Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “b,” “f,” and “t” refer to boxes, figures, and tables, respectively.
A
Absorption
mechanism of nitric acid production in,
328f
atmospheric pollution,
103
argon separation and purification,
97,
98f
simple column with recycle,
89
Air liquefaction
cascade cycle for,
86,
87f
physical separation,
65–67
Air separation technologies, comparison of,
102t
Algae growth reactors,
413f
Alternative technologies,
16
catalyzed production of,
236f
Kellogg process for production of,
250f
explosion limit for ammonia–oxygen mixtures,
314
factors that affect catalyst losses,
313–314
reaction kinetics and mechanism,
314–318
nitrogen peroxide equilibrium,
323–325
Anaerobic digestion (AD),
430
Aniline,
Antoine correlation,
43,
104
Argon separation and purification,
97,
98f
Aromatic polyamide membranes,
151
Atmospheric pollution,
103
Axial flow converters,
240
B
Badische Anilin und Soda Fabric (BASF),
Barley beer,
Beer multieffect column,
433f
production, using solid catalysts,
437f
polymerization processes,
414
hydrocarbon and alcohol mixture separation,
436–437
penicillin purification,
439
Bipolar electrolyzers,
159
Block flow diagrams,
33,
33f
Block flow process diagram,
33,
34f
Bubbling-type fluidized bed,
214–215
Businesses in the chemical industry,
12f
C
Calcium carbide,
Calcium carbonate, lime production from,
181–187
Carbon dioxide
capture,
13,
61–62,
186,
187f,
224,
224–225,
224f,
228f,
255,
255–256,
411–412
for air liquefaction,
87f
energy consumption in,
87t
Cellulosic membranes,
151
Chemical equilibrium,
42–43
Chemical industry, businesses in,
12f
industrial revolution,
5–8
siderurgy,
sodium carbonate industry—soda processes,
sulfuric acid industry,
textile industry,
coal gasification,
nitric acid industry,
petrochemical industry,
9–10
polymers,
lower middle ages,
prehistory,
renewable and nonconventional-based development,
10
equipment involved in accidents in,
51f
mass and energy balances review,
39–49
equation-based approach,
40–49
optimization and process control,
49
principles of process design,
17–32
hierarchy decomposition,
17
superstructure optimization,
17
process engineering,
13–17
mass and energy balances,
16
process sustainability,
54–55
integrated production–protection strategy,
54–55
safe process design,
50–54
detailed design review,
53–54
preliminary hazard review,
52
process hazard review,
53
Chemical water purification,
157,
157f
Chile saltpeter,
Circulating-type fluidized bed,
214–215
for air liquefaction,
83f,
83f
absorption isotherm and capacity of molecular sieves for,
228f
Coal gasification,
Coal-based syngas production,
207f
Column sequencing, heuristics for,
20–24
Contact method, for sulfuric acid production,
366–397,
366f
mixing tanks: heat of solution,
394–397
construction materials,
373
Control instruments and data legend,
39,
39f
Converter
Countercurrent tube-cooled converter (TVA converter),
243f
simple column with recycle,
89
Linde–Hampson air liquefaction cycle,
67–82,
75f
D
Darvy, Abraham,
Dephlogisticated air,
62–63
technologies based on salts separation,
156–157
technologies based on water separation,
131–156
extraction using solvents,
149
Direct cooled multibed reactors,
270f
level 1: batch versus continuous process,
18
level 2: input–output structure,
18
level 4: separation structure,
19–24
synthesis of distillation sequences,
20–24
level 5: heat recovery and integration,
24
heat exchanger networks,
25–32
Dry reforming and autoreforming,
223
Dual
nitric acid dual process,
301
E
Economic sustainability,
54
Emission control and building issues,
339–340
Emulsion polymerization,
414
Energy consumption
Engineering materials, evolution of,
2f
Enthalpy of reaction,
41–42
Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant, computing,
323
Equilibrium relationships,
42–47
chemical equilibrium,
42–43
gas–liquid equilibrium,
43–47
liquid–liquid equilibrium,
47
Ethanol
three-effect evaporation system,
132f
Evolution of chemical industry,
1–10
industrial revolution,
5–8
siderurgy,
sodium carbonate industry,
sulfuric acid industry,
