Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f”, “t”, and “b” refers to figures, tables and boxes, respectively.

A

A-β-galactosidase, 125
Acetomethoxy (AM), 352–353
Acryl-PEG-NHS, 321
Activated protein C (APC), 303–304
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 187
Acyl carrier protein (ACP), 35–37
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 364
Adhesion receptors, 122
Affinity-based cell targeting, 257–258
chemical modification, 260–261
lipid insertion, 261
surface functional groups, 260
enzymatic modification, 261
genetic modification, 258–260
nonviral vectors, 259–260
viral vectors, 258–259
physical targeting, 261–262
Aldehyde-based reactions, 46
Aldehydes, 260
Alexa488, 32–33
Alginate, 220–223, 227t
Allogeneic islet transplantation, 255
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 230–231
Amine groups, 29–30, 260
Amphiphiles, 105
Antibody-anchoring technology, 126–127, 127
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), 159
Anticancer drugs, 136–137
Anticancer therapeutics, 72–73
Antigen presenting cells (APCs), 8, 10, 70, 70–72, 200
protein transfer of, 131–132
Anti-infective probiotic therapy, 80
Aptamer cell surface sensors, 362–364
Aptamer-mediated immobilization, 330–331
Arginine–glycine–aspartate (RGD), 316, 321–322
Artificial veto cell engineering, 10–11
Arylazides, 53
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 335–336
Autodisplay, 67
Auto-signaling loops, creating, 15–16
Avidin and avidin analogs, 145–146
Avitag™ system, 329–330
Azide- and alkyne-based bioorthogonal reactions, 47–51
classical and modified Staudinger ligation reactions, 48–49
copper-catalyzed [3+2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition, 49–50
strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions, 50–51

B

Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, 228–229
Bacillus cereus, 128
Bacillus subtilis spores, 71t
Bacterial ghosts (BGs), 69–70, 71t
Bacterial surface display, 64–65
Bacterial surface proteins and sugars, chemical re-engineering of, 81b
Barstar-mediated immobilization, 330
Benzophenones, 52–53
Benzotriazole carbonate (BTC), 283–284
β-barrel model, 3
β-estradiol, 76
Biocatalysis, 74
Bioorthogonal chemical ligation reactions, 44–45
for glycan labeling, 45–54
aldehyde-based reactions, 46
azide- and alkyne-based bioorthogonal reactions, 47–51
classical and modified Staudinger ligation reactions, 48–49
copper-catalyzed [3+2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition, 49–50
ketone-based reactions, 47
photoactivated ligation reactions, 52–54
strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions, 50–51
thiol-based chemistry, 51–52
in MOE-based applications, 54–57
cancer therapy, 57
imaging of living cells, 54–56
in vivo labeling/imaging, 56
MOE extends beyond N-acyl-modified sialic acid, 54
tissue engineering, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine, 56–57
Biosensing, 74–76, 75f
Biosorption, 75f, 76
Biotin–avidin complex, 144–146
applications of cell surface engineering using, 149–151
cell–particle hybrid synthesis, 151
spatial control of cell growth on solid surfaces and tissue engineering, 149–150
surface conjugation of macromolecules, 150–151
avidin and avidin analogs, 145–146
methods for engineering cell surfaces with, 146–149
covalent binding of biotin to cell surfaces, 147–148
noncovalent binding of biotin to cell surface, 148–149
safety of, 146
at structural level, 144–145
Biotin–streptavidin
bridge, 30–31
-mediated two-step protein transfer, 133–135
Biotinylated antibodies, 149
Blood brain barrier (BBB), 266, 266–267
BODIPY fluorophore, 77
Bombix mori, 189–190
Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs), 190–191
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), 322–323
Bordetella pertussis, 71t

