Contents
1 Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures
1.2 Aging Infrastructure Management Must Become A Mainstream Part of Utility Operations?
1.3 What is the Infrastructure Involved?
1.4 Characteristics of an Aging Infrastructure
1.6 The Business Environment Has Changed
1.7 Five Factors Contribute to Aging Infrastructure Problems
1.8 Condition, Criticality, and Consequences
2.5 Utility Distribution Equipment
2.7 Types of Delivery System Design
3 Customer Demand for Power and Reliability of Service
3.1 The Two-Q’s: Quantity and Quality of Power
3.2 Electric Consumer Need for Quantity of Power
3.3 Electric Consumer Need for Quality of Power
3.4 Two-Q Analysis: Quantity and Quality of Power Are Both Important Aspects of Consumer Value
4 Power System Reliability and Reliability of Service
4.2 Outages Cause Interruptions
4.4 Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning
4.5 Cost Is Usually the Major Consideration
4.6 Two-Q Analysis of Power Systems
5 Cost and Economic Evaluation
5.4 Decision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation
5.5 Budget-Constrained Planning: Marginal Benefit vs. Cost Analysis
5.6 Asset Management and Pareto Analysis
6 Equipment Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostics
6.2 Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostic Evaluation
6.3 Equipment Testing and Diagnosis Methods
6.4 Tests and Diagnosis of Insulating Oil
6.5 On-Line and Real-Time Monitoring and Testing
6.6 Summary and Final Comments
7 Aging Equipment and Its Impacts
7.3 Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age
7.4 Impact of Escalating Failure Rates
8.3 Impacts on the Sub-transmission – Substation Level
8.5 “Fixes” For Outdated System Structures
9 Traditional Reliability Engineering Tools and Their Limitations
9.2 Contingency-Based Planning Methods
9.3 Limitations of N-1 Methodology
9.4 Other Planning Related Concerns
10 Primary Distribution Planning and Engineering Interactions
10.2 Distribution Planning and the Perceived Role of Distribution
10.3 Flexibility and Effectiveness in Feeder Level Planning
10.4 Smart Distribution Systems
11 Equipment Condition Assessment
11.2 What Does “Condition” Mean?
11.3 Analysis, Modeling, and Prediction
11.5 Switchgear and Circuit Breakers
11.6 Underground Equipment and Cables
11.7 Overhead Lines and Associated Equipment
11.8 Service Transformers and Service Circuits
11.9 Evaluating and Prioritizing Equipment Condition
11.11 Summary and Final Comments
12.2 Prioritizing Inspection, Maintenance, and Service
12.3 Reliability Centered Maintenance
12.4 Basic Reliability-Centered Prioritization
12.5 Prioritization of the Type of Maintenance
12.6 Practical Aspects for Implementation
12.7 Extending Reliability-Centered Prioritization and Optimization to Other Operations Functions
12.9 Conclusion and Recommendations
13 Planning Methods for Aging T&D Infrastructures
13.2 Planning: Finding the Best Alternative
13.3 Short- and Long-Range Planning
13.6 Summary of Planning in an Aging T&D Infrastructure
14 Reliability Can Be Planned and Engineered
14.2 Reliability Can Be Engineered
14.3 Methods for Distribution System Reliability Assessment
14.4 Application of Analytical Simulation for Detailed Reliability Assessment
14.5 Use of a Hybrid Analytical Solution
14.6 Conclusion and Key Points
15 Six Aging Infrastructure Management Stories
15.2 Four Philosophies of Ownership
15.3 Comparing the Four Ownership Philosophies
15.5 Six Cases: “Success” from Six Different Perspectives
15.5.1 Big States Electric – Asset Management
15.5.2 Mid-State Electric – Reliability-Centered Maintenance
15.5.3 International Bulk Petroleum – Buy, Burn, and Bash
15.5.4 Big State University System – Standards Based
15.5.5 Third-World Orphan Rescue Foundation – Uniquely Standards Based
15.5.6 Huey Longwaites International Airport – Buy, Burn, and Bash
16 Managing an Aging Infrastructure
16.2 An Inauspicious Beginning
16.5 Building the Historical Model of Pole Ownership
16.6 Building the Predictive Model
16.7 What the Model Says About the Future
16.8 Projections of Pole-Related Costs and Performance
16.10 Pole Replacement Merit and Economics
16.11 Options for Pole Replacement Programs
16.12 CL&P’s Plan for Dealing with Aging Wooden Distribution Poles
17 Guidelines and Recommendations
17.2 Five Interrelated Factors
17.3 Results-Driven Management (RDM)
17.4 Steps to Mitigate Aging Infrastructure Effects
17.5 The Aging Infrastructure Management Program Itself
Appendix A – Notes on a Spreadsheet-Based Model for Aging Trends
A.2 The Concept: Incrementing an Age Distribution
A.3 Multi-Sheet Structure of a More Practical Model
A.4 Fetting and Calibrating a Model
A.5 Real World Data Situations: Getting A Solution
Appendix B – Sustainable Point Analysis
B.2 Elements of Aging Infrastructure Analysis
B.4 Metrics for Measuring Aging Infrastructures
B.5 Effect of Different Failure Rate Curve Shapes