Index

A

a, 114, 209
Abduction, 189
ADC (analog to digital converter), 175, 179
Admittance, 11
AFC (automatic frequency control), 84, 103, 162
AGC (automatic gain control), 69, 81, 83, 84, 101, 161
Air gap, 43
Aliasing, 176, 178
AM (amplitude modulation) See Modulation
Ampere, 4
Amplifier,
limiting amplifier, 84
log amplifier, 84
parametric amplifier, 190
power amplifier (PA), 134
class A, B, C power amplifier, 131
RF power amplifier, 158
push pull amplifier, 132
single-ended, 132
Anode, 59, 63, 73
Antenna, 192–208
active antenna, 202
Adcock antenna, 207
antenna tuning unit, 192, 193
aperture, 189, 199
array, 206
circular (Wullenweber) array, 207
biconical (bow-tie), 221
crossed field, 205
dipole antenna, 181
Australian dipole antenna, 202
halfwave dipole antenna, 181
dish antenna, 206
doublet, 192
electrically small antenna, 206
isotropic antenna, 181, 182, 191
log periodic antenna, 199, 206, 221
loop antenna, 202
monopole antenna, 196, 197, 206, 207
patch antenna, 202
rhombic antenna, 34
Yagi antenna, 195, 206
APK (amplitude and phase keying) See Keying
Argument, 11
ARQ (automatic repeat request), 93
ASH (amplifier sequenced hybrid), 177
ASCII, 93
Attenuation, 24, 237
attenuation constant, 26
Attenuator, 131, 153, 209, 211, 232
Aurora borealis, aurora australis, 190
Automatic frequency control, See AFC
Automatic gain control, See AGC
ATU (antenna tuning unit) See Antenna

B

Babinet’s Principle, 200
Back emf, 32
Balance, 40
balance pad, 42
balanced feeder, 195
balanced mixer See Mixer
transformer balance ratio, 41, 43
Balun See Transformer
Bandpass, 14
Bandwidth, 14, 87
occupied bandwidth (OBW), 92, 93, 96, 97, 212
Base, 61, 114
baseband, 87
common base, 65, 76
Baud, 92
Bellini-Tosi antenna, 207
Beryllium oxide, 130
Bias, biasing, 140
Bit:
bit error rate (BER), 99
bit period, 92
bit rate, 100, 103, 104
bit sync, 95
Blocking, 161
Bode plot, 120, 217
BPSK (binary phase shift keying), See Keying
Breadboard, 130, 132
Bridging, See Measurement
Buffer stage, 80
Butterworth, See Filter

C

Cables, 235–238
Cathode, 59, 73
Capacitance, 4–6
feedback capacitance, 146, 147
self capacitance, 34, 35, 40
stray capacitance, 209
Capacitor, 4–
ceramic capacitor, 5
non-linear capacitor, 60
variable capacitor, 6
voltage-variable capacitor, 16
Carrier(s), 61
carrier regeneration, 103
carrier wave See Wave
majority carrier, 59, 61, 66
minority carrier, 61, 66
Cartesian, 135
Cascode, 70, 80
CCIR, 216, 217
CDMA, 179
Channel, 66–69
channel spacing, 160, 163, 164
I, Q in-phase, quadrature channel, 163
luminance, chrominance channel, 98
Charge, 4, 5
stored charge, 5
Chebychev See Filter
Chirp sounder, 187
Choke, RF, 9
Circle diagram, 11
Circulator, 55, 231
CISPR, 221
Clarifier, 87
Class A, B, C, 130
Coax, 29, 235–238
Coefficient:
temperature coefficient, 5
negative temperature coefficient, 6
reflection coefficient, 26, 28
Coercivity, 35
COFDM (coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex) See Keying
Collector, 61, 114
common collector, 66
Common mode See Signal
Complex signal, 173
Compression, 70
compression point, 72
Conductance, 1, 2, 76
mutual conductance, 76
Conduction angle, 136, 137, 141, 152
Conductor, 1
Constantan, 1
Conversion
conversion gain, 75
conversion loss, See Loss
Copper tape, 40
Corkscrew rule, 7
Coulomb, 4, 21
Coupler, 49
directional coupler, 49, 50, 131
Coupling,
coupling coefficient (k), 14, 15
critical coupling, 14
CPFSK (continuous phase frequency shift keying) See Keying
Crystal, 245, 246
AT cut crystal, 16, 112
crystal cut, 16
crystal pulling, 18
quartz crystal, 16
SC (strain compensated), 18, 114
Current, 4
conventional current, 4, 20
displacement current, 24
eddy current, 32
magnetizing current, 32
CW See Wave