C

C2GnT inhibitors, 197
C8-binding protein (C8bp), 128
Caenorhabditis elegans, 44
Calcein dye, 352–353
CAM (cellular adhesion molecules), 177f
Cancer therapy, 72–73
cell encapsulation for, 228–230
metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) for, 57
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 263
Carbonyls, 32, 33–35, 35
5-(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), 352–353
Caveolae, 4
CD8, 10
CD15s, 178
CD16B, 128–129
CD30+ lymphoma cells, targeting, 259
CD40·FasL, 16, 16
CD59, 128
CD62P, See P-selectin
CD80 attached to SA (CD80-SA), 134, 134–135
CD317/tetherin, 5
“Cell backpack” approach, 296, 296f, 307
Cell identity, computation of, 159–161
accurate identification of cell type, 160–161
logic-based cancer targeting and therapy, 161
Cell membrane, 1, 28
biology, history of, 2–4
chemical modification of, 28
emergence, 6–8
frontier, 17–18
with NPs, 245–246
Cell microencapsulation, 216–217
categories of cell capsules, 218
challenges and future perspectives, 231–232
classification of, 218–220
cells-core/shell microcapsules, 219–220
liquid-core/shell microcapsules, 219
matrix-core/shell microcapsules, 218–219
materials used for, 220–225
hydrogels, 220
natural polymers, 220–224
synthetic polymers, 224–225
purpose and requirements of, 218
therapeutic applications of, 226–231
cancer therapy, 228–230
in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, 230–231
diabetes treatment, 226–228
liver disease treatment, 231
Cell migration, multistep paradigm of, 176–181, 177f
Cell surface biotinylation, 149
Cell surface modification, 28–29, 33–35, 38, 38–39, 39
noncovalent
advantages of, 116–117
for bioimaging applications, 114–115
limitations of, 117
to manipulate cell biological fate, 115–116
Cell surface protein interactome (CSPI), 18
Cell surface thiols, 32–33, 33f
“Cell surface” sensor, 245–246
Cell targeting, improving, 257–262
affinity-based, 257–258
chemical modification, 260–261
enzymatic modification, 261
genetic modification, 258–260
physical targeting, 261–262
Cell therapy, 101–102, 104–105, 254–257
embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 256
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 254–255
induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), 256–257
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy, 256
pancreatic islet transplantation, 255–256
Cell-based drug delivery, 262–268
candidate therapeutic agents and cell types for, 264–266
erythrocytes, 264–265
leukocytes, 265–266
stem cells, 265
nanosystem types and key characteristics, 262–264
“Trojan horse” cell therapy for cancers (case study), 266–268
Cell–cell interactions, 350–351
future perspectives, 364–367
in vitro study using engineered microdevices, 351–360
at single cell levels, 355–358
control over cell spatial and temporal arrangements, 352–355
mimicking the in vivo microenvironment, 358–360
probing and manipulation of, 360–364
cell surface Aptamer sensors for, 362–364
chemical modification of cell surfaces with adhesion molecules, 364
genetically encoded proteins for, 360–361
Cell–particle hybrid synthesis, 151
Cells-core/shell microcapsules, 219–220
Cellular DNA patches, targeting, 161–164
Cellular migration, multistep paradigm of, 176–181
Cellular networks, rewiring, 8–9
Cellulose, 227t
Charge-neutralized transmembrane DNA pores, 167–168
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), 247–248
“Chemical reporter,”, 35–37
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 282–283
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, 228–229
Chitosan, 223
Cholesterol-tethering of biomolecules, 123–124
advantages/disadvantages of, 125–126
to create synthetic receptors, 124–125
to membrane surfaces, 124
Cholesterol-to-phospholipid (C/P) molar ratio, 123–124
Choroid plexus (CP) cells, 230
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), 230–231, 329–330
Circulating thymic progenitor, CTP, 180
Cis loop-back protein (CLBP), 13f, 15, 16
Classical and modified Staudinger ligation reactions, 48–49
“Click chemistry,”, 49
Clostridium perfringens, 72
“Clusters of differentiation” (CDs), 159
Collagen, 224, 325, 353–354
Collagen-binding domain-mediated immobilization, 326–327
Complement regulatory proteins, 178
Condrotin sulfate (CS), 308–309
Contact hypersensitivity model (CHS), 184
Copper-catalyzed [3+2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition, 49–50
Correlative microscopy, 169
CoumBARAC, 51
Covalent cell surface reaction, methods and technology of, 29–37
direct chemical modification, 29–35
future perspectives, 38–39
indirect chemical modification, 35–37
Covalent modification of cells, 37–38
Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET), 168
CTLA-4, 12
CTLA-4·FasL, 12, 13–14, 16–17
CuAAC reaction, 49, 49–50
“Cu-free click chemistry,”, 35–37
“Custom-designed killer cells,”, 127
CXCL12 abundant reticular (CAR) cells, 190–191
Cyanuric chloride, 32
Cytokine therapies, 132
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs), 126

