM Element objects, 572
tail attribute, of Element objects, 576
tail command, example with generators, 19
tail-recursion optimization, lack of, 112
takewhile() function, itertools module, 272
tan() function, math module, 252
tanh() function, math module, 252
TarError exception, tarfile module, 322
TarFile objects, tarfile module, 320
tarfile module, 319
TarInfo objects, tarfile module, 321
task scheduler, example with coroutines and select(), 460
task_done() method
of JoinableQueue objects, 419
of Queue objects, 445
tasklets, 446
asynchronous I/O, 460
tasks, and coroutines, 20
tb_* attributes, of traceback objects, 53
tb_lineno() function, traceback module, 236
tbreak debugger command, pdb module, 189
tcgetpgrp() function, os module, 385
TCP connection, diagram of, 450
TCP protocol, 449
example code, 451
TCP_* socket options, socket module, 482
TCPServer class, SocketServer module, 491
tcsetpgrp() function, os module, 385
tearDown() method
TestCase objects, 184
of TestCase objects, 184
tee() function, itertools module, 273
tell() method
of IOBase objects, 350
of files, 160-161
of mmap objects, 371
telnetlib module, 587
tempdir variable, tempfile module, 324
tempfile module, 323
Template class, string module, 289
Template strings
string module, 164
use in CGI script, 537
template attribute, of Template objects, 290
template variable, tempfile module, 324
temporary files, 323
TemporaryFile() function, tempfile module, 323
terminate() method
of Pool objects, 425
of Popen objects, 403-404
of Process objects, 416
terminating statements with semicolons, 7
termination
immediate without garbage collection, 391
of programs, 179
of threads, 443
registering cleanup functions, 219
sys.exit() function, 233
without garbage collection, 179
termios module, 587
test module, 586
test() function, cgi module, 537
TestCase class, unittest module, 184
testing
doctest module, 181
documentation strings, 181
limitations of doctest, 183
unit testing, 183
testmod() function
doctest() module, 182
doctest module, 182
testzip() method, of ZipFile objects, 326
Text class, xml.dom.minidom module, 572
text I/O, 353
text attribute, of Element objects, 576
text file mode, 159
text replacement, replace() method of strings, 41
text versus bytes in Python 3, 629
text_factory attribute, of Connection objects, 308
TextIOBase abstract base class, 354
TextIOWrapper class, io module, 353
textwrap module, 586
third-party libraries, and Python 3, 621
third-party packages
and C/C++ code, 154
and sys.path variable, 154
installation of, 154
installing in per-user site directory, 154, 178
this pointer, self parameter of methods, 119
Thread class, threading module, 436
thread attribute, of Record objects, 359
threading module, 436
synchronization primitives, 438
ThreadingMixIn class, SocketServer module, 494
ThreadingTCPServer class, SocketServer module, 494
ThreadingUDPServer class, SocketServer module, 494
threadName attribute, of Record objects, 359
threads
CPU-bound tasks, 444
adding to network servers, 494
atomic operations and disassembly, 193
check interval, 234
close() method of generators, 104
compared to coroutines, 467
condition variables, 441
daemonic, 436
database modules, 302
decimal module, 249
definition of, 413
events, 440
extension modules, 607
global interpreter lock, 414, 444
local storage, 443
main thread, 413
mutex lock, 438
obtaining number of active, 443
random number generation, 256
reentrant mutex lock, 438
scaling properties, 415
scheduling of, 414
semaphores, 439
setting stack size, 444
setting the name, 436
signal handling, 402
signaling with semaphores, 439
suspending, 443
synchronization of, 414
termination of, 443
throw() method of generators, 105
use of queues, 444
worker thread example, 446
threadsafety variable, database API, 302
throw() method, of generators, 53, 105-106
time and date parsing, 407
time class, datetime module, 338
time manipulation, 336
accuracy of time functions, 408
current time, 405
time parsing, 343
Time() function, database API, 301
