Index

A

abrasives, 524

absolute pressure, 532

absorption refrigeration cycle, 250

actual Brayton cycle, 169–171

adiabatic process, 15

air compressors

classification of, 330–331

clearance on work done, 334–335

isentropic compression, 334

multistage compression, 337–339

polytropic compression, 333–334

reciprocating compressor, 331–333

volumetric efficiency of, 335

air conditioning, 239

air-fuel ratio, 210

air injection system, 213–214

air preheater, 126–127

air-refrigeration system, 242–245

advantages and disadvantages, 245

air vessel, 315–316

air washers, 264

alloying elements, 521–522

alloy steel, 521

aluminium alloys, 522

angular contact bearings, 423–424

annealing, 720

anvil, 686–687

apparatus dew-point (ADP) temperature, 257

atomic hydrogen welding, 638–639

austempering, 721

automatic start/stop, 217

automation, 696–698

average stress, 378

axial flow compressors, 345–346

axial thrust, 150

B

Babcock and Wilcox boiler, 115–116

bakelite or resinoid bond, 588

ball bearing, 422–426

bar drawing, 666

bearings

materials, 426–427

rolling contact, 422

sliding contact or bush, 421–422

Bell–Coleman cycle, 243–244

belt drives, 455–458

compound, 462–463

creep, 458

crossed, 460–461

effect of centrifugal force on, 465–466

flat, 458

open, 459–460

quarter turn drive, 461

ratio of tensions, 463–464

round belts, 456

timing belts or toothed belts, 457

V-belt, 456

velocity ratio, 457–458

bending, 678

Bernoulli’s equation, 281–283, 537

Betz limit, 89

bevel gears, 477–478

bimetallic devices, 530–531

binary cycle power plants, 86–87

bioalcohols, 63–64

biodiesel, 64

bioethers (oxygenated fuels), 65

biofuels, 63–66

biogas, 65

biomass energy, 90–91

blade efficiency, 151

blade friction factor, 150

blank diameter, 679

blanking, 677–678

boiler accessories, 125–129

boiler efficiency, 130

boiler mountings, 118–125

blow-off cock, 123–124

feed check valve, 122

fusible plug, 124

high steam and low water safety valve, 120–121

manhole, 125

pressure gauge, 122

safety valves, 118–120

steam stop valve, 123

water level indicator, 121

boilers, 112–118

performance of, 129–130

boiling water reactor (BWR), 79

bomb calorimeter, 67–68

boring, 568–569

boring machine, 580

boundary of a system, 6

Bourdon tube pressure gauge, 533–534

Boyle’s Law, 42, 44

brakes

band, 500–502

band and block, 503–504

internal expanding shoe, 504–506

shoe or block, 497–499

brake thermal efficiency, 209

Brayton cycle, 166–169

braze welding, 647

brazing, 646–647

Brinell hardness test, 516

bulk modulus, 397

bush bearing, 420

bushing, 420

lubrications in, 421

materials, 420

by-pass factor (BPF), 257

C

cam and follower

nomenclature, 416–417

types of, 417–419

cantilever beam, 542

capillarity, 278–279

capillary depression, 278–279

capillary rise, 279

carbon arc welding, 633

carbon monoxide, 212

carburetor engine, 185, 215

carburizing, 722–723

Carnot corollaries, 33–34

Carnot cycle, 32–34

casting defects, 619–621

casting process, 597–598

classification of, 598

casting surface, cleaning of, 621–622

cast irons, 520

catalytic converter, 213

cavitation, 303

Celsius temperature, 7

Celsius temperature scale (centigrade scale), 6

centerless grinders, 591–592

centerless grinding, 589

center of gravity, 352–353

center of gravity of a solid, 363

center of mass, 352–353

centrifugal casting, 617–619

centrifugal compressors, 344–345

centrifugal pump, 304–308

centrifuging, 619

centroid, 352–353

of circular arc, 357

of C-section, 356

of H-section, 355

of I-section, 354

of L-section, 355–356

of a parabola, 358–359

of sector of a circular disc, 358

of semicircular-section of a disc, 357–358

of a triangle, 359–360

of T-section, 356

of U-section, 354–355

ceramics, 524–525

chain drive, 469–470

types of, 471–472