D

Danielli–Davison model, 2–3
Dendritic cells (DCs), 358
as drug carriers, 266
Dexamethasone, 265
Diabetes treatment, encapsulated cells in, 226–228
Diazarines, 53–54
Diels–Alder reaction, 56
Diffusion modulated macromolecular cell derivatization (DMMCD), 284–285, 285f
Digitoxigenin, 76
Digoxin, 75–76
Dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2), 187
Dinitrophenyl (DNP), 115–116, 126–127
Disaccharide glycosides, 199–200
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), 287
aptamers, 364
-based nanopore, 167
channels and pores spanning lipid membrane, 166–168
charge-neutralized transmembrane pores, 167–168
cross-linked receptors trigger robust signaling responses, 164
lipoplexes, 136–137
nanostructures construction, 158f
origami, 158–159, 159, 166
activation of signaling pathways in target cells, 164–166
transmembrane channel, 166
Doxorubicin, 136–137, 335–336
Drug delivery, cell-based, See Cell-based drug delivery

E

E7 oncoprotein, 73
Elastin-like peptides, 224
Elastin-like polypeptides, 318
Electrostatic interactions mediated cell surface modification, 113–116
for bioimaging applications, 114–115
cell biological fate, manipulating, 115–116
harnessing electrostatic interactions, 113–114
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 256
Encapsulated cells, therapeutic applications of, 226–231
cancer, 228–230
central nervous system (CNS), 230–231
challenges and future perspectives, 231–232
diabetes, 226–228
liver disease, 231
Engineered polymer thin films, 303–305
biomedical applications, 297–309
enhancing cell and drug delivery, 303–305
in vivo modification of cells and tissues, 308–309
molecular camouflage and nano-encapsulation, 297–303
tissue engineering, 306–307
covalent conjugation of polymer monolayer films to cell surfaces, 283–286
electrostatic adsorption of polymers, 288–290
general design principles and considerations, 282–283
membrane-anchored polymer thin films, 286–288
multilayer polymer thin films, 290–296
Enhanced molecular transport, 284–285
Enzymatic engineering-based approaches, to improve cellular therapies
cell surface carbohydrates modification on proteins and lipids, 185–191
cell surface glycoconjugates, modification of, 186–187
cytokine and growth factor induced expression of GTs within cells, 187–188
recombinant GTs ex vivo use, 188–191
cellular migration
multistep paradigm of, 176–181
role of glycosyltransferases in controlling, 182–185
changes on cell surface structures that deter migration and metastasis, 191–200
metabolic inhibition of glycosyltransferases, 195–200
selectin–selectin ligand axis in metastasis, 191–195
E-selectin ligands in therapy and disease, 181–182
modification of cell surface, 200
Enzymatic transformations, 28
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, 178
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), 182
Escherichia coli, 71t, 329–330
E-selectin ligands, 31–32, 178, 180, 180–181, 181–182, 188, 194
ligands, 182
C2GnTs and, 185
fucosyltransferases (FTs) and, 184
glycosyltransferases (GTs) involvement in creation of, 183–184
ST3GalTs and, 184–185
in therapy and disease, 181–182
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 220, 246, 316, 353–354
mimicking, 317–331
aptamer-mediated immobilization, 330–331
ECM-derived proteins and growth factors, covalent immobilization of, 319–322
immobilization of growth factors, 322–326
protein/peptide tags for immobilization, 326–330

F

Factor XIIIA transglutaminase catalyzed immobilization, 327–329
Fas ligand bound to SA (SA-FasL), 134
Fibrinogen, 324–325
Fibrinolysis, 112–113, 264–265
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), 321, 324–325
Fibronectin (FN), 107–109, 353–354
Flagellin, 165
Fluid mosaic model for cell membranes, 2–3, 4, 122
Fluorescence imaging, 242, 242–243
Fluorescence light microscopy, 168–169
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), 131
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), 76–77, 109f
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), 244
5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC), 267
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 72–73, 73
Fn14·TRAIL, 14–15, 15, 15, 17, 17
Fragmented antibodies, 257–258
Fucosyltransferases (FTs), 184
and E-selectin ligand formation, 184
FUT inhibitors, 198