D

DBM See Mixer
dB (decibel), 26
DCS/PCS, 177
Dead space, 123
Dead zone, 186
Decibel, 209–211
Decoupling, 5
DECT, 177, 179
Deemphasis, 90, 102
Delay,
delay line, 99
glass delay line, 98
SAW delay lines, 108, 109
group delay, 212
Delta, 3, 224
Depletion,
depletion layer, 58, 61
depletion mode, 66
depletion region, 66
Desensitisation See Blocking
Detector,
coherent detector, 103
diode detector, 100, 131
phase detector, 123
quadrature detector, 84, 102
ratio detector, 102
slide back detector, 93
Deviation,
frequency deviation, 90
peak deviation, 87
phase deviation, 89, 90, 97
DF (direction finding), 198, 207
DFT (discrete Fourier transform), 100
Dielectric constant (relative permitivity), 5
Diode, 58
Gunn, 189, 231
hot carrier diodes See Diode, schottky
PIN diode, 60, 131
Schottky diode, 61, 73, 74, 110
snap-off diode, 60
tunnel diode, 114
varicap (varactor) diode, 60, 108
zener diode, 61
Dipole See Antenna
Discone, 193, 194
Dissipation, 140
Distortion,
harmonic distortion, 35
second order distortion, 70
third order distortion, 70
Distribution,
Gaussian distribution, 106
DMM, 214
Doublet See Antenna
Drain, 66–69
DS See Spectrum
DSP (digital signal processor), 176, 179, 212
Ducting, 185, 189
Dynamic range, 82

E

ECM (electronic courter-measures), 84
Efficiency, 137
radiation efficiency, 192, 203
Egli, 184
Electromagnetic compatibility, 258
Electromotive force See EMF
Electron, 4, 20, 69
free electron, 58
EMC See Electromagnetic compatibility
EMF, 1, 4, 6
back EMF, 8
Emitter, 61, 114, 141
common emitter, 65, 78
emitter follower, 66
EMP (electromagnetic pulse), 258
Encoding, 93, 94
End effect, 192
Equalizers, 212
ESR (equivalent series resistance), 17, 133
Eye diagrams, 219

F

Farad, 4
FCC, 271, 275, 276
FDMA (frequency division multiple access), 177
Feedback, 70, 145
lossless feedback, 82
negative feedback, 83
positive feedback, 78, 146
Feed (er),
balanced mixer, See Balance
feed point, 193
feeder impedance, 202
FEK (frequency exchange keying), See Keying
Ferrite,
ferrite bead, 9
ferrite core, 6, 35, 136
ferrite manufacturers, 242
soft ferrite, 35
FET (field effect transistor) See transistor
FFSK (fast FSK) See Keying
FH See Spectrum
Field,
electric field, 24, 181
field strength, 214, 221, 222
induction field, 181, 182
magnetic field, 6, 24, 181
near, far field, 181, 182, 261
radiation field, 181
FIFO memory, 103
Filter:
allpass filter, 96, 212
bandpass filter, 14, 18, 131
suboctave band–pass filter, 161
Butterworth filter, 16, 132
Chebychev filter, 16, 132
constant resistance filter, 161
crystal filter, 16
Filter (contd)
elliptic filter, 16, 17, 132, 247–257
flat passband,
filter passband ripple, 16
FIR (finite impulse response filter), 212
highpass filter, 11
harmonic filter, 131, 135
lattice filter, 44, 45
lowpass filter, 11, 131
notch filter, 123, 152
polyphase filter, 175
SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter, 172, 177
second order filter, 16
FIR, See Filter
Flat earth, 183, 184
FLL, See Frequency
Floating, 40
FLOT (front line of own troops), 207
Flux, 7
flux density, 7, 8
magnetic flux, 7
FM (frequency modulation), See Modulation
FOT (frequence optimum de transmission), 186
Free space, 182, 193, 222
Frequenc –y –ies, 5
cut-off frequency, 132
frequency allocation, 270
frequency changer, 69
frequency designation, 270
frequency discriminator, 93
frequency exchange keying (FEK), See keying
frequency lock loop (FLL), 92, 118
frequency shift keying (FSK), See keying
frequency multiplication, 150
frequency multiplier, 60
image frequency, 160
intermediate frequency (IF), 178
lowest usable frequency (LUF), 186, 187
maximum usable frequency (MUF), 186, 187
Nyquist frequency, 126
offset frequency, 106
resonant frequency, 105
sum and difference frequency, 70
FSK (frequency shift keying), See Keying

