Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Medium- and High-Power Switching Converters
1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters
1.1.2 Transportation Electrification Systems
1.1.3 Traditional Industrial Applications
1.1.3.2 Grid-Tied Power Supplies
1.4 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation
1.4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Inference
1.4.5 Frequency and Voltage Variations
1.4.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid
1.5 Multiconverter Power Electronic Systems
PART I Conventional Power Converters
Chapter 2 High-Power Semiconductor Devices
2.1 A View on the Power Semiconductor Market
2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.3.2.2 Optimal Design of the Gate Resistor
2.6 Gate Turn-off Thyristors (GTOs)
2.7.2 High-Frequency, High-Voltage Devices
2.7.3 Using New Substrate Materials (SiC, GaN, and so on)
Chapter 3 Basic Three-Phase Inverters
3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches
3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation
3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions
3.5 Performance Indices: Definitions and Terms Used in Different Countries
3.5.2 Modulation Index for Three-Phase Converters
3.5.3.1 Content in Fundamental (z)
3.5.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Coefficient
3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF)
3.5.3.4 Current Distortion Factor
3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms
3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms
3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters
3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter
3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter
3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions
3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives
3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter
Chapter 4 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation and Operation Limits
4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance
4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference
4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency)
4.3.2 High Frequencies (>60 Hz)
4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM
4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width
4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection
4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization
Chapter 5 Vectorial PWM for Basic Three-Phase Inverters
5.1 Review of Space Vector Theory
5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept
5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages
5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems
5.2 Vectorial Analysis of the Three-Phase Inverter
5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory
5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of Time Intervals Associated to Active and Zero States by Averaging
5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation
5.6 Definition of Switching Reference Function
5.7 Definition of Switching Sequence
5.7.1 Continuous Reference Function: Different Methods
5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function for Reduced Switching Loss
5.8 Comparison between Different Vectorial PWM
5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF
5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters
5.10.1 Low-Frequency Operation Mode
5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode
5.11 Improving the Transient Response in High-Speed Converters
Chapter 6 Practical Aspects in Building Three-Phase Power Converters
6.1 Selection of Power Devices in a Three-Phase Inverter
6.1.1.2 Maximum Current Available
6.1.1.3 Maximum Apparent Power
6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power
6.2.5.3 Undeland Snubber Circuit
6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power
6.3 System Protection Management
6.4 Reduction of Common Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques
6.5 Typical Building Structures of the Conventional Inverter Depending on the Power Level
6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices
6.6.3 Operation of a Flyback Power Converter
Chapter 7 Thermal Management and Reliability
7.1.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
7.2 Theory of Reliability and Lifetime—Definitions
7.3.3 Failure Rate for Diverse Components Used in Power Electronics
7.3.4 Failure Modes for a Power Semiconductor Device
7.3.5 Wear-Out Mechanisms in Power Semiconductors
7.4 Lifetime Calculation and Modeling
7.4.2 Accelerated Tests for Electronic Equipment
7.4.2.1 Using the Activation Energy Method
7.4.2.3 Accelerated Tests for Power Cycling
7.4.3 Modeling with Physics of Failure
7.5 Standards and Software Tools
7.5.2.1 Tools Derived from Theory of Reliability
7.5.2.2 Tools Derived from Microelectronics
7.5.2.3 Power Electronics Specifics
7.6 Factory Reliability Testing of Semiconductors
Chapter 8 Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms
8.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers
8.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs
8.3 Digital Structures with Counters: FPGA Implementation
8.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers
8.3.2 Bus Compatible Digital PWM Interfaces
8.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers
8.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers
8.4 Markets for General-Purpose and Dedicated Digital Processors
8.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/ Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control
8.4.2 DSPs Used in Power Converter Control
8.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multiprocessor Structures
8.5 Software Implementation in Low-Cost Microcontrollers
8.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing
8.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants
8.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces
8.7 Motor Control Coprocessors
8.8 Using the Event Manager within Texas Instrument’s DSPs
8.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier-Based PWM
8.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM
8.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM
8.10 About Resolution and Accuracy of PWM Implementation
Chapter 9 Practical Aspects in Closed-Loop Control
9.2 Current Measurement—Synchronization with PWM
9.2.3 Current Sensing Transformer
9.2.4 Synchronization with PWM
9.3 Current Sampling Rate—Oversampling
9.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates
9.5 Current Transforms (3->2)—Software Calculation of Transforms
9.6 Current Control in (d, q)—Models—PI Calibration
9.7 Anti-Wind-Up Protection—Output Limitation and Range Definition
Chapter 10 Intelligent Power Modules
10.1 Market and Technology Considerations
10.1.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
10.2 Review of IPM Devices Available
10.3.2 Clamping the Regenerative Energy
Chapter 11 Resonant Three-Phase Converters
11.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance versus Advanced PWM Devices
11.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High Power Converters?