change in state, 4–5

change-of-state temperature sensors, 531

chaplets, 612

Charle’s Law, 43–44

chemical equilibrium, 4

chills, 611–612

chisel edge angle, 577

chisels, 689–690

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 212

chromium (Cr), 521

classical thermodynamics, 1

Clausius inequality, 34

Clausius statement, 29–30

violation of, 31–32

clay content test of sand mold, 614

close die forging, 661

closed system, 6

clutches

centrifugal clutch, 496

cone clutch, 494–495

multi-disc clutch, 493

single plate clutch, 488–490

coal, 56–58, 91

ash content, 58

grades of, 57

proximate analysis of, 57

sulfur content, 58

ultimate analysis of, 57

cochran boiler, 114–115

coining, 670

cold chamber die-casting, 616–617

combination set, 552–553

combustion, principle of, 66–67

combustion chamber, 214

common rail direct injection system (CRDI), 214, 216–217

Co₂ molds, 606

compacting, 683–684

compressed natural gas (CNG), 62

compressible and incompressible flow, 284

compression stroke, 189–190, 192

compressive test of sand mold, 614–615

compressor, 241

computer aided design (CAD), 698–699

computer aided manufacturing (CAM), 699–700

computer integrated manufacturing system (CIM), 698

computer numerical control (CNC), 701, 703

condenser, 242

condition line, 158

conduction, 225–226

conical and volute springs, 407

constructional detail of shaper, 570–571

continuous chip, 557

with a built-up (BUP) edge, 558

continuous path control robots, 708–709

control volume, 5–6

convection, 227–228

conveyor chain, 471

copper alloys, 522–523

cores, 612–613

core sand molds, 606

Cornish boiler, 118

crank and slotted arm mechanism, 571–572

creep feed grinding, 589

crude oil, 91

cutting-off/grooving, 566

cyaniding, 723

cylindrical grinders, 589–590

cylindrical grinding, 588

cylindrical or plain roller bearings, 425

D

Dalton’s law of partial pressure, 253

deep drawing, 678–680

deep-groove ball bearing, 423

degree of saturation, 253

dew point temperature (DPT), 254

dial gauge or dial indicator, 549

die-casting, 615–617

diesel, 59

Diesel cycle, 183, 190, 197, 203–204

diesel power plant, 80–82

advantages, 81

disadvantages, 81–82

direct numerical control (DNC), 703–704

discontinuous chip, 558

disc springs, 408–409

domestic or household refrigerator, 251–252

double helical / herringbone gears, 477

down milling, 582

drift, 690

drilling, 568

drilling machine

drill bit, 576–577

driving mechanism in, 575

operations performed on, 577–579

specifications of, 577

drop forging, 662

dry bulb temperature (DBT), 254

dryness fraction, 100

dry sand mold, 606

dry steam power plant, 85–86

dual cycle, 206–207

E

eccentric turning, 565

economizer, 125–126

efficiency ratio, 210

electric arc welding, 629–632

electric motor drive/assist, 217

electro-hydraulic forming, 668

electroslag welding, 637–638

emission control, 212–214

techniques, 212–214

end milling, 583–584

energy transfer, 13

engine control unit (ECU), 216

engineering materials

allowable stress, 515

classification of, 519–522

elastic and plastic range, 514

elastic limit, 514

factor of safety, 515

hardness, 515–518

impact test, 518–519

mechanical properties of, 512

modulus of resilience, 514–515

modulus of toughness, 515

proportionality, 514

rapture strength, 514

stress-strain diagram, 513–514

tensile test, 513

ultimate strength, 514

working stress, 515

yield point, 514

engineering thermodynamics, 1

enthalpy, 7

entropy, 34–35

balance, 35–36

change, 36

generation, 35

of steam, 101

of water, 100

equilibrium, 4–5

equivalent evaporation, 129

ethanol, 64

Euler’s Equation of motion, 282–283

evaporation rate, 129

evaporator, 241

exhaust gas recirculation valve (EGR) valve, 213

exhaust stroke, 190, 192

expansion valve, 242

explosive forming, 667–668