G

Gain, 140
processing gain, 104, 190
unity loop gain, 120
Gate, 61–70
common gate, 69
dual gate, See Transistor
Generator,
ideal constant current generator, 12, 43
Germanium, 58
Ghosting, 99
Gilbert cell, 75, 85
Glonass, 190
GMSK (Gaussian filtered MSK), See keying
Goniometer, 207
GPIB, 219
GPS (global positionsing system), 190
Groundplane, 197
GSM (global system mobile), 175–177, 179

H

Harmonics, 18, 60, 214–216
Heat sink, 137, 139, 140, 151
Henry, 8
Hertz, 5, 9
HF (high frequency), 87
hfe, hFE, , 63
Hilbert, See Transformer
Hole, 20
Hybrid, 49
Hysteresis, 32

I

IF See Intermediate frequency
Image, See Frequency
Impedance, 11
characteristic impedance, 19, 25, 235
impedance conversion, 32
input impedance, 76, 79, 80, 82, 133, 145, 147, 148, 150, 153
output impedance, 82–84
source impedance, 25
Inductance, 6–9
leakage inductance, 33, 35, 40, 44
magnetising inductance, 32
mutual inductance, 14, 15
primary inductance, 32
self inductance, 1, 2, 5
stray inductance, 141, 209
Inductor, 9
pot core inductor, 43
Insertion loss, See Loss
Insulator, 1, 5
Intercept point, 73
Interlacing, 98
Interference,
co-channel interference, 189
intersymbol interference (ISI), 96, 175, 187, 212
Intermediate frequency, 69, 73–75
intermediate frequency amplifier, 69, 75
Intermodulation, 216
reverse intermodulation, 154
third order intermodulation, 160
Intrinsic, See Silicon
Inverse square law, 182
Inversion, 189
Ionospher -e, 185
ionospheric scatter, 188
IS95, 179
ISB (independent sideband), See Modulation
ISI, See Interference
ISM (industrial, scientific and medical), 191
ISM (independent sideband modulation), See Modulation
Isolation,
isolation, 81–83
Isolator, 55
Isotropic, 181–185
ITA2, ITA5, 92, 93, 179
ITU, 208

J

Jammer, 91, 103
Jitter, 96
Joule, 1, 5, 8, 11

K

k, See coupling
Keying,
APK, 97
BPSK, 94
COFDM, 100
FEK, 92, 93
FSK, 92, 103
FFSK, 96
GMSK, 97
MFSK, 93
MSK, 96
OOK, 93
OQPSK, 96
PSK, 94, 105
QPSK, 96
TFM, 97

L

Lambda, See Wavelength
Law Assessor, 93
Layer, D, E, F, 186
Lenz law, 8
Levell -er -ing, 131
Lifetime, 60
Limiting, 84
Linearity, 70
line, See Transmission line
Lobes, 197, 207
sidelobes, 206
Local oscillator (LO), See Oscillator
Lock box, 117
Locus, loci, 28
Log -arithm, 26
logarithmic mode, 165
Loss,
absorption loss, 260–263
conversion loss, 73
insertion loss, 40, 131
path loss, 182, 183, 189
reflection loss, 260–263
return loss, 55

M

Magnetic field, See Field
Magnetising current, See Current
Manganin, 1
Matching, 28, 147
delta matching, 195
input matching, 147
Maxwell, 192, 222
Measurements, 214–222
bridging measurement, 214
through measurement, 214
Memory,
FIFO, 103
ROM, 119, 125, 126
Mesh, See Delta
Meteorscatter, 188
MFSK (multifrequency shift keying), See Keying
Microstrip, 29, 54
Mismatching, 78
minloss mismatch pad, 212
mismatch pad, 210, 211
Mixer, 73
DBM, 73
image reject mixer, 174–176
ring mixer, 73
MMF (magneto-motive force), 7
Modulation, tor, 87–104
AM, 87
cross modulation, 161
FM, 87, 90–92, 97, 100–103
ISM, 87, 175
LSB modulation, 87
Modulation, tor (contd)
modulation classification, 243
modulation index, 90
modulation meter, 215
NBFM, 175
PM, 90, 92
quadrature modulation, 85
serasoidal modulation, 156
SSB modulation, 87
USB modulation, 87
Modulus, 11
dual modulus prescaler, 118
Monopole, See Antenna
MOSFET, See Transistor
MPEG (motion picture experts group), 99
MSK (minimum shift keying), See Keying
MUF, See Frequency
MUSIC, 207
Mutual conductance, See Conductance