time() function, time module, 191, 407
time() method, of datetime objects, 340
timedelta class, datetime module, 340
TimedRotatingFileHandler class, logging module, 363
TimeFromTicks() function, database API, 301
timeit module, 191
timeit() function
cProfile module, 190
timeit module, 191
timeout attribute, of SocketServer class, 493
timeout exception, socket module, 485
timeout, example with alarm signals, 401
Timer() function, threading module, 437
times() function, os module, 394
Timestamp() function, database API, 301
TimestampFromTicks() function, database API, 301
timetuple() method, of date objects, 337
timetz() method, of datetime objects, 340
timezone variable, time module, 405
timing measurements, 191
TIPC protocol, 470
address format, 472
TIPC_* constants, socket module, 473
title() method, of strings, 44
Tkinter module, 588
today() method, of date class, 336
tofile() method, of array objects, 260
token module, 586
tokenize module, 586
tolist() method, of array objects, 260
toordinal() method, of date objects, 337
toprettyxml() method, of DOM Node objects, 572
tostring() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 578
tostring() method, of array objects, 260
total_changes attribute, of Connection objects, 308
tounicode() method, of array objects, 260
toxml() method, of DOM Node objects, 573
trace() function, inspect module, 225
traceback messages, 22
traceback module, 235
traceback objects, 51-52
attributes of, 53
stack frames, 53
__traceback__ attribute, of Exception objects, 213
tracebacklimit variable, sys module, 232
tracebacks
creating with traceback module, 236
limiting the amount of output, 232
trailing J on complex number literals, 27
trailing L on long integers, 27
trailing comma
and tuples, 14
print statement, 162
transfercmd() method, of FTP objects, 500
translate() method, of strings, 42, 44
traps attribute, of Context objects, 247
TreeBuilder() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 577
triangular() function, random module, 256
triple-quoted strings, 11
and variable interpolation, 163
truediv() function, operator module, 273
__truediv__() method, 60
trunc() function, math module, 252
truncate() method
of IOBase objects, 350
of files, 160
truncating division operator //, 65
truncation, of integer division, 61, 65
truth value testing, 78
truth values, 9
truth() function, operator module, 274
-tt command line option, 26, 173-174
tty module, 587
ttyname() function, os module, 385
tuning strategies, 194
tuple type, 38
tuple unpacking, and for-loops, 15
tuples, 14
and string formatting, 70
as dictionary key, 16
as dictionary keys, 74
as sequence, 39
comparison on, 70
concatenation, 14
creating a list of from dictionary, 45
creating with named attributes, 264
immutability, 14
immutability of, 69
indexing, 14
memory savings of, 14
omission of parantheses, 14
problems with using as data structure, 264
representing records, 14
singleton, 14
slicing, 14
unpacking in Python 3, 623
unpacking in iteration, 82
use by standard library, 265
use in list comprehensions, 109
versus lists, 14
type, 47
type attribute
of FieldStorage objects, 535
of TarInfo objects, 322
of socket objects, 484
type checking
example with metaclass, 140
of objects, 34
performance impact of, 34
problem with proxy objects, 135
type coercion, and operator overloading, 134
type comparison of objects, 34
type conversion, 76
lack of implicit conversion, 62
of columns in a datafile, 37
special methods for, 62
type hierarchies, 138
type objects, 50
type of objects, 33
and exceptions, 89
type() metaclass, 138
type_options attribute, of FieldStorage objects, 535
typecode attribute, of array objects, 259
and function calls, 94
and type coercion, 62
method resolution order, 122
and Python 3, 237
types
boolean, 38
callable, 47
dictionary, 44
floating point, 38
frozenset, 46
integers, 38
of sockets, 470
set, 46
type of, 47
tzinfo attribute, of time objects, 338
tzname variable, time module, 405
tzname() method
of time objects, 339
of tzinfo objects, 342
tzset() function, time module, 407