extensive properties, 4

external fired boilers, 113

extrusion, 663

cold, 664

hot, 664

impact, 664–665

F

face grinding, 589

face milling, 584

facing operation, 565

factor of evaporation, 129

Fahrenheit scale, 7

fast breeder reactor (FBR), 79

fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 64

feed pump, 127

ferrous metals, 519–522

fineness test of sand mold, 614

finishing operations, 684

fire tube boilers, 112–113

first law of thermodynamics, 11

limitations, 28

fixed vane type compressors, 342–343

flash steam power plants, 86

flash welding, 643–644

flatters, 690

flexible bushed coupling, 486–487

flow measurement, 536–539

fluid density

mass density, 274

relative density, 274

specific weight, 274

viscosity, 274–276

fluid-expansion devices, 531

fluid mechanics

properties of fluid, 273–281

types of flow, 284

flywheel, 431–432

difference between governors and, 450

mass moment of inertia of, 432–433

force measurement, 541–542

forging, 660

different types of, 660–663

formaldehyde, 212

form grinding, 589

form milling, 585

fossil fuels, 55

four-stroke compression ignition engine, 190–192

valve timing diagram, 199–200

four-stroke spark ignition engine, 188–190

valve timing diagram, 197–198

Francis turbine

components, 293–294

shapes of draft tubes, 294–296

fuel injectors, 214

fuels, 55

fuel stratified injection (FSI), 216

fullers, 690–691

G

gang drilling machine, 579–580

gang milling, 584

gas carburizing, 722

gas cooled reactor (GCR), 79

gaseous fuels, 62–63

advantages and disadvantages of, 63

gasoline, 60

gasoline direct injection (GDI), 216

gas turbine cycle

with regenerator, 175

with reheating and intercooling, 175–176

gas turbines, 165

applications of, 165–171

classification of, 165

flow diagram of intercooling and reheating, 176

gas welding, 625–628

gauge factor (GF), 541

gauge pressure, 531

Gay–Lussac’s Law, 43–44

gear drive, 472–474

forms of gear teeth, 475

gear pump, 317–318

geothermal energy, 91

geothermal power plant, 85–87

glasses, 525

global warming, 56

governing of turbines, 304

governors, 434–435

centrifugal, 436

classification of, 436

difference between flywheel and, 450

Hartnell, 442–444

Hartung, 447

of I.C. engine, 449–450

inertia and flywheel, 436

pickering, 436

porter, 437–439

Proell, 440–441

sensitiveness of, 448

terms used in, 435

watt, 436–437

Willson–Hartnell, 445–446

gravity/permanent mould casting, 615

gray cast iron, 520

green diesel, 64

green sand mold, 605

grinding machines, 586–592

gross calorific value (GCV), 60

H

hammers, 687–688

hardening, 720

hardness test of sand mold, 615

heat

defined, 7

similarities between work and, 13

heat exchanger, 86

heat pumps, 240

heat transfer, modes of

combined form, 229

conduction, 225–226

convection, 227–228

radiation, 228

through hollow cylinder, 232–233

through hollow sphere, 234

heat treatment

annealing, 720

austempering, 721

carburizing, 722–723

cyaniding, 723

hardening, 720

induction hardening, 723

iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram, 716–718

martempering, 721–722

nitriding, 723

normalizing, 719–720

spherodizing, 720

tempering, 721–722

time-temperature-transformation curves, 718–719

heavy water cooled and moderated CANDU (Canadian deuterium uranium) reactor, 79

heel, 577

helical gears, 476–477

helical springs, 407

deflection in, 412–413

series connection and parallel connection of, 414–415

shear stress in, 410–412

high carbon steel, 520

high energy rate forming, 667

hobbing, 670

Hook’s law, 379, 513–514

horizontal boiler, 113

hot chamber die-casting, 616

hot spinning, 680–681

hot wire anemometer, 536

human comfort conditions, 264–265

humidity (w) ratio, 253

hybrid engine, 217

hydraulic machines, 284–285

hydraulic pumps, 304

hydraulic turbines, 285