N

NBFM (narrow band FM), See Modulation
Neper, 26, 209
Network,
constant resistance network, 212
cross-over network, 212
network analyser, 210
polyphase network, 85
Neutralisation, 79
NICAM, 96, 98
Nichrome, 1
Noise, 190
atmospheric noise, 190
external noise, 190, 267–269
galactic noise, 190, 268
internal noise, 190
man-made noise, 190, 268
noise figure, 82, 83
phase noise, 215, 216
thermal noise, 82
white noise, 82
Normalise, 229
NTSC, 97–99
Nulls, 198, 199, 208
Nyquist,
Nyquist diagram, 120
Nyquist frequency, See Frequency
Nyquist rate, 129
Nyquist sampling criterion, 176

O

OBW See Bandwidth
OCXO (ovened crystal oscillator) See Oscillator
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplex), See Keying
Ohm’s law, 1
Okamura, 184
OOK (on/off keying), See Keying
OQPSK (offset QPSK), See Keying
Oscillator,
Butler oscillator, 110
Clapp oscillator, 108
class D oscillator, 110
clock oscillator, 112
Colpitts oscillator, 107, 108
electron coupled oscillator, 108
emitter coupled oscillator, 110
Franklin oscillator, 108
Hartley oscillator, 107, 108
line stabilised, 108
local oscillator (LO), 73
Meissner oscillator, 109
negative resistance oscillator, 79, 107, 114–116
OCXO, 16, 112–114
Pierce oscillator, 108
quench oscillator, 163, 165, 166, 167
squegging oscillator, 165
TATG, 108
TCXO, 16, 112, 114
Vakar oscillator, 111
voltage controlled oscillator, 81, 118, 123
Oscilloscope, 219
Overtone See Harmonic
OWF (optimum working frequency), 186

P

pi, See Attenuator
PA See Amplifier
Pad -s, 73, 131, 209–211, 232
balance pad, 40
mismatch pad, 210
PAL (phase alternation line), 96–99
Parameters,
hybrid parameters, 63, 65, 229
s parameters, 63, 229–231
Passband, 16, 44
PCB (printed circuit board), 139
Pentode, 63, 66
PEP (peak envelope power), 162, 216, 217
Permeability, 32, 36
permeability of free space, 8
relative permeability, 8
Permitivity, 4, 25
permitivity of free space, 5
relative permitivity, 5, 35
Phase, 5, 11, 22, 24, 26, 28
antiphase, 26
phase equalizer, 96
phase lock loop, 98, 117
phase noise, See Noise
phase rotation, 163
phase shift, 26
Piccolo, 104
Piezo electric, 17
Pinch-off voltage, See voltage
PLL See Phase lock loop
PM See Modulation
PMR (private mobile radio), 184
Polarization, 188
circular polarization, 202
Polyphase filter, See Filter
Polystyrene, 1, 5, 6
Power, 1, 5
maximum power theorem, 224, 225
power flux density, 222
power meter, 152
power spectral density, 89
saturated output power, 70
Poynting vector, 206
PRBS (pseudo random bit sequence), 103, 104
Pre-amble, 94
Pre-emphasis, 91
Pre-scaler, 81, 118
Propagation, 181–191
propagation constant, 26
PSD, See Power spectral density
Pseudo Brewster angle, 197
PSK, See Keying
PTFE, 1
Push-pull, See Signal

Q

Q (quality factor), 9, 12, 18, 60, 107, 134, 146, 148, 181, 201, 202, 212
QPSK (quadrature PSK), See Keying
Quartz, See Crystal