11.3 Zero Voltage Transition of IGBT Devices
11.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching
11.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer
11.4 Zero Current Transition of IGBT Devices
11.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching
11.5 Possible Topologies of Quasi-Resonant Converters
11.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters
Chapter 12 Component-Minimized Three-Phase Power Converters
12.1 Solutions for Reduction of Number of Components
12.1.1 New Inverter Topologies
12.2.1 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter
12.2.2 Definition of PWM Algorithms for the B4 Inverter
12.2.3 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation
12.3 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase IM …
Chapter 13 AC/DC Grid Interface Based on the Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter
13.1 Particularities—Control Objectives—Active Power Control
13.2 Meaning of PWM in the Control System
13.2.1 Single-Switch Applications
13.2.3 Topologies with Current Injection Devices
13.3 Closed-Loop Current Control Methods
13.3.3 Transient Response Times
13.3.4 Limitation of the (vd,vq) Voltages
13.3.5 Minimum Time Current Control
13.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis
13.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control
13.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods
13.3.9.2 Feed-Forward Controller
Chapter 14 Parallel and Interleaved Power Converters
14.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs
14.3 Gate Control Designs for Equal Current Sharing
14.4.3 Converter Control Solutions
14.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System
14.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control
14.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters
14.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm
Chapter 15 AC/DC and DC/AC Current Source Converters
15.3 Using Switching Functions to Define Operation
15.4.2 Harmonic Elimination Programmed Modulation
15.4.4 Space Vector Modulation
15.5 Optimization of PWM Algorithms
15.5.3 Reducing the Low Harmonics from the Geometrical Locus
15.6 Resonance in the AC-Side of the CSI Converter-Filter Assembly
Chapter 16 AC/AC Matrix Converters as a 9-Switch Topology
16.2 Implementation of the Power Switch
16.4 Clamping the Reactive Energy
16.5.1 Sinusoidal Carrier-Based PWM
16.5.2 Space Vector Modulation Considering All Possible Switching Vectors
16.5.2.1 Selection of the Closest Rotating and Stationary Vectors
16.5.2.2 Definition of Time Intervals
16.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Considering Stationary Vectors Only
16.5.4 Indirect Matrix Converter (Sparse Converter)
16.5.5 Implementation of PWM Control
Chapter 17 Multilevel Converters
17.1 Principle and Hardware Topologies
17.1.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter
17.1.3 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter
17.2 Design and Rating Considerations
17.3.3 Space Vector Modulation
Chapter 18 Use of IPM within a “Network of Switches” Concept
18.1 Grid Interface for Extended Power Range
18.2 Matrix Converter Made Up of VSI Power Modules
18.2.1 Conventional Matrix Converter Packaged with VSI Modules
18.2.2 Dyadic Matrix Converter with VSI Modules
18.3 Multilevel Converter Made Up of Multiple Power Modules
18.4 New Topology Built of Power Modules and Its Applications
18.5 Generalized Vector Transform
18.6 IPM in IGBT-Based AC/AC Direct Converters Built of Current Source Inverter Modules
18.7 Using MATLAB-Based Multimillion FFT for Analysis of Direct AC/AC Converters
18.7.1 Introduction to Harmonic Analysis of Direct or Matrix Converters
18.7.4 Analysis of a Direct Converter
18.7.5 Automation of Multipoint THD and HCF Analysis