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Symbols and Abbreviations
by Bronislaw Tomczuk, Zbigniew J. Piech, Jacek F. Gieras
Linear Synchronous Motors, 2nd Edition
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to the 2nd Edition
About the Authors
1 Topologies and Selection
1.1 Definitions, Geometry, and Thrust Generation
1.2 Linear Synchronous Motor Topologies
1.2.1 Permanent Magnet Motors with Active Reaction Rail
1.2.2 PM Motors with Passive Reaction Rail
1.2.3 Motors with Electromagnetic Excitation
1.2.4 Motors with Superconducting Excitation System
1.2.5 Variable Reluctance Motors
1.2.6 Stepping Motors
1.2.7 Switched Reluctance Motors
1.3 Calculation of Forces
1.4 Linear Motion
1.4.1 Speed-Time Curve
1.4.2 Thrust-Time Curve
1.4.3 Dynamics
1.4.4 Hamilton’s Principle
1.4.5 Euler–Lagrange Equation
1.4.6 Traction
1.5 Selection of Linear Motors
Examples
2 Materials and Construction
2.1 Materials
2.2 Laminated Ferromagnetic Cores
2.2.1 Electrical Sheet-Steels
2.2.2 High-Saturation Ferromagnetic Alloys
2.2.3 Permalloys
2.2.4 Amorphous Materials
2.2.5 Solid Ferromagnetic Materials
2.2.6 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites
2.3 Permanent Magnets
2.3.1 Demagnetization Curve
2.3.2 Magnetic Parameters
2.3.3 Magnetic Flux Density in the Air Gap
2.3.4 Properties of Permanent Magnets
2.4 Conductors
2.4.1 Magnet Wire
2.4.2 Resistivity and Conductivity.
2.5 Insulation Materials
2.5.1 Classes of Insulation
2.5.2 Commonly Used Insulating Materials
2.5.3 Impregnation
2.6 Principles of Superconductivity
2.7 Superconducting Wires.
2.7.1 Classification of HTS Wires
2.7.2 HTS Wires Manufactured by American Superconductors
2.7.3 HTS Wires Manufactured by SuperPower
2.8 Laminated Stacks
2.9 Armature Windings of Slotted Cores
2.10 Slotless Armature Systems.
2.11 Electromagnetic Excitation Systems
2.12 Permanent Magnet Excitation Systems
2.13 Superconducting Excitation Systems
2.14 Hybrid Linear Stepping Motors
Examples
3 Theory of Linear Synchronous Motors
3.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
3.1.1 Magnetic Field of the Armature Winding
3.1.2 Form Factors and Reaction Factors
3.1.3 Synchronous Reactance
3.1.4 Voltage Induced
3.1.5 Electromagnetic Power and Thrust
3.1.6 Minimization of d-axis Armature Current
3.1.7 Thrust Ripple
3.1.8 Magnetic Circuit
3.1.9 Direct Calculation of Thrust
3.2 Motors with Superconducting Excitation Coils
3.3 Double-Sided LSM with Inner Moving Coil
3.4 Variable Reluctance Motors
3.5 Switched Reluctance Motors
Examples
4 FEM Analysis
4.1 Fundamental Equations of Electromagnetic Field
4.1.1 Magnetic Field Vector Potential
4.1.2 Electromagnetic Forces
4.1.3 Inductances
4.1.4 Magnetic Scalar Potential
4.1.5 Magnetic Energy and Coenergy
4.2 FEM Modeling
4.2.1 3D Modeling in Cartesian Coordinate System
4.2.2 2D Modeling of Axisymmetrical Problems
4.2.3 Commercial FEM Packages
4.3 Time-Stepping FEM Analysis
4.4 FEM Analysis of Three-Phase PM LSM
4.4.1 Geometry
4.4.2 Specifications of Investigated Prototypes of PM LSMs169
4.4.3 Approach to Computation
4.4.4 Discretization of LSM Area in 2D
4.4.5 2D Electromagnetic Field Analysis
4.4.6 Calculation of Integral Parameters
Examples
5 Hybrid and Special Linear Permanent Magnet Motors
5.1 Permanent Magnet Hybrid Motors.
5.1.1 Finite Element Approach.
5.1.2 Reluctance Network Approach
5.1.3 Experimental Investigation
5.2 Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors
5.2.1 Geometry
5.2.2 2D Discretization and Mesh Generation
5.2.3 2D Electromagnetic Field Analysis
5.2.4 3D Electromagnetic Field Analysis
5.2.5 Electromagnetic Thrust and Thrust Ripple
5.2.6 Experimental Verification
5.3 Tubular Linear Reluctance Motors
5.4 Linear Oscillatory Actuators
5.4.1 2D Electromagnetic Field Analysis
5.4.2 Magnetic Flux, Force, and Inductance
Examples
6 Motion Control
6.1 Control of AC Motors
6.2 EMF and Thrust of PM Synchronous and Brushless Motors