classification of, 285

terminology used, 286

hydrocarbon fuels, 55

hydrocarbons, 59, 212

hydroelectric power, 90

hydroelectric power plant, 76

hypoid gears, 478

I

ideal gas law, 45

impulses-reaction turbine (reaction turbine), 157–160

degree of reaction (R) of, 158

differences between impulse and, 164

reheat factor, 158–159

velocity diagram for, 159–160

impulse turbine, 147–151

compounding of, 153–157

inclined boiler, 113

indicated thermal efficiency, 209

infeed or plunge cut grinding, 589

infrared sensors, 530

injector, 128

intelligent robots, 709

intensive properties, 4

Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine), 182

arrangement of cylinders, 184

basic structure, 185–188

classification of, 183–185

clearance volume (V_c), 188

comparison between four-stroke and two-stroke engines, 196

comparison between S.I. and, 197

compression ratio, 188

cooling systems in, 184

cylinder bore, 187

dead centers, 187

displacement volume, 187

engine performance parameters, 209–210

fuel supply systems, 184

fuel used, 183

ignition systems, 183

nature of thermodynamic cycle, 183

number of strokes per cycle, 183

piston area, 187

stroke or stroke length, 187–188

working principle of, 188–196

internal energy (U) of a system, 7, 11–12

physical interpretation of, 12

internal fired boilers, 113

internal grinding, 588

ion gauges, 535

iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram, 716–718

irreversible process, 32

isentropic compression, 334

isobaric process, 14

isochoric process, 14

isolated system, 3

isothermal process, 15

J

Joule cycle, 166–169

K

Kaplan turbine, 299–300

Kelvin-Plank statement, 29

violation of, 30–31

Kelvin temperature, 7

kerosene, 59

knurling, 567

L

laminar and turbulent flow, 284

laminated or leaf spring, 408–409

Lancashire boiler, 117

lancing, 678

lateral strain, 378

lathe

classification, 559–560

constructional detail of, 560–562

cutting tools used in, 564

power transmission system in, 562–564

specification, 560

types of operations in, 564–569

law of gearing, 474

lignite, 91

limited sequence robots, 708

liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), 62

liquid fuels, 58–61

advantage and disadvantage of, 61

ash content, 61

calorific value of, 60

carbon residue in, 61

sulfur content, 60

water content of, 61

liquid metal cooled reactor, 79

load cell, 541–542

loam sand molds, 606

lobe pump, 318

locomotive boiler, 116

longitudinal strain, 378

low carbon steel, 520

M

machine tools, 556

macroscopic (classical thermodynamics), 2

macroscopic forms of energy, 12

magnesium alloys, 523

malleable cast iron, 521

manganese (Mn), 521

manometers, 532–533

manufacturing system

automation, 696–698

computer aided design (CAD), 698–699

computer aided manufacturing (CAM), 699–700

computer integrated manufacturing system (CIM), 698

computer numerical control (CNC), 701, 703

computer system, 696

direct numerical control (DNC), 703–704

human workers, 696

material handling system, 696

numerical control (NC), 700–701

production machines, tools, jigs, fixtures, 695–696

programming methods, 701–702

martempering, 721–722

mass, defined, 3

mass moment of inertia

of circular cone, 366–367

of circular disc, 364–365

of circular ring, 363–364

of hollow cylinder, 365

of inertia of sphere, 365–366

mean effective pressure, 210

mean piston speed, 210

measurement errors, 545

mechanical efficiency, 210

mechanical equilibrium, 4

mechanical equivalent of heat, 10–11

mechanical measurement, 529

mechanical working, 655–656

advantages, 656–657

comparison between cold working and hot working, 656

medium carbon steel, 520

metal cutting, 557–558

orthogonal and oblique, 558–559

metal inert gas arc welding (MIG)/gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 634–635