textile industry,
coal gasification,
nitric acid industry,
petrochemical industry,
9–10
polymers,
lower middle ages,
prehistory,
renewable and nonconventional-based development,
10
Explosives,
Extraction using solvents,
149
F
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME),
425,
426
FERCO/Battelle gasifier system,
216f
ethanol production via,
432
Fischer–Tropsch (FT) technology, for fuel and hydrocarbon production,
263–283,
425
methanol to gasoline (MTG),
282–283
syngas reaction to Fischer–Tropsch liquids,
276–281
product upgrading and refinery processes,
280–281
syngas production and synthesis,
279
G
partial oxidation (gas generator),
203–204
steam processing (water gas),
204–213
Gas-heated reformers, advantages of,
220t
coal,
Gas–liquid equilibrium,
43–47
Gas–Solid–Solid Trickle Flow Reactor (GSSTFR),
273
Glucose fermentation,
421
Gossage, William,
Graphic process diagram,
34,
34f
H
Haldor–Topsoe process, for ammonia production,
256–263,
256f
Hausen’s diagram,
64,
64f
HCl production from NaCl (Mannheim process),
181
Heat exchanger networks (HENs),
24,
25–32
multieffect columns,
31–32
utilities minimization,
25–28
Heavy Gasoline Treater (HGT),
283
High-pressure process,
306f
High-temperature sweet shifting,
205
Homogeneous acid catalysts,
426
Humidity
Hydrocarbon and alcohol mixture separation,
436–437
Hydrocarbon and synthesis fuel production FT,
223–230
removal of carbon oxides,
230
removal of CO (ammonia synthesis),
230
cryogenic separation,
229
mineral storage and capture,
229
pressure swing adsorption (PSA),
227–228
water removal (ammonia synthesis),
230
Hydrocarbons, steam reforming of,
217–222
Hydrochloric acid,
Hydrogen, ,
63,
102,
158,
159–160,
160,
161,
161–163,
201–203,
203,
218f,
238,
244–248
Hydrogen and H
2:CO mixture production,
201–223
dry reforming and autoreforming,
223
gas generator—water gas method,
203–213
steam reforming of hydrocarbons,
217–222
thermal decomposition/partial oxidation,
217
I
Indirect cooled converter,
271f
Industrial revolution,
5–8
siderurgy,
sodium carbonate industry,
sulfuric acid industry,
textile industry,
coal gasification,
nitric acid industry,
petrochemical industry,
9–10
polymers,
Intensive method for sulfuric acid production,
356–365,
357f
Isentropic efficiency,
82
J
Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI),
54
Joule-Thompson (Kelvin) effect,
63
K
Kellogg four-bed vertical quench converter,
240f
Kellogg process, for ammonia production,
249,
250f
Kellogg-type converter,
270
Kinetics
Kinetics and reactor design,
48
Kinetics of the reaction,
323
Kuhlmann, Frédéric,
L
Le Chatelier’s principle,
312
Leblanc process, , , ,
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),
54
enzymatic pretreatment,
411
Lime production from calcium carbonate,
181–187
Linde’s block diagram,
68f
Linde’s cycle
energy consumption in,
67t
in Mollier’s diagram,
69f
argon separation and purification,
97,
98f
Linde–Hampson air liquefaction cycle,
67–82,
75f
Linde–Hampson cycle with precooling,
74–75,
75f
Liquid–liquid equilibrium,
47
Liquid–liquid separation,
19
Lower middle ages,
Low-temperature sweet shifting,
205
M
Mass and energy balances,
16,
39–49
equation-based approach,
40–49
design equations for the units,
49
equilibrium relationships,
42–47
kinetics and reactor design,
48
mass, heat, and momentum transfer,
47–48
Medium-pressure process,
303f
Melted NaCl, electrochemical decomposition of,
179
Membrane
Membrane gas separation,
101f
Membranes, in reverse osmosis,
151
Methanation (ammonia synthesis),
230
Methane steam reforming,
217
Methanol to gasoline (MTG),
282–283
Mineral coal,
Mixed alcohol synthesis,
425
Modular simulation,
49,
49f
Multieffect
Murdoch, William,
N
NaCl solutions, Dühring diagram for,
133f
NaOH solutions
Dühring diagram for,
135f
National Energy Renewable Lab (NREL),
409
emission control and building issues,
339–340
major products from,
300f
Nitric acid industry,
Nitrogen
Noncryogenic air separation,
99–102
chemical-based processes,
102
pressure swing adsorption cycles,
99–100
O
Oil extraction, process for