6.2.1 Sine-Wave Motors
6.2.2 Square-Wave (Trapezoidal) Motors
6.3 Model of PM Motor in dq Reference Frame
6.4 Thrust and Speed Control of PM Motors
6.4.1 Open Loop Control
6.4.2 Closed Loop Control
6.4.3 Zero Direct-Axis Current Control
6.4.4 Flux-Weakening Control
6.4.5 Direct Thrust Control
6.4.6 Fuzzy Control
6.5 Control of Hybrid Stepping Motors
6.5.1 Microstepping
6.5.2 Electronic Controllers
6.6 Precision Linear Positioning
Examples
7 Sensors
7.1 Linear Optical Sensors
7.1.1 Incremental Encoders
7.1.2 Absolute Encoders
7.1.3 Data Matrix Code Identification and Positioning System
7.2 Linear Magnetic Encoders
7.2.1 Construction
7.2.2 Noise Cancelation
7.2.3 Signal Interpolation Process
7.2.4 Transmission of Speed and Position Signals
7.2.5 LVDT Linear Position Sensors
Examples
8 High-Speed Maglev Transport
8.1 Electromagnetic and Electrodynamic Levitation
8.2 Transrapid System (Germany)
8.2.1 Background
8.2.2 Propulsion, Support, and Guidance
8.2.3 Guideway
8.2.4 Power Supply
8.2.5 Vehicle
8.2.6 Control System of Electromagnets
8.2.7 The Future of Transrapid System
8.2.8 History of Transrapid Maglev System in Germany
8.3 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line in Japan
8.3.1 Background
8.3.2 Location of Yamanashi Maglev Test Line
8.3.3 Principle of Operation
8.3.4 Guideway
8.3.5 Vehicle
8.3.6 Superconducting Electromagnet
8.3.7 Power Conversion Substation
8.3.8 Brakes
8.3.9 Boarding System
8.3.10 Control System
8.3.11 Communication System
8.3.12 Experiments
8.3.13 History of Superconducting Maglev Transportation Technology in Japan
8.4 American Urban Maglev
8.5 Swissmetro
8.5.1 Assumptions
8.5.2 Pilot Project
8.6 Marine Express
Examples
9 Building and Factory Transportation Systems
9.1 Elevator Hoisting Machines
9.1.1 Linear-Motor-Driven Elevator Cars
9.1.2 Elevator with Linear Motor in the Pit
9.1.3 Linear Motor in Counterweight
9.1.4 Conventional versus Linear-Motor-Driven Elevator
9.2 Ropeless Elevators
9.2.1 Vertical Transport in Ultrahigh Buildings
9.2.2 Assessment of Hoist Performance
9.2.3 Construction of Ropeless Elevators
9.2.4 Operation
9.2.5 First Prototypes
9.2.6 Brakes
9.3 Horizontal Transportation Systems
9.3.1 Guidelines for Installation
9.3.2 Construction
9.3.3 Applications
Examples
10 Industrial Automation Systems
10.1 Automation of Manufacturing Processes
10.2 Ball Lead Screws
10.2.1 Basic Parameters
10.2.2 Ball Lead Screw Drives
10.2.3 Replacement of Ball Screws with LSMs
10.3 Linear Positioning Stages
10.4 Gantry Robots
10.5 Material Handling
10.5.1 Monorail Material Handling System
10.5.2 Semiconductor Wafer Transport
10.5.3 Capsule-Filling Machine
10.6 Machining Processes
10.6.1 Machining Centers
10.6.2 Aircraft Machining
10.7 Welding and Thermal Cutting
10.7.1 Friction Welding
10.7.2 Welding Robots
10.7.3 Thermal Cutting
10.8 Surface Treatment and Finishing
10.8.1 Electrocoating
10.8.2 Laser Scribing Systems
10.8.3 Application of Flux-Switching PM Linear Motors
10.9 2D Orientation of Plastic Films
10.10 Testing
10.10.1 Surface Roughness Measurement
10.10.2 Generator of Vibration
10.11 Industrial Laser Applications
Examples
Appendix A Magnetic Circuits with Permanent Magnets
A.1 Approximation of Demagnetization Curve and Recoil Line
A.2 Operating Diagram
A.2.1 Construction of the Operating Diagram
A.2.2 Magnetization without Armature
A.2.3 Magnetization with Armature
A.2.4 Equivalent Magnetic Circuit
Appendix B Calculations of Permeances
B.1 Field Plotting
B.2 Dividing the Magnetic Field into Simple Solids
B.3 Prisms and Cylinders Located in an Open Space
Appendix C Performance Calculations for PM LSMs
Appendix D Field-Network Simulation of Dynamic Characteristics of PM LSMs
Symbols and Abbreviations
References
Patents
Index
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Appendix D Field-Network Simulation of Dynamic Characteristics of PM LSMs
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