INDEX
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Numbers
1:1 transformer, 340
3DLP video projection system, 105
3LCD video projection system, 104
3.5mm (1/8-inch) jack
cable termination methods, 372–373
troubleshooting lack of sound, 474
unbalanced electrical circuits and, 72
4:3 aspect ratio, 102
6dB per doubling rule, inverse square law, 44
6.5mm (1/4-inch) jack
cable termination methods, 372
8P8C
cable termination methods, 374
continuity tester, 376
Ethernet connections, 127
termination for control system, 395
types of connectors, 149–150
16:9 aspect ratio, 100–102
802.x.x
Ethernet standards, 127
MAC addresses, 132
port-based NAC (802.1x), 138
Wi-Fi standard, 128–129
A
A (amps), measuring electrical current, 169
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 47
abbreviations, on drawings, 241–242
absorption, in acoustics, 50
AC (alternating current), 170
access control, network security, 137–138
access points, wireless, 129
accessibility
building regulation issues, 288–289
room features and characteristics, 258
ACLs (access control lists), 138
acoustic echo, echo cancelers, 335
acoustics
absorption, 50
ambient noise, 50–51
assessing site environment, 263–264
changing site environment, 280–281
feedback, 72
noise management, 281–282
overview of, 48–49
reflection, 49
reverberation, 49–50
room features and characteristics, 260
tools, 360
transmission of sound energy, 50
activities. See also tasks
coordinating, 434–435
creating work breakdown structure, 430–431
identifying, 432
managing, 430
additive mixing, in color vision, 82–83
ADM (analytical decision-making)
perceived quality of video, 109
viewing angles, 110
viewing distances, 111–112
viewing tasks, 265
administration, of maintenance operations, 453
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 47
AES3/EBU (Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union), 46
AHJ (authority having jurisdiction)
electrical system requirements, 169
safety regulations, 224–225
AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), 46
alarms, monitoring client sites, 453
ALE (ALAC), Apple lossless compression, 46
alternating current (AC), 170
ambient light
brightness of projection system and, 116
lighting issues, 286
video systems, 85
ambient noise
in acoustics, 50–51
effectiveness of AV systems and, 264
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 388
amplification. See also power amplifiers, 333
amps (A), measuring electrical current, 169
analog
determining signal bandwidth, 324
digital representation of analog image, 29
noise and signal transmission, 32–33
review/review Q&A, 34–36
signal bandwidth, 315
signal integrity, 151
signal issues/considerations, 34
signal processing and sampling, 28–29
waveforms, 27–28
analytical decision-making. See ADM (analytical decision-making)
Android control system software, 398
angle of view, camera focal length and, 85
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
accreditation of CTS exam, 9
Audiovisual Systems Performance Verification (InfoComm 10:2013), 416–417
drawing symbols (ANSI-J-STD-710), 242–246
light measurement standards, 80
lumen standards, 116–117
ongoing review of CTS exam, 10
antennas
orientation, 183–184
overview of, 183
types of, 184–185
aperture, camera, 86–87
aperture ratio, LCDs, 97
Application layer (Layer 7), OSI model, 131
Application layer, TCP/IP model, 132
applications, documentation of, 358
APWPT (Association of Professional Wireless Production Technologies), 183
architects, distributing scope report to, 306
architect’s scale, 241
architectural connectivity, 354
architectural documentation, 297–298
architectural drawings. See drawings (architectural)
area, calculating area and volume, 248–249
arenas, client site environment needs, 258
arp, network troubleshooting tool, 482
arrays, loudspeaker, 331
artificial light, 286
aspect ratio
determining horizontal screen size, 266–267
display and projection technologies, 100–102
Association of Professional Wireless Production Technologies (APWPT), 183
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 388
attenuation, signal levels and, 60
audience, 315
audience area, technical functions of a space, 260
audio console, 61
Audio Coverage Uniformity in Listener Area audio standard, 325
audio devices. See also devices
audio mixers, 61
audio processors, 61–63
digital signal processors, 65–66
electronic delays, 65
loudspeakers, 67–69
power amplifiers, 66–67
Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union (AES3/EBU), 46
Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF), 46
audio mixers, 61
audio processors, 61–63
audio servers, 332
audio signals. See signals, audio
audio system design
basic parameters, 326
cables for loudspeakers, 340–341
determining purpose of, 325
electric wiring, 339–340
frequency response issues, 326–327
harmonic distortion issues, 327–328
identifying destinations, 331
identifying monitoring, feed, and recording requirements, 332–333
identifying sources, 330–331
load impedance, 337–338
loudspeaker configurations, 331–332
measuring sound levels, 328–330
mixing and amplification requirements, 333
overview of, 324–325
power requirements, 342–344
processing and conversion, 333–336
system stability, 330
transformers, 340–341
audio systems
absorption, 50
acoustics, 48–49
ambient noise, 50–51
applications of, 73–74
balanced and unbalanced electrical circuits, 70–72
bands and octaves, 40
compression, 46–47
decibels, 42–43
digitizing analog audio, 45–46
electronic delays, 65
equalizers (EQ), 63–65
feedback, 72
frequency, 39–40
harmonics, 41
inverse square law, 44
logarithms, 41–42
microphone cables/connectors, 59
microphone design and placement, 54–55
microphone frequency response, 57
microphone impedance, 57–58
microphone polar patterns, 55–56
microphone sensitivity, 56–57
microphone types, 51–53
mixers, 61
network protocols, 47
overview of, 37
processors, 61–63
reverberation, 49–50
review/review Q&A, 74–77
sound capture, 51
sound reflection, 49
sound waves, 37–38
streaming architectures, 47–48
technical functions related to audience area, 260
transmission of sound energy, 50
troubleshooting distortion, 480–481
troubleshooting feedback, 474–475
troubleshooting lack of sound, 473–474
wavelength, 38–39
wireless microphones, 58–59
Audio Video Bridging (AVB), 47, 348
audio visual. See AV (audio visual)
audioconferencing
AV tasks and parameters, 207
overview of, 74
troubleshooting feedback issues, 474
Audiovisual Systems Performance Verification, ANSI standard, 416
auditoriums
facilities needed, 204
identifying client site environment needs, 257
authority having jurisdiction. See AHJ (authority having jurisdiction)
automatic mixers, 61
auxiliary buses, audio mixers, 61
AV (audio visual). See also audio systems; video systems
goals of AV systems, 25
standards and certification, 4
what is an AV system, 24–25
AV integrator, distributing scope report to, 307
AV racks, 154–155
AVB (Audio Video Bridging), 47, 348
AVIXA
applying for CTS exam, 7
AV member surveys, 5
DISCAS (Display Image Size for 2D Content in Audiovisual Systems), 98–99, 109–110
eligibility requirements for CTS exam, 6
overview of, 3–4
Projected Image System Contrast Ratio, 109
standard for image size (V202.01), 265–266
standards, 325
system performance verification, 416
AVIXA-Recognized AV Technologist Certificate, 12
B
back focus, camera, 85–86
background noise. See ambient noise
balanced and unbalanced electrical circuits, audio systems, 70–72
bands, in spectrum of frequencies, 40
bandwidth
analog signal vs. network, 315
calculating signal bandwidth, 94–95, 324
limiting, 92
network performance, 347
performance verification, 418
video signals, 91–92
bar codes, 447–448
basic decision-making. See BDM (basic decision-making)
BDM (basic decision-making)
perceived quality of video, 109
viewing angles, 110
viewing distance, 111
viewing tasks, 265
beamforming array microphones, 55
benchmarking
benefits of, 211–212
checklist, 213–214
overview of, 210–211
site visits, 212
bend radius, cable, 386
beverage/food service, auxiliary areas associated with AV environments, 263
bi-amplification, loudspeaker configurations, 331
bidirectional communication, 161
bidirectional microphones, 56
bill of materials, designing AV solutions, 358
billing, for repairs, 483
bit depth
digital signals, 29–30
digitizing analog audio, 45–46
video signals, 91
bit rate, 30–31
bits per second (bps), 30–31
black-level control, 117
black matrix, LCDs, 97
block diagrams, documenting AV systems, 352
Blu-ray discs
bit depth, 91
troubleshooting, 476–477
blue color. See RGB (red, green, blue)
Bluetooth, 164
BNC
cable termination methods, 374
types of connectors, 149–150
boardrooms
identifying client site environment needs, 256–257
necessary facilities, 203
body language, in face-to-face communication, 193
BOM (bill of materials), designing AV solutions, 358
bottlenecks, network performance, 347
boundary (surface mounted) microphones, 54
bps (bits per second), 30–31
Bps (bytes per second), 30–31
braided shield, conductor shields, 146
break area, auxiliary areas associated with AV environments, 262
breakout room, auxiliary areas associated with AV environments, 263
bridges, 137
brief, in needs analysis, 201–202
brightness
adjusting projectors, 117–118
of projection system, 116–117
brightness/value, color dimensions, 82
budgets
in Concept Design/Program Report, 303–306
managing, 432–434
building environment
regulations, 288–290
services, 287
structure/substructure, 287
building services
assessing, 272
issues, 287
building structure/substructure, 207, 287
bumping out/bumping in, setting up/breaking down AV events, 424–425
bus topology, 125
business writing, communicating with customers/clients, 197
bytes per second (Bps), 30–31
C
cable ladders, 384
cable stripping, 370
cable termination
evaluating/testing, 375