U
U escape code, in strings, 28
u escape code, in strings, 28
-U command line option, 28, 173
‘U’ mode, to open() function, 159
u character, before a string literal, 28
-u command line option, 173
u(p) debugger command, pdb module, 189
UDP client example, 486
UDP communication, diagram of, 451
UDP protocol, 449
UDP server example, 485
UDPServer class, SocketServer module, 491
uid attribute, of TarInfo objects, 322
umask() function, os module, 381
unalias debugger command, pdb module, 189
uname attribute, of TarInfo objects, 322
uname() function, os module, 381
unary minus operator -, 65
unary plus operator +, 65
unbound method, 49
and Python 3, 49
UnboundLocalError exception, 87, 98, 215
unbuffered file I/O, 159
unconsumed_tail attribute, of decompressobj objects, 329
underscores, usage in identifiers, 26
unescape() function, xml.sax.saxutils module, 583
ungetch() function, msvcrt module, 373
ungetwch() function, msvcrt module, 373
unhexlify() function, binascii module, 548
Unicode character database, 293
Unicode characters, representation of, 41
Unicode string literals, 28
Unicode strings, 41
and WSGI, 541
common encodings, 166
decomposing, 295
encoding and decoing, 165
encoding in network programs, 452
error handling options, 166
handling of, 165
mixing with byte strings, 167
normalizing, 296
regular expressions, 281
unicode attribute, of sys.flags, 230
unicode type, 38
unicode() function, 211
and Python 3, 211
Unicode
Python 2 vs. Python 3, 28
and BOM characters, 168
and XML, 168
byte order marker, 280
character encoding and decoding, 42
character properties database, 170
code points, 28
common encodings, 168-169
encoding in string literals, 29
encoding of source code, 31
file I/O, 167
mixing with byte strings, 70
normalization of strings, 171
specifying characters in string literals, 28
using 32-bit character code points, 41
unicode-escape encoding, description of, 170
UnicodeDecodeError exception, 87, 215
UnicodeEncodeError exception, 87, 215
Python 3 interactive mode, 175
UnicodeError exception, 87, 166, 215
UnicodeTranslateError exception, 87, 215
unidata_version variable, unicodedata module, 296
unification of integer and long types, 38
uniform access principle, 125
uniform type arrays, 259
uniform() function, random module, 255
UnimplementedFileMode exception, http.client module, 504
Union class, ctypes module, 614
union operator |, of sets, 15
union() method, of sets, 46
unit testing
Python 3 migration, 635
example, 184
unittest module, 183
unittest module, 183
example, 184
universal newline mode, 159
UNIX domain protocol, 470
address format, 472
Unix systems log, issuing message to, 363
Unix
#! execution of programs, 6
per-user site directory, 177
time epoch definition, 405
UnixDatagramServer class, SocketServer module, 491
UnixStreamServer class, SocketServer module, 491
UnknownHandler class, urllib.request module, 518
UnknownProtocol exception, http.client module, 504
UnknownTransferEncoding exception, http.client module, 504
unlink() function, os module, 390
unloading modules, 149
unpack() function, struct module, 290
unpack() method, of Struct objects, 291
unpack_from() function, struct module, 291
unpack_from() method, of Struct objects, 291
unpacking
binary data structures, 290
of sequences, 67-68
of tuples, 14
Unpickler class, pickle module, 228
unquote() function, urllib.parse module, 522
unquote_plus() function, urllib.parse module, 522
unquote_to_bytes() function, urllib.parse module, 522
unregister() method, of Poll objects, 460
unregister_dislect() function, csv module, 551
unsetenv() function, os module, 381
until debugger command, pdb module, 189
unused_data attribute, of decompressobj objects, 329
unwrap() method, of ssl objects, 488
update() method
of dicts, 45
of digest objects, 559
of hmac objects, 560
update_wrapper() function, functools module, 269
updating a dictionary, 45
uploading
files in CGI scripts, 536
files to a HTTP server with POST, 505
files to an FTP server, 500
packages to pypi, 155
upper() method, of strings, 44