G

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 7
Gap junctions, 350–351, 352–353
G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor), 187
Gelatin, 223, 227t, 262–263, 307
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), 367
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 64
risks associated with, 65b
Glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 230
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), 266–267
Glycans
expressed at on bacterial surfaces, 78b
in mediating engraftment, 190–191
synthesis, 182–183
Glycocalyx, 44
Glycoengineering, 64, 78f, 79–80, 80–82
Glycophorin, 3
Glycoprotein production, 80–82
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 223, 316–317, 317–318, 322
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI), 127–128, 261
proteins, 11
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), 176
in creation of E-selectin ligands, 183–184
inhibitors and primers, 196–197
metabolic inhibition of, 195–200
mode of action of, 197f
perturbation in expression of, 195
primers and metabolic decoys, 199–200
role in controlling cell migration, 182–185
substrate-analogous inhibitors, 197–199
Gorter–Grendel lipid bilayer model, 2–3
GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-AP), 5, 127–133
protein transfer of, 128–129
advantages and limitations of, 130–131
antigen-presenting cells, 131–132
characteristics of, 129–130
in tumor immunotherapy, 132–133
“GPS”(glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution), 189
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), 254, 254–255
Gramicidin A, 3
Gram-negative organisms, 64, 67
Gram-positive bacteria, 64
Gram-positive organisms, 67–68
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 150–151
Growth factors
and ECM components, interactions between, 323t
immobilization of, 322–326
protein/peptide tags for, 326–330

H

Harnessing electrostatic interactions, 113–114
HCELL, 188, 194
HeLa cells, 162f, 246, 354–355
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), 246–247, 254
-based therapy, 150–151
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 254–255
Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs), 176–178, 181–182, 188
and myeloid cells, 187
Heparan sulfates (HSs), 316–317
Heparin, 245, 302, 322–323
Heterobifunctional PEG, 304
Heterologous expression systems, 64, 65f
re-engineering bacterial surfaces with, 66–70
Heterologous surface proteins
anticancer therapeutics, 72–73
bacteria expressing, 70–77
biocatalysis, 74
re-engineering bacterial surfaces with, 66–70
gram-negative organisms, 67
gram-positive organisms, 67–68
outer membrane vesicles and bacterial ghosts, 69–70
spores, 68–69
surface proteins and solutes, interactions between, 74–77
biosensing, 74–76
biosorption, 76
screening, 76–77
vaccines against cancer, 73–74
vaccines against infectious disease, 70–72
Heterologous surface sugars
bacteria expressing, 79–82
anti-infective probiotic therapy, 80
glycoprotein production, 80–82
vaccines against infectious disease, 79–80
re-engineering bacterial surfaces with, 77–79
High endothelial venules (HEVs), 178–180
Highly branched polyglycerol (HPG), 31–32, 298–299, 305
Homologous restriction factor (HRF), 128
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), 224, 245
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), 354–355
Hyaluronic acid (HA), 223–224, 318, 353–354
Hydrazide-activated biotin, 33–35
biofucntionalization of, 315
degradation of, 331–335
enzymatic degradation, 333–335
hydrolytic degradation, 332–333
nanoparticles, 335–337
dispersion/precipitation polymerization, 336–337
water-in-oil heterogeneous emulsion, 335–336
Hydrophobic interactions, 100, 109–113, 218–219
Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), 31–32, 284–285

I

Ice nucleation protein (INP), 67, 67
Imaging modalities for NP engineered cells, 242–244, 244
Immunological synapse (IS), 358
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), 256–257, 297–298
Inner membrane (IM), 64, 67
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), 325
Intracellular internalization of NPs, 244–245
Iron oxide NPs (IONPs), 163, 245

J

Jurkat cell line, 164–165
Juxtacrine signaling, 8–9, 11–12, 13f
redirecting, 14–15

K

Ketone-based reactions, 47
Ketone-functionalized cells, 37
Ketones, 33–35, 35–37, 47, 148, 260