methods by cable type and connector, 370–374
overview of, 369
preparing for, 370
cable trays, 384
cables
bend radius, 386
combining in conduit, 385
comparing wire and cable, 143–144
connectors, 148–150
documentation, 421
Ethernet connections, 127
evaluating/testing terminations, 375
fiber-optic, 147–148
identifying access locations, 273
jackets (sheaths), 146–147
labeling, 385–386
loudspeaker, 342
microphone, 59
preparing for pulling, 384–385
pulling, 386–388
shields, 145
signal integrity, 151
support systems, 382–384
technical functions of control or projection area, 262
types, 147–148
CAD (computer-aided drawing)
of customer space, 215
drawing units, 241
calibration, of equipment, 461
camera
aperture, 86–87
back focus, 85–86
depth of field, 87–88
focal length, 85
imagers, 88
shutter, 88
campus area networks (CANs), 124
candela, 80
candela per square meter (Nit), 81
CANs (campus area networks), 124
capacitance
in condenser microphones, 52
signal integrity, 151
capacitive reactance (XC), measuring electrical current, 171
capacitor, in condenser microphones, 52
captive screw, types of connectors, 149–150
cardioid (unidirectional) microphones, 56
CBRs (core balance relays), safety grounding devices, 174, 177
CCD (charged-coupled device), 88
CCD (construction change directive), 441
CD (compact disc)
compact disc-digital audio (CD-DA) specification, 45
quantization noise in CD audio, 46
troubleshooting, 476–477
CD-DA (compact disc-digital audio) specification, 45
ceiling height, rooms features and characteristics, 258
ceiling plans, drawings of customer space, 215–216
centering, aligning digital displays, 114–115
central processing units (CPUs), 160–162
certification, keeping staff current in skills and knowledge, 451
Certified Technology Specialist. See CTS (Certified Technology Specialist)
change documentation, 439–440
change order (CO), project documentation, 440
charged-coupled device (CCD), 88
chroma/saturation, color dimensions, 82
chromatic aberration, 103
circuits, electrical
overview of, 173
parallel, 174
series, 173–174
Class C IP addresses, 134
classrooms
facilities needed, 203
identifying client site environment needs, 257
clients. See customers
clock adjustments, aligning digital displays, 115
clusters, loudspeaker configuration, 331
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor), 88
CO (change order), project documentation, 440
coax (coaxial) cable, 147
code
best practices, 224
building regulations, 288–290
technical documentation, 298
codecs
compressing data, 32
elements in digital media files, 32
coders (decoders), decoding compressed data, 32
color. See also RGB (red, green, blue)
color rendering index, 84
color temperature, 83–84
color vision, 82–83
hue, brightness/value, saturation/chroma, 82
color blindness, 83
color rendering index (CRI), of light source, 84
color signals, video, 89
color vision, 82–83
color (walls)
image quality, 269
interior finish issues, 286
combination shield, conductor shields, 146
comfort, functions related to audience area, 260–261
commissioning, 416
common mode rejection, balanced electrical circuits, 71
communication
business writing, 197
choosing form of, 197–198
e-mail, 198–199
face-to-face, 192–195
initial meetings, 200–201
language barriers, 195
legal ramifications, 199
obtaining information about client needs, 199–200
online chats, 199
overview of, 191–192
phone, 196
uses of loudspeakers, 67
working with vendors, suppliers, and customers, 446
compact disc. See CD (compact disc)
compatibility, audio signal levels, 60
Compensation and Benefits Survey, AVIXA, 5
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 88
compression
digital audio, 46–47
digital signals, 31–32
compression termination, cable termination methods, 370–371
compression waves, sound waves, 38–39
compressors, audio processors, 61–62
computer-aided drawing (CAD)
of customer space, 215
drawing units, 241
computer-video interfaces, 321–322
computers, troubleshooting lack of image, 472–473
Concept Design/Program Report
budgets, 303–306
conducting client presentation, 308–309
distributing scope report, 306–308
executive summary, 302
getting approval and next steps, 309–310
infrastructure issues, 303
objectives and content, 301
preparing client presentation, 308
space planning, 302
system descriptions, 302–303
condenser microphones, 52–53
conducive material, classification of conductors, 144
conductors
classifications, 144–145
in condenser microphones, 52–53
in dynamic microphones, 52
fiber-optic cable, 147
insulation, 145
conduit
handling and pulling cable, 382–384
permissible area, 383–384
types of, 382–383
cone, crossover devices, 68
conference room
facilities needed, 203
identifying client site environment needs, 257
configuring AV systems
assembling control systems, 396–397
configuring control systems, 394–395
configuring networked AV systems, 399–402
control system software, 397–398
terminating control system wiring, 395–396
testing/installing control systems, 398–399
conflicts, face-to-face communication and, 194–195
connectivity
architectural connectivity, 354
of control systems, 346
connectors
cable termination methods, 372–374
cables, 148–150
digital video, 92
drawings of, 357
Ethernet connections, 127
microphone, 59
constant-voltage systems
transformer connections, 341
wiring audio systems, 339–340
constraints, customer, 216–217
construction change directive (CCD), 441
construction, site constraints, 217
contact closure
termination for control system, 396
types of control systems, 162
containers, digital media files, 32
continuity testers, 376
contractors (general/prime), 307
contracts
changes to service agreements, 459
organizational documentation, 298
contrast, adjusting projectors, 117–118
contrast ratio
image quality, 268
perceived quality of video, 109
control area, technical functions of a space, 261–262
control panel, troubleshooting, 475
control signals, 161–162
control systems
assembling, 396–397
components and interfaces, 160–161
configuring, 394–395
control signals, 161–162
designing AV solutions, 344–346
function of, 159–160
overview of, 159
review/review Q&A, 165–167
software, 397–398
system documentation, 421
terminating wiring, 395–396
testing/installing, 398–399
types of, 162–165
convection cooling, of equipment, 379
conversion
audio system design, 333–336
display system design, 323–324
cooling
equipment and, 379
technical functions of control or projection area, 261
coordination meeting, planning project scope, 299–301
core balance relays (CBRs), safety grounding devices, 174, 177
costs
probable in budgeting, 304
project management, 429
courtrooms, identifying client site environment needs, 258
CPUs (central processing units), 160–162
crash switchers/crash switching, 90, 153
CRI (color rendering index), of light source, 84
crimping termination, cable termination methods, 373
cross-polarized, antenna orientation, 184
crossover device, loudspeakers, 67–68
crossovers, loudspeaker configurations, 331
crosstalk, twisted-pair cable preventing, 147
CTS Candidate Handbook, AVIXA, 6–7
CTS (Certified Technology Specialist)
applying for CTS exam, 7
eligibility for CTS exam, 6
purpose of CTS exam, 5–6
reasons for, 4–5
review, 8
what does a CTS do, 3–4
CTS-D (Certified Technology Specialist-Design), 4
CTS Exam Content Outline, AVIXA, 6
CTS-I (Certified Technology Specialist-Installation), 4
cultural issues, site constraints, 217
current (I)
characteristics, 172
current paths, 170–171
direct and alternating, 170
measuring, 169–170
Ohm’s Law, 172–173
curvature of field, projector optics, 103
customers
benchmarking process, 210–214
briefing client on operation of AV system, 419
business writing, 197
choosing form of communication, 197–198
client politics, 205
communicating with clients, 191–192
e-mail communication, 198–199
face-to-face communication, 192–195
identifying client site environment needs, 256
initial meetings with client/end users, 200–201
language barriers, 195
meeting facility options, 202–205
monitoring client sites, 452–453
needs analysis, 201–202
needs analysis meeting agenda, 208–210
obtaining client information, 192
obtaining constraint information, 216–217
obtaining drawings of customer space, 214–216
obtaining information about client needs, 199–200
online chats, 199
overview of, 191
phone communication, 196
preparing scope report, 308
presenting scope report, 308–309
review/review Q&A, 218–221
tasks and parameters, 205–208
working with, 446
D
DAs (distribution amplifiers), 153–154
data
assessing capabilities of data system, 273
compressing, 32
handling/retention of personal, 17–18
infrastructure issues impacting AV design and installation, 207
technical functions of control or projection area, 262
technical functions of presenter area, 261
Data Link layer (Layer 2), OSI model, 131
date format, on drawings, 238–239
dB (decibels)
6dB per doubling rule, 44
loudspeaker power requirements, 343–344
microphone sensitivity, 56–57
overview of, 42
sound measurement, 42–43, 328–329
DB9 connectors, 149–150
DC (direct current), 170
decoders (coders), decoding compressed data, 32
decompression (rarefication) waves, sound waves, 39
degradation
of analog and digital signals, 32–33
signal integrity and, 151
delays, electronic, 65
deliverables, assigning activities and milestones to, 429
demodulated radio waves, 182
depth of field, camera, 87–88
design manuals, technical documentation, 298
designing AV solutions
architectural connectivity, 354
audio destinations, 331
audio monitoring, feed, and recording requirements, 332–333
audio sources, 330–331
audio systems, 324–325
bill of materials, 358
control systems, 344–346
display devices, 316
display signal sources, 320–322
display systems, 314
documentation, 351–352
electric wiring for audio systems, 339–340
frequency response issues, 326–327
