Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
A
prototype design 46f
absorber, improvement paths for 55–58
absorber inlet solution temperature 55
adiabatic absorber 58
base tests 55
discharging mode test results 55–58
2-ethyl-1-hexanol 55
experimental procedure 49
heat and mass transfer enhancement additive 55
measurements 49
Ultra-Torr vacuum fittings 49
water desorption rate, in desorber 52
input data 42–43
results 43–45
circulating pumps 42
condenser/evaporator 40–41
connection tubes 42
generator 39–40
heat sink/low-temperature heat source 42
inputs 39
solution tank 41
water tank 41–42
Adiabatic absorber 58
Agnesi curve 161–162
Aqueous electrolyte battery 20
Aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion battery 20
B
Black geomembranes 194–195
C
CAES See Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction targets, in Germany 210
Carbon Plan scenarios 7–8
Chemical adsorption 35–36
Chemical energy storage systems, ESSs 78
Closed liquid sorption 150
Closed sorption heat storage systems 148–150
Cold and cryogenic energy storage (CES) 15–16
Complementarity 157
imperfect 158
climatic conditions 163
precise and reliable evaluation 165
space and time 158
advantages/disadvantages 87
applications 87
capital cost 88
commercial maturity 87–88
components 86
conventional gas turbine technology 13
developers/suppliers 88
electricity storage systems 83–88
low round-trip efficiency 14
off-peak and on-peak electrical power 83
performance characteristics 87
process description 86–87
technical feasibility 14
Concentrating solar power (CSP) 15
Coupled energy storage 11
D
Decoupled energy storage 11
DHW preparation See Domestic hot water (DHW) preparation
disadvantages 330
instantaneous energy efficiency 329–330
LHTES 344–345
operation 329
reflectors 328
Direct hydrogen production 17–18
Distribution network-driven photovoltaics 235
Domestic hot water (DHW) preparation 121–122
solar fraction 128
VA-ratio 126–128
E
compressed air energy storage 13–14
cycle life 21
distributed solar power generation 10
facility requirements 8–10
flow battery 16–17
pumped-hydro storage 12–13
solar fuels 17–18
chemical form 10
coupled energy storage 11
decoupled energy storage 11
economics 20–22
electrical and magnetic forms 10
mechanical form 10
thermal form 11
thermal energy storage 14–16
utility-scale solar power generation 9–10
Electrically conductive geomembrane 195
cost and value 228
energy storage 230–232
mini-grid system economics 229
PV economics 229–230
assessment 101–105
categories 77
chemical energy storage systems 78
compressed air energy storage 83–88
economic evaluation 105–109
electrical systems 78
flow batteries 88–94
lead-acid batteries 98–101
mechanical systems 79
NaS battery 95–97
necessity 64–66
NiCd batteries 97–98
pumped hydroelectric storage system 81–83
climate 69–70
global wind power installed capacity 73
sulfur 72
supply-demand situation, of power 70–72
superconducting magnetic energy storage 77
thermal systems 79
Electrochemical capacitors See Supercapacitors
Electrolyzers 3
Endothermal charging process 36
Energetic complementarity See also Complementarity
energy storage, effects of 186–187
contingent valuation methods 279–280
follow-up survey 280
automobile starter batteries 279
battery usage investigation 280
Fukushima prefecture 281–282
by geographical location 281
Kanagawa prefecture 281–282
Kochi prefecture 281–282
EV batteries 279
home storage batteries 280–281
for households and businesses 278–279
internet-based survey 279
Li-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries 278
NaS and redox flow batteries 278
combined systems 268
lifecycle analysis and assessment 247
photovoltaic cell manufacture 248
solar and biofuel options 248
solar cells 248–249
life-cycle studies 250
m-Si production and use 250–254f
system assembly 249–250
caverns 258–259
compressed air storage facilities 258
hydrogen production pathways 259
pumped hydro impacts 262
short-term smoothing 257–258
superconducting coil charging 257–258
surplus electricity 258
solar heat storage 266–268
negative life-cycle impacts 264–266
wind power 248
Eutectics 35
Exothermal discharging process 36
F
Fuel cells 3
G
characteristics 193
electrically conductive 195
hydroelectric and dam reservoir projects 193–194
lifetime 195–198
water retention 194
Grid defection 240–241
H
Heat capacity storage 4
direct-focusing solar cookers 334–337
indirect solar cookers 339–343