uppercase variable, string module, 287
urandom() function, os module, 396
urldefrag() function, urllib.parse module, 521
urlencode() function, urllib.parse module, 522
URLError exception, 516
urllib.error module, 523
urljoin() function, urllib.parse module, 521
urllib module, 522
see urllib.request, 515
urllib package, 514
urllib.error module, 523
urllib.parse module, 520
urllib.request module, 515
urllib.response module, 520
urllib.robotparser module, 523
urllib2 module, see urllib.request, 515
urlopen() function, urllib.request module, 515
urlparse module, 520
urlparse() function, urllib.parse module, 520
urlsafe_b64decode() function, base64 module, 546
urlsafe_b64encode() function, base64 module, 546
urlsplit() function, urllib.parse module, 521
urlunparse() function, urllib.parse module, 521
urlunsplit() function, urllib.parse module, 521
user directory, installation of packages, 154
user module, 586
—user option to setup.py, 154
user-agent header in HTTP requests, changing, 517
username attribute
of urlparse objects, 520
of urlsplit objects, 521
using Python as a calculator, 6
utcfromtimestamp() method, of datetime class, 339
utcnow() method, of datetime class, 339
utcoffset() method
of time objects, 339
of tzinfo objects, 342
utctimetuple() method, of datetime objects, 340
UTF-16 encoding, description of, 170
UTF-8
compatibility with ASCII, 170
description of, 169-170
encoding and decoding, 42
including in string literals, 29
lexicographic ordering, 170
utime() function, os module, 390
uu module, 587
V
-V command line option, 173
-v command line option, 173-174
validator() function, wsgiref.handlers module, 543
value attribute
of FieldStorage objects, 535
of Morsel objects, 512
Value() function, multiprocessing module, 426
Value() method, of Manager objects, 429
and lists, 40
and strings, 41
valuerefs() method, of WeakValueDictionary objects, 241
values() method
of Message objects, 552
of dicts, 45
of dicts in Python 3, 632
ValuesView abstract base class, 266
variable interpolation in strings, 163
variable keyword arguments in function definition, 95
variable number of arguments in function definition, 94
variables, 7
as names of objects, 35
binding and module imports, 145
binding of globals in functions, 98
class, 117-118
in nested functions, 97
iteration, 82
naming rules, 26
verbose attribute, of sys.flags, 230
verify_request() method, of SocketServer class, 493
version attribute, of HTTPResponse objects, 504
version information, of interpreter, 231
version variable, sys module, 232
version_info variable, sys module, 232
vformat() method, of Formatter objects, 288
view objects, Python 3, 632
volume attribute, of ZipInfo objects, 327
vonmisesvariate() function, random module, 256
W
-W command line option, 216, 239-240
‘w’ mode, to open() function, 159
w(here) debugger command, pdb module, 189
wait() function, os module, 394
wait() method
of AsyncResult objects, 425
of Condition objects, 441
of Event objects, 440
of Popen objects, 404
wait3() function, os module, 394
wait4() function, os module, 394
waitpid() function, os module, 394
walk() function, os module, 390
walk() method, of Message objects, 554
wall-clock time, obtaining, 191
warn() function, warnings module, 216, 239
warn_explicit() function, warnings module, 239
warning() method, of Logger objects, 357
warnings module, 238
warnings
converting into exceptions, 239
difference from exceptions, 216
suppression of, 238
warnoptions variable, sys module, 232
WatchedFileHandler class, logging module, 363
wave module, 588
WCOREDUMP() function, os module, 394
weak reference, 130
weak references, 240
WeakKeyDictionary class, weakref module, 241
WeakValueDictionary class, weakref module, 241
web frameworks, 538
and template strings, 164
web programming, 531
web server
custom handling of requests, 510
running standalone in Python, 508
webbrowser module, 544
weekday() method, of date objects, 338
weibullvariate() function, random module, 256
well known port numbers, 450