future provisions, 359
hardware load and weight as mounting consideration, 389
harmonic distortion issues, 327–328
load impedance, 337–338
loudspeaker cables, 340–341
loudspeaker configurations, 331–332
loudspeaker power requirements, 342–344
mixing and amplification requirements, 333
network considerations, 346–348
network readiness, 350–351
networked AV systems, 349–350
overview of, 313–314
parameters of audio systems, 326
power amplifiers, 336–337
processing and conversion, 323–324, 333–336
purpose of audio system, 325
purpose of display system, 315–316
review/review Q&A, 360–363
signal-flow diagrams, 343
sound level measurement, 328–330
switching and distribution components, 322–323
system stability (audio), 330
tools, 360
transformers, 340–341
value engineering, 359–360
video monitoring, feed, and recording requirements, 317–319
video signal issues, 323
detail drawings
example, 238
overview of, 233
reference flags, 247
devices. See also audio devices; display devices
assessing network readiness, 351
connecting to Internet, 132
crossover devices, 67–68
network devices, 124
planning network for interdevice communication, 350
safety grounding devices, 174, 177
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 134–135, 401–402
diagrams. See also drawings, 352
dielectric strength, of conductor insulation, 145
diffuse reflection, acoustics and, 49
diffusion, noise management, 281–282
digital
bit depth, 29–30
bit rate, 30–31
media formats, 32
noise and signal transmission, 32–33
review/review Q&A, 34–36
signal compression, 31–32
signal issues/considerations, 34
signal processing and sampling, 28–29
waveforms, 27–28
digital audio
compression, 46–47
digitizing analog audio, 45–46
network protocols, 47
overview of, 44
streaming architectures, 47–48
Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors, 53, 105
digital micromirror devices (DMD), 53
digital video
creating digital image, 94
overview of, 92–94
Digital Video Interface (DVI)
connectors, 149–150
video formats, 92
digitization, analog to digital conversion, 28, 45–46
DIN (German Institute for Standardization), 388
direct-connection termination, cable termination methods, 370–371
direct-coupled systems, wiring audio systems, 339
direct current (DC), 170
direct laser, video projection systems, 106
direct (specular or hard) reflection, acoustics and, 49
directionality, microphone, 55–56
directory integration, 349–350
disabilities
building regulations, 288–289
special accommodations for CTS exam, 20
DISCAS (Display Image Size for 2D Content in Audiovisual Systems), 98–99, 109–110, 265–266
dismissal or removal, from CTC exam, 19–20
dispersion, projector optics, 103
display and projection technologies
aligning digital displays, 114–116
aspect ratio, 100–102
flat-panel technologies, 97–98
overview of, 95–97
positioning displays in room, 98–100
display devices
assessing visual display environment, 267–268
identifying appropriate devices, 316
performance verification, 418
Display Image Size for 2D Content in Audiovisual Systems (DISCAS), 98–99, 109–110, 265–266
display system design. See also video systems
determining purpose of, 315–316
identifying appropriate display devices, 316
identifying signal sources, 320–322
overview of, 314
processing and conversion components, 323–324
switching and distribution components, 322–323
technical features, 316
video monitoring, feed, and recording requirements, 317–319
video signal issues, 323
DisplayPort
digital video formats, 92
types of connectors, 149–150
distance
signal limits, 151
signal quality, 32–33
distortion
harmonic distortion, 327–328
troubleshooting audio systems, 480–481
distributed intelligence (processing), in control system, 161
distributed-voltage systems, wiring audio systems, 339–340
distribution amplifiers (DAs), 153–154
distribution, display system design, 322–323
diversity receivers, types of antennas, 185
divide and conquer, troubleshooting strategy, 469
divisible spaces, in site environment, 204, 257
DLP (Digital Light Processing) projectors, 53, 105
DMD (digital micromirror devices), 53
DNS (Domain Name System)
assembling control systems, 397
IP addressing and, 402
overview of, 135–136
documentation
architectural, 297–298
architectural connectivity, 354
of AV operations, 420–421
of change, 439–440
checklist for, 422–423
designing AV solutions, 351–352
information-related documents, 439
of maintenance activities, 462–463
organizational documents, 298
of preventative maintenance, 423–424
of projects, 438
signal-flow diagrams, 352–354
of system components, 421
technical, 298–299
Domain Name System. See DNS (Domain Name System)
doors, room features and characteristics, 258
draw wire, for pulling cable, 386
drawings (architectural)
abbreviations, 241–242
CAD systems and drawing units, 241
dates, 238–239
documentation, 297–298
elevation drawings, 232
interpreting site layout drawings, 228–229
plan drawing view, 229–230
reflected ceiling plan, 229, 231
scales, 239–241
section drawings, 233–237
symbols, 242–247
title blocks and drawing schedules, 233, 238–239
drawings (project and other)
custom configurations/modifications, 357
customer space, 214
documenting AV systems, 352, 355–358
engineering drawings, 298
examples of system drawings, 355
obtaining drawings of customer space, 215
overview of, 229
signal-flow diagrams, 352–354
DSP (digital signal processor)
Fourier analysis, 39
switchers and, 152
system documentation, 421
ducts, pulling cable and, 384
duration, estimating in project management, 432
duties/tasks
in creation of CTS exam, 10
studying for CTS exam, 11
DVDs, troubleshooting, 476–477
DVI (Digital Video Interface)
connectors, 149–150
video formats, 92
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 134–135, 401–402
dynamic IP addresses, 134–135
dynamic microphones, 52
E
communicating with customers/clients, 198–199
obtaining client contact information, 192
earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs), 174, 177
earthing (grounding)
electrical, 174–175
room features and characteristics, 259
echo cancelers, 335–336
echo, in acoustics, 264
edge processing, in control system, 161
EDID (extended display identification data), 94
effort, estimating in project management, 432
ergonomics, of equipment racks, 377
EIA (Electronic Industries Association), 163
ELCBs (earth leakage circuit breakers), 174, 177
electret microphones, 53
electric wiring, 339–340
electrical/lighting, infrastructure issues, 206–207
electrical metal tubing (EMT), 383
electrical potential difference (voltage), 169–171
electrical systems
circuits, 173–174
grounding (earthing), 174–175
obtaining drawings of customer space, 215
Ohm’s Law, 172–173
overview of, 169
potential difference and current, 169–171
power, 171–172
power distribution, 175–176
resistance and impedance, 171
review/review Q&A, 177–180
safety, 176–177
electromagnetic interference (EMI)
shields and, 145–146
signal separation and, 379–380
electromagnetic radiation, light theory, 79
electronic delays, 65
electronic echo, 335
Electronic Industries Association (EIA), 163
elevation drawings
overview of, 232
reference flags, 247
emergencies, causing cancellation of CTS exam, 20
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
shields and, 145–146
signal separation and, 379–380
emissive method, display and projection technologies, 96
EMT (electrical metal tubing), 383
encoding, compressing data, 32
end users. See also customers
distributing scope report to, 306
initial meetings with client/end users, 200–201
program meeting agenda, 300
program meeting attendees, 299–300
engineering drawings, 215
equalization, audio mixers, 61
equalizers (EQ), 63–65, 334–335
equipment
acoustic issues, 281
heat loads and cooling, 379
installing. See installing AV equipment and systems
loading/unloading for events, 403–404
preventative maintenance, 423–424, 461
safety equipment, 225
securing, 449
setting up/breaking down for events, 404–408, 424–425
technical functions of control or projection area, 261
technical functions of presenter area, 261
testing, 461–462
theft deterrents, 450
updating records, 450–451
verifying operation of, 416
equipment racks
assembling, 379–381
building, 375–377
design/construction, 154–155
ergonomics, 377
heat loads, 379
RF and IR reception, 377
signal separation, 379
weight distribution, 377
Essential of AV Technology, AVIXA online course, 12, 24
estimates, in budgeting, 305
Ethernet
assembling control systems, 396–397
connections, 127–128
digital video formats, 94
networked control systems, 165
standards, 126–127
termination for control system, 395–396
evacuation cooling, equipment and, 379
event production. See producing AV events
exam, CTS
applying for, 7
cancellation due to emergencies, 20
dismissal or removal from, 19–20
eligibility, 6
evolving over time, 10–11
handling/retention of personal data, 17–18
identification requirements for exam check in, 17
process of, 18–19
purpose of, 5–6
question-evaluation strategies, 15–16
restricted items, 18
retesting, 21
review, 21
sample questions, 12–15
scope of, 9–10
scoring, 20–21
special accommodations, 20
studying for, 11–12
what to expect on exam day, 16–17
executive summary, in Concept Design/Program Report, 302
exhibition spaces, identifying client needs, 258
expanders, audio processors, 61–62
extended display identification data (EDID), 94
F
f-stops, aperture of lens, 87
F type connector, 149–150
face-to-face communication, with customers/clients, 192–195
facilities
options for meetings, 202–205
planning project scope, 296–299
fall protection, 225
feed
identifying feed requirements, 332–333
video feed locations, 318–319
feedback
acoustic, 72
audio systems, 72
control signals, 162
troubleshooting audio system, 474–475
fiber-optic cable
conductors, 147
connections, 128
field order, project documentation, 441
