xix
Acknowledgments
I thank Valeria Sapiain for all-around support and patience over the year of intense work on
this book. Many conversations and projects with Doug Fowler, Judith Baker Waller, and Teresa
Patrick, over many years, have had a profound influence on me in ways I only partially under-
stand. e concept for and structure of e Big Picture were surely influenced by both Cosmic
View: e Universe in 40 Jumps by Kees Boeke [Boeke, 1957], which I read as a child, and Com-
ing of Age in the Milky Way by Timothy Ferris [Ferris, 1988], which I read in graduate school
while avoiding dissertation work. e following software packages were used to make many of
the illustrations in this book:
GIMP (www.gimp.org) Gnuplot (www.gnuplot.info)
Inkscape (www.inkscape.org) SciDAVis (scidavis.sourceforge.net)
Aladin Sky Atlas (aladin.u-strasbg.fr/) IRAF (iraf.noao.edu)
Stellarium (stellarium.org/) Cybersky (www.cybersky.com)
Google Earth (www.google.com/earth/)
Cover photograph: Dime Eclipse, by John Beaver (2017). All photographs and illustrations are
by the author, except as noted below and in the individual figure captions:
Figure 1.2: Beaver image by Steve from Washington, DC. USA,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3963858, CC BY-SA 2.0.
Figure 1.6: Illustration by Duckysmokton, Ilia, Vermeer,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2888434, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 1.8: Graphic commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1903952, Public Do-
main.
Figure 2.1: Left-hand image made with Stellarium Stellarium, available from stellar-
ium.org.
Figure 2.2: Image made with Google Earth, copyright 2018 by Google, U.S. Department
of State Geographer, image Landsat/Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA,
GEBCO.
Figure 2.3: Images made with Google Earth, copyright 2018 by Google, U.S. Department
of State Geographer, image Landsat/Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA,
GEBCO.
xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Figure 2.6: Image made with Google Earth, copyright 2018 by Google, U.S. Department
of State Geographer, image Landsat/Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA,
GEBCO.
Figure 2.7: Illustration by cmglee, David Monniaux,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52681377, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 2.8: Sky map and planet tracks created with Cybersky, available at
www.cybersky.com; used with permission.
Figure 2.11: Image by Rawastrodata,
rawastrodata.com/dso.php?type=globularclusters&id=m13, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 2.12: Right-hand image made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2,
alasky.u-strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 2.14: Image by ESO/S.Brunier www.eso.org/public/images/eso0932a/,CC BY 4.0.
Figure 2.15: Image by Hewholooks - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4290900, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 2.16: Adam Evans, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12654493, CC
BY 2.0.
Figure 2.18: Image credit: NASA/STScI/WikiSky,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7598267, Public Domain.
Figure 2.20: Special thanks to Olivia, Phoebe, Sophie and Emily.
Figure 2.21: www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0611b/ NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith
(STScI) and the HUDF Team, Public Domain.
Figure 2.22: NASA/WMAP Science Team.
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3753192, Public Domain.
Figure 5.1: Graphic by Brews ohare, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6042242,
CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 5.2: Graphic by Kintpuash, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68991059,
CC0.
Figure 5.3: Graphic by Quantum Doughnut - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12958270, Public Domain.
Figure 5.4: Graphic by Swift - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48991521, CC0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi
Figure 6.2: Graphic, adaptation of original NASA WMAP Science Team image
lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/graphic_history/univ_evol.cfm.
Figure 7.1: Graphic by BenRG - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7881135, Public Domain.
Figure 8.1: Images by NASA, Mercury image: JHUAPL Venus image: JPL Mars image:
HST; Mercury Globe-MESSENGER,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39782734, Public Domain.
Figure 8.2: Graphic by Lunar and Planetary Institute solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/gas-
giant-interiors, Public Domain.
Figure 8.3: NASA/JPL-Caltech, www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7194.
Figure 8.4: NASA,
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/nea_19970627_mos.html, Public Domain.
Figure 8.6: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02127,
Public Domain.
Figure 8.8: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO),
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36643860, CC BY 4.0.