metal molds, 606

metal powders

blending/mixing of, 682

characteristics, 681

methods of production, 681–682

methane emission, 212

micrometer, 547–549

microscopic forms of energy, 12

microscopic (statistical thermodynamics), 2

milling machines, 581–585

modulus of elasticity, 397–398, 514

modulus of rigidity, 397–398

moisture content test of sand mold, 614

Mollier diagram (h–S chart), 111–112

molybdenum (Mo), 522

moment of inertia (second moment of area), 360

of a circular disc, 362

of composite sections, 363

of a rectangle, 361

of a triangle, 362

multiple vane type compressors, 343–344

multi-point fuel injection system (MPFI), 214–215

multi-spindle drilling machine, 579–580

N

natural circulation boilers, 113

natural gas, 92

needle bearings, 425–426

net calorific value (NCV), 60

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, 276–277

nickel (Ni), 521

nitriding, 723

nitrogen oxide, 212

nodular (or ductile) cast iron, 520

non-ferrous materials, 522–523

non-flow processes, 14–15

non-renewable energy, 91–93

normalizing, 719–720

normal stress, 378

notching, 670, 678

nuclear power, 92–93

nuclear power plant, 76–79

block diagram of, 78

components of, 78

numerical control (NC), 700–701, 703

O

off hand grinding, 589

oil spill accidents, 92

open die forging, 660–661

open system, 3, 6

optimum velocity ratio, 151

orificemeter, 538

Otto cycle, 183, 190, 197, 200–201

oxy-acetylene welding, 625–628

oxychloride bond, 588

P

pack carburizing, 722–723

particulate matter, 212

parting, 678

peat, 91

Pelton turbine, 287–290

components, 287–288

speed of, 288–289

velocity triangle for, 289–290

percussion welding, 644

perforating, 678

peripheral milling, 582

permeability number, 614

permeability test of sand mold, 614

perpetual-motion machine of the first kind (PMM1), 30

perpetual-motion machine of the second kind (PMM2), 30

perpetual motion machine (PMM1), 11

petroleum, 58–59

phase, defined, 5

phase equilibrium, 5

phosphorus (P), 521

photovoltaic cells, 90

piercing, 677–678

piercing or seamless tubing, 669–670

Pirani gauge, 534

plain cylindrical grinders, 590

plane milling, 582

planer, 573

fast and loose pulleys driving mechanism of, 573–574

specifications of, 575

plane surface grinder, 590–591

plasma arc welding, 639–640

plastics, 523–524

point angle, 577

point-to-point (PTP) control robots, 708–709

Poisson strain, 540

polytropic compression, 333–334

polytropic process, 15–16

positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system, 212–213

potential energy, 12

powder metallurgy, 681

advantages, 684–685

applications of, 685

disadvantages, 685

power plant engineering, 74–89

power stroke, 190, 192

power transmission, 455

power transmission chains, 471–472

precision grinders, 589

press forging, 662

pressure

defined, 3

equilibrium, 5

measurement, 531–535

reducing valve, 129

variation with depth of a fluid, 280–281

pressurized water reactor (PWR), 79

prime movers, 73–74

historical development of, 74

reciprocating, 74

rotating, 74

process, defined, 5

profile milling, 585

Prony brake, 543

property, defined, 4

psychrometric chart

cooling and dehumidification, 256–257

cooling and humidification, 258–259

heating and dehumidification, 259

heating and humidification, 257–258

mixing of air streams, 259–260

sensible cooling, 254–256

sensible heat factor (SHF), 257

sensible heating, 256

psychrometry, 253–254

punches, 690

punching, 677–678

pure biodiesel (B100), 64

P-V diagram for diesel cycle, 192

Q

quasi static process, 6

R

radial drilling machine, 579

radial rake angle, 585

radius of gyration of a body, 360

rake or helix angle, 577

Rankine scale, 7

reaming operation, 568