filters, audio processors, 61, 63
fire codes, building regulations, 288
firewalls
navigating, 139
for network security, 138–139
fish tape, pulling cable, 386
FLAC (free lossless audio codec), 46
flat-panel displays
assessing display environment, 267–268
mounting, 393–394
setting up AV events, 407–408
technologies, 97–98
flex life stranded conductors, 144
flexible metal conduit (flex), 383
flight cases, setting up/breaking down events, 424–425
floor boxes, for video sources, 322
floor plans, 246
flow diagrams, 352
fluorescent lamps, 271
focal length
back focus, 85–86
depth of field, 87–88
overview of, 85
foil conductor shield, 146
foot-candle
brightness of projection system, 116
lighting terminology, 270
measuring illuminance, 81
foot-lambert, measuring illuminance, 82
forced air cooling, of equipment, 379
form follows function, in project planning, 296
formats
digital media, 32
video, 90
Fourier analysis, of sound waves, 39
free-field, 6dB per doubling rule, 44
free lossless audio codec (FLAC), 46
frequency
bands and octaves, 40
equalizers (EQ) controlling, 63–65
harmonics, 41
of sound waves, 39–40
spectrum management for microphones, 59
video signals, 91–92
frequency distortion, 480
frequency response
audio system design, 326–327
loudspeakers, 68–69
microphones, 57
front projection
considerations, 267
projectors, 106
surfaces for, 107–108
functional diagrams, documenting AV systems, 352
furniture
acoustic echo and, 335
image quality and, 270
for optimal viewing, 286–287
future provisions, in AV design, 359
G
gain
adjusting signal levels, 60
checking signal levels, 69–70
troubleshooting audio distortion, 481
gain control, 60
gain-sharing mixers, 61
galleries, identifying client site environment needs, 258
gamma rays, 79
Gannt charts, for project schedules, 436–437
gates, audio processors, 61, 63
gateways, 137
German Institute for Standardization (DIN), 388
GFCIs (ground-fault circuit interrupters), 174, 177
glare, image quality, 269
global positioning systems (GPS), 181
gooseneck microphones, 54
GPS (global positioning systems), 181
graphic equalizer. See also equalizers (EQ), 64
graphical user interface (GUI), in control system, 161, 398
grayscale
bit depth and display of potential shades, 29–30
brightness and contrast adjustments, 117–118
green color. See RGB (red, green, blue)
grid system symbols, drawing symbols, 243, 247
ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), 174, 177
ground loop, 175
grounding (earthing)
electrical, 174–175
room features and characteristics, 259
GUI (graphical user interface), in control system, 161, 398
H
hard reflection, acoustics and, 49
hardware load, in mounting components, 388–389
harmonics
frequency and, 41
harmonic distortion, 327–328
HD15 (VGA) connectors, 149–150
HDBateT digital video format, 92
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
connectors, 149–150
digital audio compression, 46
digital video formats, 92
headmic, 55
health, site surveys, 223–224
heat loads, building equipment racks, 379
heating, control or projection area, 261
hertz (Hz), measuring frequency of sound waves, 39
hexadecimals, in IPv6 address format, 133–134
High-Definition Multimedia Interface. See HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
high-impedance speakers, 331
horizontal scan rates, for video signals, 90–91
horizontal screen size, determining, 266–267
horizontal sync
full-bandwidth signals, 92
scan rates, 90–91
video signals, 89–90
horns, crossover devices, 68
host address
in multicast streaming, 48
subnet masks and, 134
houses of worship (HOW), identifying client site environment needs, 258
huddle rooms
facilities needed, 204
identifying client site environment needs, 257
hue, color dimensions, 82
human hearing, octaves of, 40
HVAC
acoustic issues related to, 280–281
assessing site environment, 273–274
troubleshooting projector issues, 479
hypercardioid microphones, 56
Hz (hertz), measuring frequency of sound waves, 39
I
I (current). See current (I)
identification (ID)
handling/retaining personal data, 17–18
requirements for exam check in, 17
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
AV standards, 4
compact CD-DA specification, 45
safety grounding devices, 174
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Ethernet standard, 126–127
port-based NAC (802.1x) standard, 138
Wi-Fi standard, 128–129
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 136
ifconfig, network troubleshooting tool, 481
illuminance
brightness of projection system, 116–117
direct light measurement, 81
image capture
camera processing and projection images, 85–89
overview of, 85
image production
aspect ratio, 100–102
display and projection technologies, 95–97
flat-panel technologies, 97–98
positioning displays in room, 98–100
image projection
aligning digital displays, 114–116
assessing site environment, 268–270
AV tasks and parameters, 205, 207
brightness and contrast adjustments, 117–118
brightness of projection system, 116–117
determining image size, 265–266
front and rear projection, 106
inverse square law and projection, 108
keystone error and correction, 114
overview of, 102
perceived quality, 108–109
projection screens, 106–108
projection systems, 104–106
projector optics, 102–104
throw distance, 112–113
troubleshooting lack of image, 472–473
viewer placement, 109–112
imagers, camera, 88
impedance (Z)
characteristics, 172
loudspeakers, 69
measuring electrical current, 171
microphones, 57–58
Ohm’s Law, 172–173
power amplifiers and, 337–338
in-balance, balanced electrical circuits, 71
incident meters, measuring light, 80–81
inductive reactance (XR), measuring electrical current, 171
industry standards
organizational documentation, 298
technical documentation, 299
information-related documents, project documentation, 439
infrared. See IR (infrared)
infrastructure
architectural documentation, 297
in Concept Design/Program Report, 303
issues impacting AV design and installation, 206–207
program meeting agenda, 300
inputs, switchers, 152–153
installing AV equipment and systems
assembling equipment racks, 379–381
building equipment racks, 375–379
cable termination, 369–374
evaluating/testing terminations, 375
hardware load and weight as mounting consideration, 388–389
job site safety concerns, 369
mounting AV components, 388, 392–394
mounting malfunctions and safety, 389–391
overview of, 367
preparing for mounting AV component, 391–392
preparing for pulling cables, 384–385
preparing for system installation, 368–369
pulling cables, 386–388
raceways, conduit, cable support systems, 382–384
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. See IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
instrument microphones, 55
insulation-displacement termination, cable termination methods, 373
insulation, of conductors, 145
integrating AV solutions
assembling control systems, 396–397
assembling equipment racks, 379–381
building equipment racks, 375–378
cable termination, 369–374
configuring control systems, 394–395
configuring networked AV systems, 399–402
control system software, 397–398
ergonomics, 377
evaluating/testing terminations, 375
heat loads, 379
job site safety concerns, 369
loading/unloading equipment for AV events, 403–404
mounting AV components, 388, 392–394
mounting consideration, 388–389
mounting malfunctions and safety, 389–391
overview of, 367
preparing for AV events, 402–403
preparing for mounting AV component, 391–392
preparing for pulling cables, 384–385
preparing for system installation, 368–369
producing AV events, 402
pulling cables, 386–388
raceways, conduit, cable support systems, 382–384
review/review Q&A, 409–413
RF and IR reception, 377
setting up equipment for AV events, 404–408
signal separation, 379–380
supporting AV systems, 409
terminating control system wiring, 395–396
testing/installing control systems, 398–399
weight distribution, 377
intelligibility, audio system parameters, 326
intercoms, 73
interfaces
in control system, 161
descriptions of, 358
interior finishes
changes recommended to site environment, 286–287
image quality, 269
room features and characteristics, 259
interlaced display, 91
International Electrotechnical Commission. See IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
International Organization of Standardization. See ISO (International Organization of Standardization)
Internet connectivity, 478
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 136
Internet layer, TCP/IP model, 132
Internet of Things (IoT), 126
interoperability, of control systems, 345
inventory, managing, 447
inverse square law
applying to sound energy, 44
light and, 82
projection and, 108
iOS software, use with control system, 398
IoT (Internet of Things), 126
IP addresses
assembling control systems, 396–397
assessing network readiness, 351
configuring networked AV systems, 401–402
Domain Name System, 135–136
host address in multicast streaming, 48
IPv4 and IPv6, 133–134
networking technology issues, 349
overview of, 133
static and dynamic, 134–135
subnet masks, 134
subnetting, 399
troubleshooting Internet connectivity issues, 478
ipconfig, network troubleshooting tools, 481
IPv4 addresses, 133–134
IPv6 addresses, 133–134
IR (infrared)
building equipment racks, 377
fiber-optic cable, 147
types of control systems, 162–163
wireless microphones, 58
ISO (International Organization of Standardization)
AV standards, 4
mounting consideration, 388
OSI model, 129–131
isolated ground systems, 175
IT issues, program meeting agenda, 300
J
jackets (sheaths), cable protection, 146–147
job site. See sites
JTA (job task analysis)
in creation of CTS exam, 9–10
evolution of CTS exam over time, 10–11
overview of, 6
K
K (Kelvin), measuring color temperature, 83
keystone error, 114
kickoff meeting, 435–436
kitchen, areas associated with AV environments, 263
