2.11. REFERENCES 55
Figure 2.22: A map of the cosmic microwave background as made by the WMAP project. (Image
by NASA/WMAP Science Team - NASA/WMAP Science Team, Public Domain.)
light travels in 13.8 billion years. But it is not so simple as this because our universe is dynamic,
not static—it is expanding. e finite age of the universe does still mean, however, that there
is a maximum distance we can see. For objects more distant than this cosmological horizon or
particle horizon, light would not yet have had enough time to reach us. From current models,
the cosmological horizon is estimated to be roughly 14,000 Mpc distant—about 46 billion light
years away [Ryden, 2017, p. 98].
2.11 REFERENCES
John Beaver. e Physics and Art of Photography, Volume 1: Geometry and the Nature of Light. IOP
Publishing, 2018. DOI: 10.1088/2053-2571/aae1b6 28
John Beaver, W. Scott Kardel, and Greg Novacek. Scaling the solar system at lake afton pub-
lic observatory. In John R. Percy, Ed., Astronomy Education: Current Developments, Future
Coordination, p. 167, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1996. 34
John Beaver, Nadia Kaltcheva, Michael Briley, and Dan Piehl. Strömgren H-ˇ photometry of
the rich open cluster NGC 6705 (M 11). Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,
125(934), 2013. DOI: 10.1086/674175 41
F. Bonnarel, P. Fernique, O. Bienaymé, D. Egret, F. Genova, M. Louys, F. Ochsenbein, M.
Wenger, and J. G. Bartlett. e ALADIN interactive sky atlas. A reference tool for iden-
56 2. LOOKING OUTWARD
tification of astronomical sources. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement, 143:33–40, April
2000. DOI: 10.1051/aas:2000331 xxii, xxiii, 43
Bradley W. Carroll and Dale A. Ostlie. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, 2nd ed., Cam-
bridge University Press, 2017. DOI: 10.1017/9781108380980 43, 44
James S. Edgar, Ed. Observer’s Handbook 2019. e Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
Toronto, 2018. 33, 36, 37
B. M. Lasker, J. Doggett, B. McLean, C. Sturch, S. Djorgovski, R. R. de Carvalho, and I. N.
Reid. e Palomar—ST ScI Digitized Sky Survey (POSS–II): Preliminary Data Availability.
In G. H. Jacoby and J. Barnes, Eds., Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, volume
101 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, pp. 88, 1996. xxii, xxiii, 43
Barbara Ryden. Introduction to Cosmology. Cambridge University Press, 2017. 50, 55
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