oven solar cookers 337–339
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes 193–198
Household systems, PVs in 233–234
dimensionless area 171
direct current hydroelectric generator 166–167
failure index 169
Homer software 169
parallel 167f
performance analysis method 168–173
supply failure times 168
total instantaneous power 169–170
Hydro energy storage, in reservoir 198
Hydroxides 145
I
Indirect hydrogen production 17–18
advantages 332
challenges 332
disadvantages 334
HCTES 339–343
heat transfer fluid 333
latent heat energy efficiency 333–334
LHTES 348–351
solar collection instantaneous efficiency 333
thermal sensible efficiency 333–334
Indirect solar thermal route 8
decision variable constraint 202
dynamic programming 202–203
power consumption 201–202
recursive formulas 202–203
solar generator, electric power of 201
water balance 199–200
water storage 200
International Energy Agency, electricity storage 241–242
Isolated solar PV systems See Solar photovoltaics (PV) systems, Kyangshing
J
Renewable Portfolio Standards 276
Sunshine Project 276
K
Köppen-Geiger climate classification 116–117
L
Large-scale electricity storage technologies 66
Large-scale energy storage systems 77–78
advantages 33
definition 32
disadvantages 33
eutectics 35
inorganic PCMs 33–34
organic PCMs 34–35
solid-liquid PCMs 32–33
solid-solid PCMs 32
Latent-heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) 328
direct-focusing solar cookers 344–345
indirect solar cookers 348–351
oven solar cookers 346–348
advantages/disadvantages 100
costs 99–100
deployment status 101
developers/suppliers 101
efficiency 99
performance characteristics 99
process description 98–99
types 99
sensitivity analysis 365–367
LiBr/H2O absorption prototype 46f
Liquid/gas sorption 35
Liquid solar fuel routes 18
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) geomembranes 193–194
M
Mathematical simulation-optimization model, of SE-PSH systems 200–201
Mechanical energy storage systems, ESS 79
Metals, drawbacks of 34
Mini-grids 237–238
operation and management aspects 372
public-private partnership concept 370–372
N
advantages/disadvantages 98
costs 98
deployment status 98
developers/suppliers 98
efficiency 97–98
performance characteristics 97–98
process description 97
Nonparaffin organic PCMs 35
O
Ocean PHS technology 13
Off-grid applications, battery storage systems for 227
ONE energy 275
On-grid electrification 360
advantages 331
disadvantages 332
LHTES 346–348
SBCs, energy efficiency of 331–332
variations 331
P
Paraffins 34–35
Partial amplitude-complementarity index 160–161
Partial energy-complementarity index 159–160
Partial time-complementarity index 159–160
5P business model 372
Peak-load-pricing theory 211
Phase change materials (PCMs) 30
inorganic 33–34
organic 34–35
solid-liquid PCMs 32–33
solid-solid PCMs 32
of power conversion systems 310–311
of storage device 310–311
batteries 300–301
charging and discharging modes 298–299
conversion losses 299–300
diurnal cycle 298–299
dimensions and characteristics 307–310
electricity generation, costs reduction 296–298
reliability and flexibility 296
RES penetration 296–297
operational modes 318–319
RES 316
site description 316
evolutionary opportunities 238–240
future developments 238–242
grid defection 240–241
Australia 232
commercial and industry PV 234–235
distribution network-driven PV 235
household systems 233–234
mini-grids 237–238
utility PV 236
Physical adsorption 35–36
Power supply-demand situation, in Saudi Arabia 70–72
Public-private partnership (PPP) concept 370–372
advantages/disadvantages 82–83
applications 82
capital cost 83
commercial maturity 83
developers/suppliers 83
performance characteristics 82
process description 81–82
adjustable-speed motor/generators 13
advantages 12
capacity-planning model 211
characterization 303–304
drawback 12
economic and social benefits 305
efficiency of 304–305
efficient capital investment 210–211
hydroelectric principle 12
load balancing 303–304
in lower mountain ranges 210
ocean 13
underground 13
characteristic 190
in electric power systems 190
geomembranes, in water/energy storage 193–198
mode of operation 190–191
role 191–192
with seawater 192–193
Pumped thermal electricity storage (PTES) 16
R
lead-acid battery 18–19
lithium-ion battery 19
nickel-based battery 19
sodium-sulfur battery 19–20
Renewable energy production, limitation of 67–69
constraint 220–221
political objectives 219–222
in power generation 209–210