Figure 9.1: ESO, www.eso.org/public/images/eso0728c/, CC BY 4.0.
Figure 9.2 – Figure 9.4: NASA, ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Insti-
tute/ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1164360, Public Domain.
Figure 9.5: Graphic by Lithopsian - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48486177, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 9.6: Graphic by Szczureq - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34794215, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 9.7: Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA),
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/01/image/a/, Public Domain.
Figure 9.8: Graphic by Lithopsian,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 9.9: NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University),
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=516106, Public Domain.
xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Figure 9.10: Graphic by User:Worldtraveller - Own work,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1336088, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 11.1: Henry Cavendish, “Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth” in
McKenzie, A.S. ed. Scientific Memoirs Vol.9: e Laws of Gravitation, American Book
Co. 1900. commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2621520, Public Domain.
Figure 11.2: Earth image: NASA/Apollo 17 crew; taken by either Harrison Schmitt
or Ron Evans, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43894484, Public Domain.
Beaver image by Steve from Washington, DC, USA - American Beaver,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3963858, CC BY-SA 2.0.
Figure 11.5: ESA/Hubble & NASA, www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1151a/, CC
BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 11.6: EHT Collaboration, www.eso.org/public/images/eso1907a/ (image link).
e highest-quality image (7416x4320 pixels, TIF, 16-bit, 180 Mb), CC BY 4.0.
Figure 12.4: By 4C - Own work, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1017820,
CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 12.5: Image generated by the star map software Cybersky (available at
www.cybersky.com); used with permission.
Figure 12.6: Data by BAA (J. Montier), britastro.org/specdb/index.php.
Figure 12.7: Data by BAA (T. Rodda), britastro.org/specdb/index.php.
Figure 12.9: Image made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 12.10: Images made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2: alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996]. KMASS:
University of Massachusetts & IPAC/Caltech [Skrutskie et al., 2006]; AKARI: Univer-
sity of Tokyo, ISAS/JAXA, Tohoku University, University of Tsukuba, RAL and Open
University [Doi et al., 2015].
Figure 12.11: Image made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 12.12: By 4C - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1017820.
Figure 13.1: By Wersje rastrowa wykonal uzytkownik polskiego projektu wikipedii: Artura
Jana Fijalkowskiego (WarX), Zwektoryzowal: Krzysztof Zajaczkowski,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11215685, GFDL.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii
Figure 13.2: NOAO/AURA/NSF, www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0649.html,
Public Domain.
Figure 14.1: Graphic by Tomruen, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56702258,
CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 14.2: Oort Cloud: ESO/L. Calçada www.eso.org/public/images/eso1614b/, CC
BY-SA 4.0. M13: Rawastrodata, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24968545.
M87: MASA. STSCi, Wikisky, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7598267,
Public Domain.
Figure 14.3: Jupiter: NASA, ESA, Michael Wong (Space Telescope Science Institute, Bal-
timore, MD), H. B. Hammel (Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO), and the Jupiter Im-
pact Team, www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0910q/; Proto-planetary Disk: NASA,
origins.jpl.nasa.gov/stars-planets/ra4.html, Public Domain; M 31: Adam Evan,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12654493, CC BY 2.0.
Figure 14.4: Graphic by MissMJ - Own work by uploader, PBS NOVA [1], Fermilab,
Office of Science, United States Department of Energy, Particle Data Group,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4286964, Public Domain.
Figure 15.1: Graphic by www.sun.org, www.sun.org/encyclopedia/stars#Structure, CC
BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 15.2: Graphics by Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA/MSFC Hathaway, solar-
science.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml, Public Domain.
Figure 15.3: R.J. Hall, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2565862, CC BY
2.5.
Figure 16.1: Images made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 16.2: Images made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 16.3: Graphic credit: NASA and ESA. www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic9902o/,
CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 16.4: Images made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
Figure 16.5: Images made with the Aladin Sky Atlas. DSS2, alasky.u-
strasbg.fr/DSS/DSSColor [Bonnarel et al., 2000, Lasker et al., 1996].
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