knowledge, keeping staff current, 451
L
ladders, safety equipment, 225
lamp-based light sources, in projection systems, 103
lamp, lighting terminology, 270
language barriers, customer communication, 195
LANs (local area networks)
LAN-to-WAN bottlenecks, 347
types of networks, 124
uses of radio waves, 181
laptops, troubleshooting, 472–473
laser video projectors, 106
latency, network performance, 347–348
layers, OSI model, 130–131
layout, site drawings, 228–229
LC connections, 128
LCDs (liquid crystal displays)
flat-panel technologies, 97
transmissive method, 95
video projection systems, 104
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 350
leases, DHCP, 135
lecture theater
facilities needed, 203
identifying client site environment needs, 257
LEDs (light emitting diodes)
digital signal metering, 70
flat-panel technologies, 97–98
microLEDs, 96–98
solid-state light sources, 104
types of lighting, 271
legal ramifications, communicating with customers/clients, 199
letter of transmittal, project documentation, 439
life cycle, preventative maintenance and, 461
light
ambient light, 85
color rendering index of light source, 84
inverse square law, 82
measuring, 79–82
overview of, 79
light emitting diodes. See LEDs (light emitting diodes)
lighting
changes recommended to site environment, 286
controlling, 272
infrastructure issues, 206–207
technical functions of control or projection area, 262
terminology, 270
types of, 271
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 350
limiters, audio processors, 61–63
line level, audio signal levels, 59–60
linear-compression, cable termination methods, 373
Linux control system, 398
liquid crystal displays. See LCDs (liquid crystal displays)
listening, in face-to-face communication, 193–194
load, electrical circuits, 173
load factor, mounting considerations, 389
load impedance, expected, 337–338
logarithms
comparing linear scale with, 41–42
decibels as, 42–43
measuring sound levels, 42
logic network diagram, for resource coordination, 430–432
loopback test, in network troubleshooting, 481
lossy compression, 31–32, 46–47
loudness
audio system parameters, 326
distortion, 480
sound measurements, 328–330
loudspeakers
in audio system, 67–69
cables for, 342
configurations, 331–332
crossover devices, 67–68
feedback, 72
frequency response and polar patterns, 68–69
impedance, 69
mounting, 393
overview of, 67
power amplifiers, 66–67
power requirements, 342–344
sensitivity, 68
signal levels, 60
transformers, 341
troubleshooting, 473–475
zones in mix-minus systems, 73
lounge, auxiliary areas associated with AV environments, 262
low-impedance systems, wiring audio systems, 339
lumens
brightness of projection system, 116–117
units in light measurement, 80
luminaire, 270
luminance, 81–82
lux
lighting terminology, 270
units for measuring illuminance, 81
M
MAC (media access control) addresses
hardware addresses, 132
IP addressing and, 133
switches and, 136
macOS control system, 398
main buses, audio mixers, 61
maintaining AV operations
administrative work, 453
keeping staff current in skills and knowledge, 451
managing stock and materials, 446–449
monitoring client sites, 452–453
overview of, 445
review/review Q&A, 454–456
securing equipment and supplies, 449
security guards, 449
staff resources, 451–452
theft deterrent, 449–450
training, 451–452
updating equipment records, 450–451
working with vendors, suppliers, and customers, 446
maintenance and repair
activities, 457
contract changes, 459
maintenance agreements and troubleshooting, 482
performing system maintenance, 459–460
preventative tasks, 461
records, 482
repairing/replacing components, 460–461
review/review Q&A, 463–464
service agreements, 459
supporting AV systems, 409
testing equipment, 461–462
warranties, 458
maintenance log, 423–424
managed switches, 136
MANs (metropolitan area networks), 124
manufacturers
system documentation, 421
warranties, 458
match lines, drawing symbols, 243
materials, managing stock and, 446–449
matrix switcher, 152–153
measurements
CAD systems and drawing units, 241
calculating area and volume, 248–249
color temperature, 83
converting, 247–248
electrical current (I), 169–171
frequency of sound waves, 39
light, 79–82
scale measurements, 240
mechanical drawings. See also drawings, 215
mechanical rooms, 281
mechanical switchers, 153
media access control. See MAC (media access control) addresses
media formats, 32
media players, 481
meeting rooms, 257
meetings
conducting client presentation, 308–309
facility options, 202–205
initial meetings with client/end users, 200–201
needs analysis meeting agenda, 208–210
planning and coordination meetings for project scope, 299–301
preparing client presentation, 308
project kickoff meeting, 435–436
project status meeting, 436
Member Value Survey, AVIXA, 5
MEMS (microelectromechanical system) microphones, 53
mesh topology, 125–126
messaging, communicating with customers/clients, 199
messaging ID, client contact information, 192
metal halide
lamp-based light sources, 104
types of lighting, 271
metric system, converting measurements, 247–248
mic level
audio signal levels, 59
in dynamic microphones, 52
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphones, 53
microLEDs, 96–98
microphone preamplifier, 59
microphones
cables and connectors, 59
design and placement, 54–55
feedback, 72
frequency response, 57
impedance, 57–58
overview of, 51–52
polar patterns, 55–56
sensitivity, 56–57
troubleshooting, 473–475, 479–481
troubleshooting scenario, 469–470
types of, 52–53
wireless, 58–59
milestones
creating work breakdown structure, 431
identifying for projects, 432
mix-minus systems, 73
mixers
audio mixers, 61
troubleshooting, 475
mixing, 333
mixing console, 61
mixing desk, 61
modulated radio waves, 182
monitoring
client sites, 452–453
in control/projection area, 262
display systems, 317–319
in project management, 434
monitoring audio signal levels
balanced and unbalanced electrical circuits, 70–72
checking signal levels, 69–70
feedback, 72
overview of, 332–333
Monkey’s Audio, 46
Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 46–47
mounting AV components
by equipment type, 392–394
hardware load and weight, 388–389
malfunctions and safety, 389–390
overview of, 388
preparing for, 391–392
safety tips, 391
MP3 (MPEG-2 Audio Layer III), 47
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group), 46
multicast streaming, 48
multichannel recording, 332
multimeters
evaluating/testing terminations, 375
testing AV systems, 461
multimode fiber optics, 128, 147
multiple-choice questions, in CTS exam, 15
museums, identifying environment needs for client sites, 258
N
NABET (National Accreditation Board for Education and Training), 4
NAC (network access control), 137–138
NAT (network address translation), 138
National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET), 4
NC (noise criterion), 282–283
near-field, 6dB per doubling rule, 44
needs analysis
conducting, 201–202
meeting agenda, 208–210
needs determining applications, 295–296
translating needs into design, 297
network access control (NAC), 137–138
Network Access layer, TCP/IP model, 132
network address translation (NAT), 138
network addresses. See IP addresses; MAC (media access control) addresses
network interface cards. See NICs (network interface cards)
Network layer (Layer 3), OSI model, 131
networks
assessing readiness for AV system, 350–351
bandwidth, 315
configuring networked AV systems, 399–402
control systems, 165
creating logic network for resource coordination, 430–432
designing AV systems, 346–348
Domain Name System, 135–136
Ethernet standard and connections, 126–128
fiber-optic connections, 128
functions of network area of AV environment, 262
IP addresses, 133–135
network interface cards and MAC addresses, 132
network protocols, 47
OSI model, 129–131
overview of, 123
performance verification, 418
planning networked AV systems, 349–350
review/review Q&A, 139–142
room features and characteristics, 259
security, 137–139
switches and routers, 136–137
TCP/IP model, 132
technical documentation of network architecture, 299
topology, 124–126
troubleshooting Internet connectivity issues, 478
troubleshooting tools, 481–482
types of, 123–124
wireless connections, 128–129
NICs (network interface cards)
connecting devices to Internet, 132
IP addressing and, 133
loopback test for troubleshooting, 481
Nit (candela per square meter), 81
NL4 (Speakon) connectors, 149–150
nodes, network devices, 124
noise
ambient noise, 50–51
noise management, 281–282
quantization noise in CD audio, 46
signal quality and, 32–33
site constraints, 217
noise criterion (NC), 282–283
NR (noise rating), 282
Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, 28
O
objects, ANSI symbol standard, 246
octaves, in spectrum of sound frequencies, 40
octets, in IPv4 address format, 133
Ohm’s Law, 172–173
OLEDs (organic light-emitting displays)
display and projection technologies, 96–97
overview of, 98
types of lighting, 271
omnidirectional microphones, 56
online chats, communicating with customers/clients, 199
Open Systems Interconnection. See OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
OpenLDAP, for directory integration, 350
operating AV systems
briefing client on operation of AV system, 419
checking signal flow, 418–419
documenting how to operate, 420–421
documenting maintenance, 423–424
documenting systems, 421–423
overview of, 415
performance verification, 416–418
review/review Q&A, 425–428
striking an event, 424–425
training staff and users, 419–420
verifying operation of AV equipment, 416
optical discs
audio distortion, 481
compact disc-digital audio (CD-DA) specification, 45
quantization noise in CD audio, 46
troubleshooting CDs and DVDs, 476–477
optics, projector, 102–104
ordinances, technical documentation, 298