Optimization and process control,
49
Oxygen, properties of,
62
P
Petrochemical industry,
9–10
gas–liquid equilibrium,
43–47
liquid–liquid equilibrium,
47
Phillips, Peregrine, ,
366
thermodynamic representation of,
85f
Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy,
10
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram,
34–35,
37f
Plug flow/packed bed reactors,
48
Cis-1,4-Polyisoprene,
414
Polymers,
Polytropic compression,
42
Pressure
Principles of process design,
17–32
hierarchy decomposition,
17
superstructure optimization,
17
Process sustainability,
54–55
integrated production–protection strategy,
54–55
Propane steam reforming,
221b
Q
R
Radial flow converters,
240
Rectisol process (Lurgi),
227
Renewable and nonconventional-based development,
10
membrane characteristics,
151
operation of membrane modules,
153–156
types of membranes by materials,
151
Rice beer,
polymerization processes,
414
Rutherford, Daniel,
62–63
S
Safe process design,
50–54
detailed design review,
53–54
preliminary hazard review,
52
process hazard review,
53
Salts precipitated by solar evaporation,
165t
Seawater
extraction using solvents,
149
technologies based on separation of salts,
156–157
technologies based on water separation,
131–156
electrochemical decomposition of melted NaCl,
179
electrolytic decomposition of NaCl in solution,
179–181
production and use of sodium carbonate,
166–179
production of HCl from NaCl (Mannheim process),
181
production of lime from calcium carbonate,
181–187
thermochemical cycles for water splitting,
163–165
family of the oxides,
164
Second-generation bioethanol production
reactions and conversions in,
416t
process for oil extraction from,
412f
Siderurgy,
Simple column with recycle,
89
Social sustainability,
54
Soda processes,
production via Leblanc’s process,
166–169
chemical history of the process,
169–170
Sodium carbonate industry,
electrochemical decomposition of melted NaCl,
179
electrolytic decomposition of NaCl in solution,
179–181
production of HCl from NaCl (Mannheim process),
181
production of lime from calcium carbonate,
181–187
production via Leblanc’s process,
166–169
production via Solvay’s process,
169–175
salts precipitated by,
165t
Specific moisture,
43,
103
Specific molar moisture,
103
overheated steam (10 bar–150 bar),
455–456
overheated steam (up to 10 bar),
455
Steam reforming of hydrocarbons,
217–222
enzymatic pretreatment,
411
Sulfur
Sulfur trioxide (SO
3),
348
health and safety issues,
348
Sulfuric acid industry,
distribution of, across regions,
349f
double-stage absorption process for,
368f
single-stage absorption process for,
367f
Sustainable development,
54
hydrogen and H
2:CO mixture production,
201–223
dry reforming and autoreforming,
223
steam reforming of hydrocarbons,
217–222
thermal decomposition/partial oxidation,
217
hydrocarbon and synthesis fuel production FT,
223–230
removal of carbon oxides,
230
removal of CO (ammonia synthesis),
230
water removal (ammonia synthesis),
230
Fischer–Tropsch technology for fuel and hydrocarbon production,
263–283
methanol to gasoline (MTG),
282–283
syngas reaction to Fischer–Tropsch liquids,
276–281
T
Tank-type electrolyzers,
159
Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA),
99
Texaco syngas generation process (TSGP),
255,
255f
Textile industry,
Thermal decomposition/partial oxidation,
217
Thermochemical biomass processing,
407f
Thermochemical cycles for water splitting,
163–165
Thermodynamic representation of Phillips’s cycle,
85f
Transesterification reaction,
425–426
U
Uhde’s medium-pressure process flowsheet,
303
Unit energy consumption,
158
V
Vacuum-insulated tanks and dewars,
99f
Volatile fatty acids (VFA),
431
W
consumption per capita,
126f
distribution on earth,
126t
seawater
thermochemical cycles for water splitting,
163–165
Water separation, technologies based on,
131–156
extraction using solvents,
149
Water splitting, thermochemical cycles for,
163–165
Water–sulfuric acid system,
349–351
Watt, James,
Wilkinson, John,
Willson, Thomas L.,
Wöhler, Friedrich,
X
Z
Ziegler–Natta catalysts,
415