L

L5178Y-R lymphomas, 135–136
Lactic acid bacteria, 71t
Lactobacillus spp., 71t
Layer-by-layer (LbL), 107–109, 113–114, 290–292, 353–354
Lectin domain, 178
Lectins, 54–55
Leuconostoc spp., 71t
dendritic cells (DCs), 266
monocytes, 266
T cells, 266
Lipid rafts, 4, 122, 125, 130
Lipid-based NPs, 262–263
Lipid-mediated cell surface engineering, 122–123
one-step protein transfer, 123–133
using cholesterol-modified proteins, 123–126
using proteins with hydrophobic domains, 133
with GPI-anchored proteins, 127–133
with palmitoylated proteins, 126–127
two-step protein transfer, 133–137
biotin–streptavidin-mediated, 133–137
lipid-metal chelator-mediated, 136–137
palmitoylated protein A-mediated, 135–136
Lipidomics, 8
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 78b, 79–80, 79f
Liquid-core/shell microcapsules, 219
Listeria monocytogenes, 71t, 72, 73
Live bacteria in cancer therapy, 72, 73
Liver disease, 231
Living cells
bioconjugation reactions in, 43
bioorthogonal chemical ligation reactions for glycan labeling, 45–54
aldehyde-based reactions, 46
azide- and alkyne-based bioorthogonal reactions, 47–51
bioorthogonal ligation reactions, exploitation in MOE-based applications, 54–57
cancer therapy, 57
ketone-based reactions, 47
photoactivated ligation reactions, 52–54
thiol-based chemistry, 51–52
development, advances, and applications of glycan-specific technologies, 43
imaging of, 54–56
Logic-based cancer targeting and therapy, 161
L-selectin (Leukocyte selectin), 178, 178–180, 364, 365f
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), 128–129

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 243–244, 243f, 245
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 8
class I, 122, 302–303
complexes, GPI-anchored, 131–132
Maleimide-based covalent modification, 32–33
Matrix-core/shell microcapsules, 218–219
Membrane microdomains, 4–6, 218–219
engineering, 247f
modified, 101–102
SLeX-modified, 103–104, 104f
therapy, 256
Metabolic approach of cell surface engineering, 102f
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE), 44
extends beyond N-acyl-modified sialic acid, 54
Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (mPEG), 299
Microscopy, advances in, 168–169
Monocytes as drug carriers, 266
Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs), 357–358
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), 357–358
Mucosal vaccinology, surface-engineered bacteria in, 70, 71t
Multilayer polymer thin films, 290–296

N

N-(3β)-cholesterylglycine, 124
Nanodiamonds, 242–243
Nanoflares, 244
Nanoparticle (NP), 32–33, 260, 262–263, 266
-based cell engineering, 241–242
challenges, 246–248
imaging modalities for, 242–244
strategies for, 244–246
cell membrane functionalization, 245–246
ECM modifications, 246
intracellular internalization of NPs, 244–245
Natural polymers, 220–224, 318
alginate, 220–223
chitosan, 223
collagen, 224
hyaluronic acid, 223–224
protein-based gels, 224
N-azidoacetylmannosamine, 35–37, 148
“Negative contrast,”, 243–244
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 230–231, 327
NGF-β, 328
Neural stem cells (NSCs), 76–77, 265, 267
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), 329–330
Neutravidin, 145, 145, 151
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 29–30, 126, 147, 283–284, 319–320
DNA conjugates, 31–32
Nitrilotriacetic acid ditetradecylamine (NTA-DTDA), 136
3 (Nitrilotriacetic acid) ditetradecylamine (NTA3-DTDA), 136
Noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs), 81–82
Noncovalent functionalization, of cell surface, 100–101
advantages of, 116–117
anchoring biomolecules on cell surface, 109–113
cell interactions, enhancing, 105
electrostatic interactions mediated cell surface modification, 113–116
bioimaging applications, noncovalent cell surface modification for, 114–115
cell biological fate, manipulating, 115–116
harnessing electrostatic interactions, 113–114
future perspectives, 117
limitations of, 117
noncovalent immobilization of agents, 102–105
programmed cell–substrate and cell–cell assembly, 105–109
targeting ability of surface engineered cells, 101–102
Nongenetic cell surface modifications, 100
Nonviral vectors, 259–260
Nucleic acids, construction and computation with, 157
cell identity, computation of, 159–161
accurate identification of cell type, 160–161
logic-based cancer targeting and therapy, 161
cellular DNA patches targeted to cancer cells, 161–164
DNA channels and pores spanning lipid membrane, 166–168
charge-neutralized transmembrane DNA pores, 167–168
transmembrane DNA channel, 166
microscopy, advances in, 168–169
robust signaling responses, triggering, 164
signaling pathways in target cells, activating, 164–166