organic light-emitting displays. See OLEDs (organic light-emitting displays)
organizational documentation, 298
oscilloscope, 318
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
layers of, 129–131
networked control systems, 165
TCP/IP layers corresponding to, 132
OSs (operating systems), 398
output impedance, microphone specifications, 57–58
outputs, switchers, 152–153
overloading, causes of audio distortion, 480
owners
distributing scope report to, 306
program meeting attendees, 299–300
owner’s manuals, technical documentation, 298
P
Pa (Pascal ), sound pressure level and, 42–43
PA (public address), 73
packet filtering firewalls, 138
packet loss, network performance, 348–349
packets, Ethernet, 127
paging systems, 73–74
panelboards, in power system, 175
panels, drawings/diagrams, 356
PANs (personal area networks), 124
parabolic antennas, 184
parallel circuits, electrical circuits, 174
parametric equalizer, 64–65
parking/loading, site constraints, 217
Pascal (Pa), sound pressure level and, 42–43
passive viewing
perceived quality of video, 109
viewing tasks, 265
passports, may be required at testing centers, 17
patch-panels, drawings/diagrams, 358
PCM (pulse code modulation), 46
perceived quality, projectors, 108–109
performance, system performance verification, 416–418
permissible area, of conduits, 383–384
personal appearance, face-to-face communication and, 193
personal area networks (PANs), 124
personal protective equipment. See PPE (personal protective equipment)
phantom power, for microphone, 53–54
phase adjustments, aligning digital displays, 115
phone
in areas associated with AV environments, 262
communicating with customers/clients, 196
obtaining client contact information, 192
room features and characteristics, 259
phono plug. See RCA (phono) plug
photons, light theory, 79
Physical layer (Layer 1), OSI model, 131
pickup pattern, microphones, 55–56
picture controls, brightness and contrast, 118
picture elements (pixel)
defined, 88
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 97
ping, troubleshooting networks, 481
Pinyin-translated names, identification documents and, 17
pipe and drape, setting up AV events, 404–405
pixel (picture elements)
defined, 88
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 97
plan drawing view, 229–230
planning meeting, for project scope, 299–301
plates, drawings/diagrams, 356
playback (audio)
system applications, 74
tasks and parameters, 206–207
PMI (Project Management Institute), 429
PMP (Project Management Professional), 429
polar patterns
loudspeakers, 68–69
microphones, 55–56
polar plot
loudspeakers, 68–69
of microphone frequency, 57
polarization, of microphone conductor, 52
polarize, antenna orientation, 183
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) conduit, 382
port-based NAC (802.1x), 138
port forwarding firewalls, 139
postal address, obtaining client contact information, 192
power amplifiers
audio systems, 66–67
expected load impedance, 337–339
number of available channels, 336–337
power (electric)
assessing availability at site, 272–273
characteristics, 172
in control or projection area and presenter area, 261–262
distribution systems, 175–176
ensuring adequate, 287
Ohm’s Law, 173
overview of, 171–172
phantom power for microphone, 53–54
requirements for loudspeakers, 342–344
room features and characteristics, 259
powered/active loudspeakers, loudspeaker configurations, 331
PPE (personal protective equipment)
job site concerns, 369
safety equipment, 225
site safety, 224
preamps, audio, 59
Presentation layer (Layer 6), OSI model, 131
presenter area, technical functions of, 261
preventative maintenance. See also maintenance and repair
documentation of, 423–424
tasks in, 461
prism, imagers and, 88
privacy, handling/retention of personal data, 17–18
processing/processors
audio, 61–63
audio system design, 333–336
digital, 28–29
digital signal processor (DSP), 65–66
display system design, 323–324
producing AV events
loading/unloading equipment for AV events, 403–404
overview of, 402
preparation, 402–403
setting up equipment for AV events, 404–408
striking an event, 424–425
professionalism, of staff, 451
program phase. See also project scope
meeting attendees, 299–300
needs analysis, 201–202
overview of, 294–295
program meeting agenda, 300–301
program report, needs analysis, 201–202
program sources
ensuring access to, 287
identifying audio sources, 330–331
progress reports, project documentation, 439
progressive display, 91
project directories, organizational documentation, 298
project drawings. See drawings (project and other)
project management
budget management, 432–434
coordinating activities, 434–435
coordinating work between trades, 437–438
creating logic network for resource coordination, 430–432
creating work breakdown structure, 430–431
distributing scope report to project managers, 306–307
documentation, 438–441
estimating effort and duration, 432
identifying activities and milestones, 432
kickoff meeting, 435–436
managing activities and resources, 430
monitoring work, 434
overview of, 429
review/review Q&A, 441–442
scheduling, 436–437
status meeting, 436
Project Management Institute (PMI), 429
Project Management Professional (PMP), 429
project scope
conducting client presentation, 308–309
distributing scope report, 306–308
documenting scope in Concept Design/Program Report, 301–306
form following function, 296
gathering facilities information, 296–299
getting approval and next steps, 309–310
needs determining applications, 295–296
overview of, 293–295
planning and coordination meetings, 299–301
preparing client presentation, 308
review/review Q&A, 310–312
Projected Image System Contrast Ratio, AVIXA, 109
projection/projectors. See also display and projection technologies
aligning digital displays, 114–116
brightness and contrast adjustments, 117–118
brightness of projection system, 116–117
inverse square law and, 108
keystone error and correction, 114
mounting projectors, 392–393
optics, 102–104
perceived quality, 108–109
projection systems, 104–106
projector keeps turning off, 478–479
screens, 106–108
setting up AV events, 406
throw distance, 112–113
troubleshooting lack of image, 472–473
viewer placement, 109–112
projection/projectors. See also display and projection technologies
assessing visual display environment, 267–268
brightness of projection system, 116–117
front and rear projection, 106
image quality and, 268–270
technical functions of a space, 261–262
projection screens
horizontal screen size, 266–267
mounting, 393
overview of, 106–108
perceived quality of video, 108–109
setting up AV events, 406–407
public address (PA), 73
publications, keeping staff current in skills and knowledge, 452
pull-through bundle, pulling cable and, 385
pulling cable
best practices, 387–388
overview of, 386
preparing for, 384–385
pulse code modulation (PCM), 46
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) conduit, 382
Q
QoS (quality of service), network performance, 347
quality
perceived quality of projection, 108–109
project management, 429
video signals, 91–92
quantization, noise in CD audio, 46
quartz halogen/QI lamps (tungsten halogen lamps), 104, 271
questions, CTS exam
question-evaluation strategies, 15–16
samples, 12–15
quotes, in budgeting, 305
R
R (resistance), 171–173
raceways, handling and pulling cable, 382
rack. See equipment racks
radio
allocating radio frequencies, 182–183
comparing radio, wireless and radio frequency, 181–182
transmitting/receiving radio waves, 182
radio frequency. See RF (radio frequency)
radio frequency identification (RFID), 447
radio mics, 58–59
ramp voltage, termination for control system, 396
rarefication (decompression) waves, sound waves, 39
RC (room criteria), quantifying noise levels, 282
RCA (phono) plug
cable termination methods, 372
unbalanced electrical circuits and, 72
RCDs (residual current devices), grounding devices, 174, 177
reactance (X), measuring electrical current, 171
rear projection
display considerations, 267
projectors, 106
surfaces, 108
reception area, functional areas associated with AV environments, 262
recorded events, 208
recorded media, 208
recording
requirements of audio systems, 332–333
requirements of video system, 317–319
records, maintenance and repair, 482
“Red Book,” CD-DA specification, 45
red color. See RGB (red, green, blue)
reference flags, drawing symbols, 247
reference level, in decibel measurement, 42–43
reflected ceiling plan
ANSI symbol standard, 246
example, 231
overview of, 229
reflected (spot) meters, measuring light, 80–81
reflection, acoustics and, 49
reflective method, display and projection technologies, 96
reflectivity levels, of interior finishes, 286
reflectors, lamp-based light sources, 103
refraction, projector optics, 103
refractive index, 103
regulations
building regulations, 288
room occupancy, 290
safety codes, 289–290
site safety, 224
relays, termination for control system, 396
religious education centers, identifying client site environment needs, 258
repairs. See also maintenance and repair
billing for, 483
repair and restoration process, 470–471
repairing/replacing AV components, 460–461
request for change (RFC), 439, 441
request for information (RFI), 439
residual current devices (RCDs), grounding devices, 174, 177
resistance (R), 171–173
resolution, computer resolution standards, 94
resources
logic network for coordinating, 430–432
managing, 430
managing stock and materials, 446–449
securing equipment and supplies, 449
restrooms, areas associated with AV environments, 263
retesting, CTS exam, 21
reverberation
issues, 280
RF (radio frequency)
allocating, 182–183
building equipment racks, 377
comparing radio, wireless and radio frequency, 181–182
control, 164
termination for control system, 396
transmitting/receiving radio waves, 182
wireless connections, 129
wireless microphones, 58–59