reciprocating prime movers, 74

reciprocating pump, 311–316

refining, 59

refractory metals, 523

refrigerants, 250–251

refrigeration, 239–240

capacity of refrigeration plant, 241

components of, 241–242

tons of, 240–241

regenerative braking system, 217

relative humidity, 253

relief angle, 585

renewable energy, 90–91

resin-bonded sand molds, 606

resistance butt welding, 645

resistance projection welding, 642–643

resistance seam welding, 642

resistance spot welding, 641–642

resistance welding, 640

resistive temperature devices (RTD), 530

reversed Brayton cycle, 243–244

reversed Carnot cycle, 242–243

reversible adiabatic compression, 33

reversible adiabatic expansion, 33

reversible isothermal compression, 33

reversible isothermal expansion, 33

reversible process, 32

rigid couplings, 485–486

risers, 611

robotics, 704–709

applications, 712

configurations, 706–708

control systems, 709–712

microprocessor based controllers, 711

robotic control, 708–709

sensors used in, 711

sequential control, 711

transducers used in, 712

Rockwell hardness test, 517–518

roller bearings, 425

roll forming, 681

rolling mills, 657–659

defects, 659

types of, 658–659

room air conditioners, 265–267

rope brake dynamometer, 543–544

rope drive, 468–469

rotameter, 538–539

rotary compressors, 342–344

rotating prime movers, 74

rotational and irrotational flow, 284

rough grinders, 589

rubber bond, 588

S

sand casting, 598–599

gating system, 610–611

hand tools for sand moulding, 608–609

methods, 615–619

moulding procedure, 609–610

mould making, 605–606

pattern making, 600–601

properties of mouldings sands, 607–608

steps in, 599–600

types of mold, 605–606

types of pattern, 601–605

sand testing, 614–615

saturated steam, 111

screw gauge, 547–549

screw pump, 319

second-generation biofuels, 66

second law of thermodynamics, 29–32, 240

self-aligning ball bearings, 424–425

semi-centrifugal casting, 618

separating and throttling calorimeter, 110

set hammer, 690

shaper, 572, 575

shaping and planning, 569–570

shaving, 670

shearing operations, 677–681

sheet metal process, 671

hand tools used, 673–677

joints, 671–672

materials used, 672–673

shellac bond, 588

shell mold, 606

shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), 633–634

shoulder turning, 565

side milling, 583

sign convention

for heat and work interaction, 13

work done by system, 11

silica, 525

silicate bond, 587–588

silicon (Si), 521

sine bar, 551–552

sintering, 684

skin dried sand mold, 605–606

slab milling, 582

slip gauges, 549–551

slotter machine, 571

smith’s forge or hearth, 686

smithy, 685–686

tools used in, 686–691

smoothers, 690

solar energy, 89–90

soldering, 645–646

solid biofuels, 65–66

solid fuels, 58

specific fuel consumption, 210

specific heat capacity

at constant pressure, 8–10

at constant volume, 8

specific humidity, 253

specific power output, 210

specific volume, 254

spherical roller bearings, 426

spherodizing, 720

split air conditioner, 266–267

spnning, 569

springs

applications of, 406–407

materials used for, 409–410

types of, 407–409

spur gears, 476

statistical thermodynamics, 1

steady and unsteady flow, 284

steady flow energy equation (SFEE), 25

steady flow process, 24–25

steam

at constant pressure, 97–101

entropy of, 101

Mollier diagram of, 727

P-V diagram, T-S diagram, h-S diagram, P-S diagram, 99–100

table, 111, 728–738

wet, 100

steam engine, 141–147

steam generators, 112–118

steam power system, 141

steam separator, 128

steam trap, 128

steam turbine

classification of, 147–151

governing of, 164

losses in, 164

Stefan–Boltzmann Law of Thermal Radiation, 228

straddle milling, 584

straight turning, 565

strain gauges, 540–541

strain measurement, 539–541