WEXITSTATUS() function, os module, 394
wfile attribute
of BaseHTTPRequestHandler objects, 509
of StreamRequestHandler objects, 491
whichdb module, 310
whichdb() function, dbm module, 310
whitespace variable, string module, 287
WIFCONTINUED() function, os module, 395
WIFEXITED() function, os module, 394
WIFSIGNALED() function, os module, 395
WIFSTOPPED() function, os module, 395
WinDLL() function, ctypes module, 612
Windows, 331
accesing registry, 408
accessing registry, 175
creating a binary distribution with distutils, 153
double-clicking on Python programs, 176
drive letters in filenames, 399
file locking, 373
issuing message to event log, 362
list of error codes, 346
main program with multiprocessing module, 417
per-user site directory, 177
process fork with multiprocessing, 435
running programs, 6
WindowsError exception, 215
Wing IDE, 5
winreg module, 408
winsound module, 588
winver variable, sys module, 232
and exceptions, 23
and locking, 89
decimal module, 248
locking primitives, 442
work pools, of processes, 424
wrap_socket() function, ssl module, 486
wrapper functions, 95
and closures, 100
example of, 101
in extension modules, 594
wrappers, and attribute binding methods, 132
@wraps decorator, functools module, 114, 269
writable() method
of IOBase objects, 350
of dispatcher objects, 456
write() function, os module, 385
write() method
of BufferWriter objects, 352
of ConfigParser objects, 334
of ElementTree objects, 575
of FileIO objects, 350
of StreamWriter objects, 278
of TextIOWrapper objects, 353
of ZipFile objects, 326
of mmap objects, 372
of ssl objects, 488
write_byte() method, of mmap objects, 372
writelines() method
of IOBase objects, 350
of StreamWriter objects, 278
of files, 159-160
writepy() method, of ZipFile objects, 326
writer() function, csv module, 549
writerow() method
of csv DictWriter objects, 550
of csv writer objects, 549
writerows() method
of csv DictWriter objects, 550
of csv writer objects, 550
writestr() method, of ZipFile objects, 327
writexml() method, of DOM Node objects, 573
writing to a file, 159
WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface), 540
WSGI
application specification, 540
example of, 541
integration with web frameworks, 543
processing form fields, 541
running a stand-alone server, 542
running in CGI scripts, 542
use of generators for I/O, 165
validation of applications, 543
wsgi.* environment variables, 540
wsgiref package, 542
wsgiref.handlers module, 542
wsgiref.simple_server module, 542
WSTOPSIG() function, os module, 395
wstring_at() function, ctypes module, 618
WTERMSIG() function, os module, 395
X
x escape code, in strings, 28
-x command line option, 173-174
xdrlib module, 587
xml package, 568
XML() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 575
XML
escaping and unescaping characters, 583
example document, 569
incremental parsing of large files, 579
namespaces in ElementTree module, 578
parsing, 568
XML-RPC, 524
XML-RPC server, multithreaded example, 494
XML-RPC
example of, 529
server customization, 530
xml.dom.minidom module, 570
xml.etree.ElementTree module, 573
xml.sax module, 580
xml.sax.saxutils module, 583
‘xmlcharrefreplace’ error handling, 166-167
XMLGenerator() function, xml.sax.saxutils module, 584
XMLID() function, xml.etree.ElementTree module, 575
xmlrpc package, 524
xmlrpc.client module, 524
xmlrpc.server module, 527
xmlrpclib module, 524
XMLRPCServer class, xmlrpc.server module, 527
xor() function, operator module, 274
__xor__() method, 60
XPATH, 569
xrange type, 38
xrange() compared to a list, 44
xrange() function, 17, 44, 211
XSLT, 569
Y
Y2K handling, 407
year attribute, of date objects, 337
and context managers, 90
use with I/O, 164-165
Z
ZeroDivisionError exception, 87, 215
zfill() method, of strings, 44
.zip files
and modules, 147
decoding and encoding, 324
use as a code archive, 147
and Python 3, 211
future_builtins module, 217
type-conversion example, 37
zipfile module, 324
ZipFile() function, zipfile module, 325
zipimport module, 586
ZipInfo() function, zipfile module, 325