O

“Off-target” toxicities, 159
One-step protein transfer, 123–133
using cholesterol-modified proteins, 123–126
using proteins with hydrophobic domains, 133
with GPI-anchored proteins, 127–133
with palmitoylated proteins, 126–127
O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase (OSGE), 200
Outer membrane (OM), 67, 67–68
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), 69–70, 71t
Oxidoreductases, 74
Oxyamine-based liposomes, 106f

P

Palmitoylated proteins, 126–127
A-mediated two-step protein transfer, 135–136
Pancreatic islet cells (PICs), 226
transplantation, 255–256
Parkinson’s Disease, 230
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 128
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 70
Pediococcus spp., 71t
PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA), 319–320, 321–322
Peripheral membrane proteins, 2–3
Peripheral node addressins (PNAds), 178–180
Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC), 128, 130
Photoacoustic imaging, 242, 243, 244–245
Photoactivated ligation reactions, 52–54
arylazides, 53
benzophenones, 52–53
diazarines, 53–54
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL), 52
Physical targeting strategies, 261–262
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 9
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 30–31, 362–364
Poly(2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) (PDMAEMA), 300
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, 293–294
Poly(caprolactone) (PCL), 225
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 31–32, 37–38, 110–111, 221t, 225, 227t, 284–285
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), 225, 262–263, 332–333
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 223, 245–246, 262–263, 304
Poly(L-lysine) (PLL), 288–289
Poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), 115, 288–289
Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), 295
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 110–111, 221t, 287–288
Polyanions, 284–285, 292
Polycations, 113–114, 222, 288f
cytotoxicity of, 289–290
Polydiacetylene (PDA), 114
Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films, 292
Polyethersulfone, 227t
Polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, 149
Polymers, 37–38
electrostatic adsorption of, 288–290
Porphyrin tags, 167
“Positive contrast,”, 243–244
Probiotic therapy, anti-infective, 80
Prodrugs delivery, 72–73, 200, 264, 268
Progesterone, 76
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 57
Proteglycans, 317, 317–318
Protein painting, 10–11, 122
of antigen-presenting cells with GPI-anchored MHC complexes, 131–132
biotin–streptavidin-mediated two-step, 133–135
of GPI-APs, 128–129, 129–130
advantages and limitations, 130–131
in tumor immunotherapy, 132–133
lipid-metal chelator-mediated two-step, 136–137
palmitoylated protein A-mediated two-step, 135–136
using proteins with hydrophobic domains, 133
Protein-based gels, 224
Protein–protein interaction, 18
Proximity-based imaging probes, 242
P-selectin, 178, 180
Pseudomonas aeruginosa capsular polysaccharide, 77–79
PSGL-1, 193–194, 260, 261

R

Raman imaging, 242, 243, 244–245
Rational for cell surface engineering, 144
Recombinant DNA technology, 321, 326
Recombinant genetic solutions
risks associated with, 65b
Red blood cells (RBCs), See Erythrocytes
Retinoic acid (RA), 187
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), 335–336, 336–337