Renewable Energy Target (RET) 229–230
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) 276
Renewable resources 156
Reservoir volume 198
S
climate 69–70
global wind power installed capacity 73
sulfur 72
supply-demand situation, of power 70–72
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) 70–72
Sensible heat storage 30
disadvantages 31
liquid storage 31
solid storage 32
Silicagel 141–143
Small-scale low-power demands, solar cells for 8–9
advantages/disadvantages 96
capital cost 96
deployment status 96–97
developers/suppliers 96–97
energy and power density 95
NGK design 95
process description 95
schematic illustration 94f
HCTES 334–343
phase change material 328
SHTES 328
ASAE standard 352
ECSCR standard 353
exergy-based thermal performance parameters 354
figures of merit 354–355
Indian standard 352–353
thermal performance parameters 353
types 353
district heating net 126
with seasonal TES 130–131
Solar electrical energy storage See Electrical energy storage
life-cycle studies 250
life-cycle physical impacts 255t
monetized assessment 256t
system assembly 249–250
caverns 258–259
compressed air storage facilities 258
hydrogen production pathways 259
pumped hydro impacts 262
short-term smoothing 257–258
superconducting coil charging 257–258
surplus electricity 258
conversion 8
day-to-night storage requirement 1–2
seasonal storage 1–2
shorter storage periods 2
Solar fuels 17–18
Solar heat storage, environmental issues 266–268
Solar-hydro system, integration of 191–193
Solar intermittency 1–2
Solar photovoltaics (PV) 64
AEPC 363
component sizing 364
inverters 365
solar charge controller 365
energy consumption patterns 362–363
LCOE 363–364
sensitivity analysis 365–367
life-cycle costs 364
operation and management aspects 372
public-private partnership concept 370–372
deep-cycle battery bank 364–365
panel generation factor 364
SHS 364
total wattage hours 364
air exchange rate 120
ambient air temperatures 116–117
European building stock 119–121
European climate 116–119
heat exchange rate 120
heating degree days 117–118
heating demand of buildings 119
insulation standard 119–120
thermally well-insulated buildings 119
latent heat storage 32–35
sensible storage 30–32
sorption technologies 35–36
classification 121–123
cost estimations 126
DHW preparation 121–122
solar fraction 128
VA-ratio 126–128
representative locations 124
district heating net 126
with seasonal TES 130–131
seasonal TES 115–116
short-and long-term concepts 115–116
technical issues 124–126
transient system simulations 123–124
Solid absorption heat pumps, with integrated heat storage 149–150
Solid/gas sorption 35
Sorption couple 35
closed systems 148–150
compactness 151
description 136–137
hydrates 144
hydroxides 145
liquid sorption 143–144
operating principle 36
principles 138–141
small autonomous applications 151–153
physisorption materials 141–143
silicagel 141–143
zeolites 141–143
strong chemisorption 145
weak chemisorption 144
Space-complementarity 158
cycle stability 213
efficiencies 212–213
generation technologies 211–212
political objectives 213
assumptions 214
efficient portfolio 216t
results 215–217
short-term and long-term balancing 215
storage-filling levels 212–213
storage technologies 212
supply and demand, balance of 212
system costs 211
value of lost load 212
Supercapacitors 77f
operational and economic parameters 100t
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) 77
description 78
Symmetric open-framework electrode battery 20
T
categories 14–15
cold and cryogenic energy storage 15–16
concentrating solar power 15
ESS 79
PTES 16
supply and demand side management 14–15
types 136f
Thermochemical-based TES 14–15
Thermophysical-based TES 14–15
Time-complementarity 158–162
degrees, effects of 173–176
U
Underground hydrogen stores 3–4
Underground PHS technology 13
Utility photovoltaics and storage systems 236
Utility-scale lead-acid batteries 109t
compressed air energy storage 13–14
flow battery 16–17
pumped-hydro storage 12–13
solar fuels 17–18
thermal energy storage 14–16
V
Value of lost load (VoLL) 212
advantages 90–91
commercialization status 92–93
cost estimates 93–94
disadvantages 91
features 88–90
per-cycle cost 108–109
performance characteristics 90
research areas 111
schematic illustration 86f
sulfur /sulfuric acid 92
Z
Zeolites 141–143
..................Content has been hidden....................
You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.