stress and strain, 377–379

in an assembly of tube and bolt, 387

in composite bar, 392

in compound bar, 386–387

diagram, 378–379, 381

due to suddenly applied load, 394–395

for impact load, 395

relation between stress and volumetric strain, 396–397

in taper rod, 383–384

in varying cross-section bar of uniform strength, 385

stretch forming operation, 678

submerged arc welding (SAW), 636–637

suction stroke, 189–191

sulfur oxide, 212

sulfur (S), 521

superheated steam, 111

superheater, 127

surface grinding, 589

surface tension, 277–278

swage block, 688–689

swages, 691

syngas, 65

synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, 58

system

boundary of, 6

defined, 3, 5

properties of, 3–4

system boundary, 3

T

tangential thrust, 150

tapered roller bearings, 426

taper turning, 566

tapping, 568

temperature, 6

measurement, 530–531

stress, 393

tempering, 721–722

theorem of parallel axis, 361

theorem of perpendicular axis, 361

thermal equilibrium, 4–5

thermal power plants, 75–76

thermit welding, 645

thermocouple, 530

thermodynamic cycle, 5

thermodynamic temperature scale, 6

thermoplastics, 524

thermosetting plastics, 524

third law of thermodynamics, 41–45

thread cutting, 567–568

thread rolling, 668–669

three-screw, high-pitch, screw pump, 319–320

throttling calorimeter, 108–109

thrust ball bearings, 425

tidal barrage, 82

tidal fences, 84

tidal power plant, 82–85

advantages, 84

disadvantages, 85

tidal turbine, 83

timber, 524

time-temperature-transformation curves, 718–719

titanium alloys, 523

tongs, 689

torque measurement, 543–545

torsion springs, 408

trimming, 670

true centrifugal casting, 617–618

tube drawing, 666–667

tungsten inert gas arc welding (TIG)/gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 635–636

tungsten (W), 522

two-screw, low-pitch, screw pump, 319

two-stroke C.I. engine, 194–196

two-stroke spark ignition engine, 192–194

port timing diagram for, 198–199

U

uncertainty of measurement, 546

uniform and non-uniform flow, 284

universal cylindrical grinder, 591

universal gas constant, 45

universal joints, 487–488

up milling, 582

upset forging, 662–663

U-tube manometer, 535

V

vanadiun (V), 522

vane pump, 318

vapor compression refrigeration system, 247–250

advantages and disadvantages, 250

comparison between reversed Carnot cycle, 249

COP of, 248

factors affecting performance, 249

heat and work interaction in, 247

thermodynamic process of, 247–248

variable flow process, 25

vegetable oil, 65

velocity measurement, 535

Vernier calipers, 546–547

vertical boiler, 113

Vickers hardness test, 517

vitrified bond, 587

volatile organic compounds, 212

volatility, 60

volume

defined, 3

measurement, 535–536

volumetric efficiency, 210

W

water content of furnace oil, 61

water tube boilers, 112–113

weldability, 622–623

welding

atomic hydrogen, 638–639

carbon arc, 633

classification, 624

defects, 648–649

defining, 622–623

electric arc, 629–632

electroslag, 637–638

flash, 643–644

gas, 625–628

metal inert gas arc (MIG)/gas metal arc (GMAW), 634–635

percussion, 644

plasma arc, 639–640

resistance, 640

resistance butt, 645

resistance projection, 642–643

resistance seam, 642

resistance spot, 641–642

shielded metal arc (SMAW), 633–634

submerged arc (SAW), 636–637

tungsten inert gas arc (TIG)/gas tungsten arc (GTAW), 635–636

type of groove or edge preparation for, 623–624

wet bulb temperature or saturation temperature (WBT), 254

wet steam, 100

white cast iron, 520

windmill, 87–89

window air conditioner, 265–267

wind power, 90

wire drawing, 665–666

work

defined, 7

similarities between heat and, 13

working fluid, 86

worm gears, 478

Z

zeroth law of thermodynamics, 6