S

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, 67, 73
Salmonella species, 72, 72–73
Salmonella spp., 71t
Salmonella vaccine strain, 73–74
Scaffold technologies, 255–256
Schiff bases, 32
Screening, 76–77, 329–330
Selectins, 178–181, 178
carbohydrate ligands of, 179f
ligands and metastasis, 193–195
mediate tumor progression and metastasis, 192f
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 107–109, 353–354
Shigella flexneri, 79–80
Shigella lipopolysaccharide, 77–79
Shigella spp., 71t, 80
Sialyl Lewis X (SLeX), 30–31, 38, 150–151, 176, 260, 260, 305
Sialyltransferases (STs), 54, 184–185, 198–199
Signal converter protein (SCP), 2, 11–12, 12, 17, 17–18, 18
therapeutic flexibility, 16–17
Silica, 242–243
Singer–Nicolson fluid mosaic model, 2–3, 4
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), 244–245
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), 333–334
Sonic hedgehog (SHH), 330
Sortases, 67–68, 68
Spatial control of cell growth on solid surfaces, 149–150
Spores, 68–69
Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-mediated immobilization, 329
SR-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (SRMCC), 127
ST inhibitors, 198–199
Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), 245–246
Staphylococcus spp., 71t
Staudinger ligation reactions, 48–49
Stem cells, 265
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 265
neural stem cells (NSCs), 265
Strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), 50, 50–51
Streptavidin, 133, 145, 329–330
Streptococcus bacteria, 166
Streptococcus spp., 71t
Streptokinase, 264–265
Streptomyces, 133
Streptomyces avidinii, 145
Sulfo-NHS-biotin, 30–31
Sulfo-SANPAH, 319–320
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NPs, 245, 245, 246–247
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy imaging, 168–169
Super-resolution microscopy techniques, 4–5
Surface antigens, 159, 285–286
Surface energy transfer (SET) “nanoruler” principle, 246
Surface functional groups, 100, 260
Surface proteins and solutes, interactions between, 74–77
biosensing, 74–76
biosorption, 76
screening, 76–77
Surrogate receptor (SR), 125, 127
cholesterol-derived, 125, 125
Synthetic DNA channel, 166, 168, 168
Synthetic nanoparticles, 335
Synthetic polymers, 224–225, 318, 321, 332, 333, 335–336
general considerations, 224–225
hydrogel systems, 318, 318–319
poly(ethylene glycol), 225

T

T cells, 187, 259, 358
apoptosis, 10
as drug carriers, 266
Tacrolimus, 301–302
Tannic acid (TA), 295
Targeted transport of payload to cell surface, 161–166
activation of signaling pathways, 164–166
cellular DNA patches, 161–164
DNA cross-linked receptors, 164
Targeting ability of surface engineered cells, 101–102
Temozolomide (TMZ), 266–267
Tenascin-C (TNC), 325, 331t
Tetraspanin webs (TEMs), 4
Therapeutic agents, cell-based delivery of, 264
Thiol-based cell surface modification, 33–35
Thiol-based labeling, 51–52
3D extracellular milieu, 316–317
Thy-1, 128–129
Tissue engineering, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine, 56–57, 149–150, 215, 306–307
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST1), 133, 133
Trans signal conversion, 11–14
Trans signal converter proteins (TSCP), 12, 15
Trans signal redirecting protein (TSRP), 13f, 14, 15, 16
Transglutaminase factor XIIIA (FXIIIa), 327–328
“Trans-kingdom” RNAi, 72
Transmembrane DNA channel, 166, 167–168
Tris-(carboxyethyl)-phosphine (TCEP), 51–52
Triton X-114 (TX-114), 128, 130, 286–287
Trojan horse, 266–268
Trypanosoma brucei, 128–129
Tumor immunotherapy
protein transfer of GPI-APs in, 132–133
Tumor membrane vesicles (TMVs), 130, 132, 132
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 180, 229, 267
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 14–15, 72–73, 267
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), 266, 267
TWEAK, 14, 15, 17
Two-step protein transfer, 133–137
biotin–streptavidin-mediated, 133–137
lipid-metal chelator-mediated, 136–137
palmitoylated protein A-mediated, 135–136
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), 226–227, 350–351
pancreatic islet transplantation for, 255

U

U87-EGFRvIII cells, 259–260
Universal blood, 32
Urokinase, 112–113
Urokinase-immobilized islets, 112–113, 113f

V

Vaccines, 65, 80–82, 122, 146, 151
against cancer, 73–74
against infectious disease, 70–72
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), 181
Vascular endothelial adhesion molecule (VCAM), 305
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 230, 322, 324, 324–325, 332–333
Vascular selectins, 178
“Veto” cells, 10
Vibrio cholerae, 71t
Viral vectors, 122, 186, 258–259, 263
Vitamin B7, 145
Vitamin H, 133, 145
Vitronectin, 325
VNP20009, 72–73

W

Water-in-oil heterogeneous emulsion, 335–336
White blood cells, See Leukocytes

Y

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 72
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