RFC (request for change), 439, 441
RFI (request for information), 439
RFID (radio frequency identification), 447
RFPs (request for proposals), 309
RGB (red, green, blue)
bit depth of video signals, 91
in color vision, 82–83
computer output, 94
LCDs, 97
LEDs, 98
rigid metal conduit (RMC), 383
ring topology, 125–126
risk, project management, 429
RJ-45
cable termination, 374
control system termination, 395
Ethernet connections, 127
types of connectors, 149–150
RMC (rigid metal conduit), 383
road cases, setting up/breaking down AV events, 424–425
room criteria (RC), quantifying noise levels, 282
rooms
features and characteristics, 258–260
occupancy regulations, 290
routing/routers. See also switching/switches
assessing network readiness, 351
display system design, 322–323
overview of, 136–137
RU (rack unit). See also equipment racks, 154–155, 376
S
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), 388
safe working load (SWL), mounting considerations, 388
safety
building codes, 289–290
electrical, 176–177
equipment, 225
job site, 369
site constraints, 217
site regulations, 224
safety factor, in mounting components, 389
safety ratio, in mounting components, 389
sampling analog and digital signals, 28–29
SANs (storage area networks), 124
saturation/chroma, color dimensions, 82
SC connections, 128
scale, drawing
overview of, 239–240
scale measurements, 240
scale tool, 241
scale ruler, 241
scan rates, for horizontal and vertical signals, 90–91
scene, lighting terminology, 270
schedules, of materials, 238–239
scheduling, in project management, 436–437
schematic diagrams, documenting AV systems, 352
scope of project. See project scope
scoring, CTS exam, 20–21
screen gain, projectors, 107
screens. See projection screens
screens (shields), conductor, 145–146
screw-down, cable termination methods, 370–371
SDI (Serial Digital Interface), 93
seamless switchers, 153
section drawings, 233–237, 247
security. See also safety
infrastructure issues, 206
network, 137–139
site constraints, 217
theft deterrent, 449–450
security guards, 449
seminars, for staff skills and knowledge, 452
sensitive topics, face-to-face communication and, 194
sensitivity
microphone, 56–57
serial digital control, 163
Serial Digital Interface (SDI), 93
series circuits, electrical circuits, 173–174
service agreements, 459
service-level agreements (SLAs), 346–347
Session layer (Layer 5), OSI model, 131
shear load, mounting safety and, 389
shielded twisted pair (STP)
balanced electrical circuits and, 71
microphone cables and connectors, 59
shields (screens), conductor, 145–146
short circuit, 171
Short Message Service (SMS), 453
shotgun microphones, 54
shutter, camera, 88
SI system, converting measurements, 247–248
sightlines
assessing site environment, 268
improving, 284–285
issues, 282–283
room features and characteristics, 259
studies, 283–284
technical functions related to presenter area, 261
viewer placement, 284
signal cabling. See cables
signal flow
checking, 418–419
defined, 143
documenting AV systems, 352–354
troubleshooting strategies, 469
signal-management systems
cable types, 147–148
comparing wire and cable, 143–144
conductors, 144–145
connectors, 148–150
distance limits, 151
distribution amplifiers, 153–154
insulation, 145
jackets, 146–147
overview of, 143
rack design/construction, 154–155
review/review Q&A, 155–157
shields, 145–146
signal integrity, 151
switchers, 152–153
signals
signal integrity, 151
signal separation in equipment racks, 155, 379–380
troubleshooting Internet connectivity issues, 478
signals, audio
balanced and unbalanced electrical circuits, 70–72
checking signal levels, 69–70
compatibility and adjustments, 60
decibels in measuring, 42–43
defined, 143
feedback, 72
logarithmic measurement, 42
overview of, 59–60
signals, video
addressing issues, 323
bit depth, 91
calculating signal bandwidth, 94–95
color signals, 89
creating digital image, 94
defined, 143
determining analog signal bandwidth, 324
digital signals, 92–94
horizontal and vertical sync, 89–90
identifying display signal sources, 320–322
scan rates for horizontal and vertical signals, 90–91
signal quality and bandwidth, 91–92
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 351
single-channel recording, 332
single-chip DLP, video projection systems, 105
single-ended circuits, balanced electrical circuits, 71
single-mode fiber optics, 128, 147
site evaluation
assessing acoustics, 263–264
assessing data system capability, 273
assessing HVAC components, 273–274
assessing lighting, 271–272
assessing power availability, 272–273
assessing services, 272
assessing visual environment, 265
audience sightlines, 268
functions of associated spaces, 262–263
horizontal screen size, 266–267
identifying cable access locations, 273
identifying client needs, 256
image quality, 268–270
image size, 265–266
overview of, 255
projection and display considerations, 267–268
review/review Q&A, 274–277
room features and characteristics, 258–260
technical functions of a space, 260–262
types of spaces, 256–258
viewing tasks, 265
site plans. See also drawings, 214–216
site recommendations
acoustic issues, 280–281
building regulation issues, 288
building services issues, 287
building structure/substructure issues, 287
disabilities and access issues, 288–289
fire codes, 288
interior finish and furniture issues, 286–287
lighting issues, 286
noise management, 281–282
overview of, 279
review/review Q&A, 290–291
room occupancy regulations, 290
safety codes, 289–290
sightline issues, 282–285
site surveys
architectural drawing abbreviations, 241–242
architectural drawing symbols, 242–247
CAD systems and drawing units, 241
calculating area and volume, 248–249
checklist, 226–228
converting measurements, 247–248
drawing dates, 238–239
drawing scales, 239–241
elevation drawings, 232
gathering site information, 225
health and safety issues, 223–224
interpreting site layout drawings, 228–229
overview of, 223
plan drawing view, 229–230
reflected ceiling plan, 229, 231
review/review Q&A, 249–254
safety equipment, 225
safety regulations, 224
section drawings, 233–237
title blocks and drawing schedules, 233, 238–239
sites
benchmarking visits, 212
constraints on on-site work, 216–217
job site safety concerns, 369
monitoring client sites, 452–453
monitoring work, 434
skills, staff, 451
SLAs (service-level agreements), 346–347
SMEs (subject-matter experts)
in creation of CTS exam, 9–10
evolution of CTS exam over time, 10–11
purpose of CTS exam, 5
SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers), 93
SMS (Short Message Service), 453
snake cables, microphones, 59
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 351
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 388
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), 93
soldering, cable termination methods, 372
solid conductors, 144
solid-state light sources, for projectors, 104
sound capture. See also microphones, 51
sound isolation, 262
sound levels
logarithms, 42
measuring, 328–330
sound-masking (speech privacy) systems, 74
sound pressure level. See SPL (sound pressure level)
sound reflection, acoustic issues, 49, 280
sound reinforcement
audio system applications, 73
setting up AV events, 405
uses of loudspeakers, 67
sound reproduction, with loudspeakers, 67
Sound System Spectral Balance, audio standards, 325
sound systems. See audio systems
sound waves
bands and octaves, 40
decibels, 42–43
frequency, 39–40
harmonics, 41
logarithms, 41–42
overview of, 37–38
wavelength, 38–39
spaces. See also site evaluation; site recommendations
allocation in AV design and installation, 206
AV tasks and parameters, 208
planning, 302
Speakon (NL4) connectors, 149–150
specular reflection, acoustics and, 49
speech reinforcement, 207
spherical aberration, projector optics, 103
SPL (sound pressure level)
in decibel measurement, 42–43
determining, 342–343
microphone sensitivity, 56–57
power requirements for loudspeakers, 343–344
sound measurements, 328–329
uniformity of, 329–330
sports complexes, identifying client site environment needs, 258
spot (reflected) meters, measuring light, 80–81
ST connections, 128
stability, audio system parameters, 326, 330
stadiums, identifying client site environment needs, 258
staff
resources for, 451–452
training, 419–420
stakeholders
distributing scope report to, 306–307
program meeting attendees, 299–300
standards. See also by individual types
organizational documentation, 298
technical documentation, 299
star topology, 124–125
static display systems, 259
static IP addresses, 134–135, 401–402
status meeting, 436
step-down/step-up transformers, 340
stock, managing stock and materials, 446–449
storage area networks (SANs), 124
storage cases, setting up/breaking down AV events, 424–425
STP (shielded twisted pair)
balanced electrical circuits and, 71
microphone cables and connectors, 59
stranded conductors, 144–145
streaming architectures, 47–48
striking an event, 424–425
stripping, cable stripping, 370
structural mountings, room features and characteristics, 260
studying, for CTS exam, 11–12
subject-matter experts. See SMEs (subject-matter experts)
subnetting/subnet masks
configuring networked AV systems, 399
defined, 400
function of, 134
networking technology issues, 349
subsystems, troubleshooting strategies, 469
subtractive mixing, in color vision, 83
subwoofers
crossover devices, 68
loudspeaker configurations, 331
supercardioid microphones, 56
supplies
managing levels of stock and materials, 446–449
securing equipment and supplies, 449
working with suppliers, 446
surface mounted (boundary) microphones, 54
surfaces (walls), noise management, 281–282
surveys. See site surveys
swapping, troubleshooting strategies, 468
switchers
inputs/outputs, 152–153
overview of, 152
types of, 153
switching/switches. See also routing/routers
display system design, 322–323
overview of, 136–137
SWL (safe working load), mounting considerations, 388
symbols, drawing
grid system symbols, 243
match lines, 243
overview of, 242–243
reference flags, 247
symptoms, identifying problem areas, 467
synchronization signals (sync), video signals, 89–91
system
checking functional categories, 416–417
checking signal flow, 418–419
control, 208
descriptions in Concept Design/Program Report, 302–303
documenting, 352
example of system drawing, 355
performance verification process, 417–418
updates, 409
warranties, 458
system design. See designing AV solutions
T
T568-A, Ethernet wiring, 127–128
T568-B, Ethernet wiring, 127–128
tasks. See also activities
AV tasks and parameters, 205–208
coordinating activities, 434–435
preventative maintenance, 461
program meeting agenda, 300
viewing, 265
tasks/duties, CTS exam, 10–11
TCP/IP model
assembling control systems, 396–397
layers of, 132
networked control systems, 165
technical documentation, 298–299
technical functions, of a space, 260–262
technical power system, 175
technology managers, 306
technology trends, 300–301
telecommunications, 207
tensile load, mounting considerations, 390
termination/terminators
cable termination, 369–374
Ethernet connections, 127–128
evaluating/testing, 375
fiber-optic connections, 128
microphone connectors, 59
testing equipment, 461–462
THD (total harmonic distortion), 328
theft deterrent, 449–450
throw distance, projectors, 112–113
time, project management, 429
title blocks, of drawings, 233, 238–239
tone generator, troubleshooting networks, 481
topology, network, 124–126
total harmonic distortion (THD), 328
traceroute/tracert, troubleshooting networks, 481
trade shows, keeping staff current in skills and knowledge, 452
trades (construction), coordinating work between, 437–438
training
ongoing, 451–452
staff and users, 419–420
training rooms
facilities needed, 203
identifying client site environment needs, 257
transducers, identifying audio sources, 330
transformers
connections for constant-voltage systems, 341
types of, 340
transmission
analog and digital signals, 32–33
of sound energy, 50
transmissive method, display and projection technologies, 95
Transport layer (Layer 4), OSI model, 131
Transport layer, TCP/IP model, 132
tri-amplification, loudspeaker configurations, 331
troubleshooting AV systems
audio distortion, 480–481
billing for repairs, 483
control panel locked, 475
feedback, 474–475
identifying the problem, 467–468
maintenance and repair records, 482
microphone not working, 479–480
network troubleshooting tools, 481–482
no image, 472–473
no Internet connection, 478
no sound, 473–474
optical disc won’t run, 476–477
overview of, 465
preparing for, 466–467
problems and solutions, 471–472
process for, 467
projector keeps turning off, 478–479
repair and restoration process, 470–471
review/review Q&A, 483–486
scenario for, 469–470
selecting a strategy, 468–469
video disc won’t play, 476
troughs, pulling cable and, 384
TRS connectors, 72
tungsten halogen lamps (quartz halogen/QI lamps), 104, 271
tweeters, crossover devices, 68
twisted-pair cable. See also STP (shielded twisted pair), 147
two-way/three-way, with passive crossover, loudspeaker configurations, 331
U
UC (unified communications), VPNs and, 401
UHF (ultrahigh frequency), radio frequency, 183
unicast streaming, 47
unidirectional (cardioid) microphones, 56
unidirectional communication, control signals, 162
unified communications (UC), VPNs and, 401
uniformity, of SPL, 329–330
units, CAD systems and drawing units, 241
unity gain
projectors, 107
signal level adjustments, 60
Universal Serial Bus. See USB (Universal Serial Bus)
unmanaged switches, 136
updates, 409
U.S. Customary measurement, converting to metric, 247–248
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
digital video formats, 94
serial digital control, 164
termination for control system, 396
types of connectors, 149–150
users, training, 419–420
V
V. See voltage (V)
value/brightness, color dimensions, 82
value engineering, 359–360
variable-voltage control, 162
VDAs (video distribution amplifiers), 153–154
vectorscope, 317
vehicle parking/loading, site constraints, 217
velocity, relationship to frequency and wavelength, 40
vending area, areas associated with AV environments, 263
vendors
keeping staff current in skills and knowledge, 452
working with, 446
ventilation, rooms features and characteristics, 259
versatility, technical functions related to presenter area, 261
vertical antennas, 184–185
vertical interval switching, 89
vertical scan rates, video signals, 90–91
vertical sync
full-bandwidth signals, 92
scan rates for video signals, 90–91
video signals, 89–90
vertically polarized, antenna orientation, 183–184
very high frequency (VHF), radio frequency, 183
VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association), 94
VGA (HD15) connectors, 149–150
VHF (very high frequency), radio frequency, 183
video disc, troubleshooting, 476
video distribution amplifiers (VDAs), 153–154
Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), 94
video signals. See signals, video
video systems. See also display system design
aligning digital displays, 114–116
ambient light, 85
aspect ratio, 100–102
audio for video conferencing, 74
bit depth of video signals, 91
brightness and contrast adjustments, 117–118
brightness of projection system, 116–117
calculating signal bandwidth, 94–95
camera processing and projection images, 85–89
color dimensions, 82
color rendering index, 84
color signals, 89
color temperature, 83–84
color vision, 82–83
creating digital image, 94
digital video, 92–94
display and projection technologies, 95–97
flat-panel technologies, 97–98
front and rear projection, 106
horizontal and vertical sync, 89–90
image capture, 85
inverse square law, 82
inverse square law and projection, 108
keystone error and correction, 114
light and, 79
light measurement, 79–82
perceived quality, 108–109
positioning displays in room, 98–100
projected images, 102
projection screens, 106–108
projection systems, 104–106
projector optics, 102–104
review/review Q&A, 118–122
room features and characteristics, 259
scan rates for horizontal and vertical signals, 90–91
signal quality and bandwidth, 91–92
throw distance, 112–113
troubleshooting lack of image, 472–473
viewer placement, 109–112
video walls, 267–268
videoconferencing
AV tasks and parameters, 208
identifying client site environment needs, 257
troubleshooting feedback issues, 474
viewer placement
projectors and, 109–112
sightline issues, 284
viewing angle, considerations in viewer placement, 110, 284
viewing cone, considerations in viewer placement, 284
viewing distance
projectors and, 111–112
viewer placement, 284
views, drawing
elevation drawings, 232
overview of, 229
plan drawings, 229–230
reflected ceiling plan, 229, 231
section drawings, 233–237
title blocks and drawing schedules, 233
virtual local area networks. See VLANs (virtual local area networks)
virtual private networks (VPNs), 349, 401
visual acuity, 265–266
visual environment, assessing site environment, 265
visuals
technical functions related to audience area, 260
troubleshooting lack of image, 472–473
VLANs (virtual local area networks)
configuring networked AV systems, 400
networking technology issues, 349
types of networks, 124
voice
technical functions of control or projection area, 262
technical functions related to presenter area, 261
voltage (V)
characteristics, 172
in condenser microphones, 52
electrical potential difference, 169–171
Ohm’s Law, 172–173
volume, calculating area and volume, 248–249
VPNs (virtual private networks), 349, 401
W
wall plates, for video sources, 322
walls, interior finish issues, 286
WANs (wide area networks), 124, 347
warehouse, 446
WAV (Waveform Audio File), 46
waveforms
analog and digital, 27–28
harmonics, 41
monitoring display systems, 317
wavelength
light, 79
relationship to frequency and velocity, 40
of sound waves, 38–39
WavPack lossless compression, 46
WBS (work breakdown structure), 430–431
weather, cancellation of CTS exam, 20
weight
mounting consideration, 388–389
weight distribution of equipment racks, 377
wheel chairs, accessibility regulations, 289
Wi-Fi (wireless connections)
connections, 128–129
network troubleshooting tools, 481
overview of, 128–129
RF control options, 164
room features and characteristics, 259
tracking RF spectrum, 183
wide angle lens, camera, 85
wide area networks (WANs), 124, 347
Windows OS control system, 398
windows, room features and characteristics, 258
wire
comparing wire and cable, 143–144
insulation, 145
wireless
comparing radio, wireless, and radio frequency, 181–182
tracking RF spectrum, 183
wireless connections. See Wi-Fi (wireless connections)
wireless local area networks (WLANs), 124
wireless microphones, 58–59
wireless radio systems
allocating radio frequencies, 182–183
antennas, 183–185
comparing radio, wireless and radio frequency, 181–182
overview of, 181
review/review Q&A, 185–187
transmitting/receiving radio waves, 182
wiring
diagrams, 357
electrical, 339–340
WLANs (wireless local area networks), 124
WLL (working load limit), 388
woofers, crossover devices, 68
work
coordinating work between trades, 437–438
health and safety requirements. See sites
monitoring work, 434
work breakdown structure (WBS), 430–431
working load limit (WLL), 388
workstations, presenter area and, 261
writing, communicating with customers, 197
X
X (reactance), measuring electrical current, 171
XC (capacitive reactance), measuring electrical current, 171
xenon arc, 104
XLR connectors
cable termination methods, 372
microphone cables and connectors, 59
unbalanced electrical circuits and, 72
XR (inductive reactance), measuring electrical current, 171
Z
Zigbee, RF control options, 164
zone, lighting terminology, 270
zoom lens, camera, 85