R

Radar, 84
Radian, 5, 90
Radia -tion -tor, 181, 182, 190
isotropic radiation, 181
radiation pattern, 192, 193, 196–199, 205, 205,
radiation resistance, 192, 201
Radio data, 47, 156
Radio horizon, 184
Range law, 184
Ratio,
signal to noise ratio, See Signal
turns ratio, 33, 34, 42
Rays, See Wavefront
Reactance, 5, 9
Receiver, 156–170
RSSI (Received signal strength indication), 177
Receiver,
homodyne receiver, 162, 171
GPS receiver, 202
panoramic receiver, 215
superheterodyne receiver, 158–160, 162
super-regenerative receiver, 163, 171
synchrodyne receiver, 108, 162, 171
TRF receiver, 171, 177
Reflection, 19–28
reflection coefficient, 26
Reluctance, 8, 32
Resistance, 1–3
constant resistance network, See Network
incremental resistance, 59, 61, 63
internal resistance, 24
negative resistance, 107–109, 112, 114–117
slope resistance, 59, 61
source resistance, 25
thermal resistance, 140
Resistivity, 1
Resistor, 1
film resistor, 1
surface mount resistor, 2
variable resistor, 2
voltage controlled resistor, 66
Resonance, 234
Ring mixer See Mixer
ROM (read only memory), See Memory
Ruthroff, 46

S

Sampl -e, -ing, 176, 178, 179
Subsampling, 176
Saturation, 84
saturation voltage Vsat, , 137
SAW, See Filter
Scattering parameters, See Parameters
Schottky, See Diode
Screening, 258–266
SECAM, 96, 97, 99
Servo, bang-bang servo, 123
SFDR (spurious free dynamic range), 179
Short range devices, 274–276
Sideband -s, 90
comparison frequency sideband, 81
independent sideband (ISB), See Modulation
Sidelobes, See Lobes
SIDs, 187
Siemen, 76
Signal, common mode signal, 29, 195
push-pull signal, 195
signal generator, 25, 217
signal to noise ratio, 187, 190, 215
Silicon, 58
intrinsic silicon, 8
silicon dioxide, 68
SINAD (signal to noise and distortion), 162
SITs, 188
Skin effect, 9, 26
Skip distance, 186
Smith chart, 27, 135, 217, 225, 230
SNR, See Signal
Solenoid, 7
Source, 66–69
matched source, 40, 43
S parameters, See Parameters
Spectrum,
spectrum analyser, 91, 105, 115, 126
spectrum occupancy, 87
spread spectrum (SS), 103
direct sequence spread spectrum (DS), 104, 190
frequency hopping spread spectrum(FH), 103
sync spectrum, 100
Splitter, 49
Spurious (spur), 126
spurious response, 73, 160
Squegging, 165
SRDs (short range devices), 274–276
SRDF (super resolution direction finding), 207
SSB, See Modulation
Stability, 150
Star, 3, 224
Store-and-forward, 188
Stripline, 29, 54
stub, 28
Substrate, 69
Sunde’s method, 96
Sunspot cycle, 187, 190
Superheterodyne, See Receiver
Surge impedance, 21
Susceptance, 5, 9
Susceptibility, 258
Symbol, 103
symbol rate, 100
Sync(hronisation)bit sync, 104
symbol sync, 94, 95
Synthesizer, 112, 118, 120–123
direct synthesizer, 126
direct digital synthesizer, 127

T

Take-off angle, 199
TATG (tuned anode tuned grid), See Oscillator
TCXO (temperature compensated oscillator), See Oscillator
TDMA (time division multiple access), 177
Tee, See Attenuator
Teletext, 99
Television, See NTSC, PAL, SECAM
Temperature:temperature coefficient (tempco), 43, 61, 106, 112
temperature inversion, 185
TEMPEST, 258
Terman, 15
TFM (tamed FM), See Keying
Theorem, maximum power theorem, 199
Thermal runaway, 63
Thermistor, 16, 114
Through, See Measurements
TIDs, 188
Time, attack- hold- decay- time, 161
revisit time, 91
time constant, 90
Tissue: photographic mounting tissue, 40
Top loading, 197
Toroid, 7
Transconductance, 115
Transformer, 9, 10, 32
balun transformer, 40, 195
current transformer, 53
Hilbert transformer, 175
inverting transformer, 46
line transformer, 29, 46
matching transformer, 34
quarter wave transformer, 26
r.f. transformer, 135
Transistor, bipolar, 140
field effect transistor (FET), 66
junction FET, 66
MOSFET transistor, 68, 74, 140
dual gate MOSFET, 69, 81
Transitional lag, 122
Transmission, transmission line, 19–31
balanced transmission line, 24
unbalanced transmission line, 24
Transmitter, 156–170
spark transmitter, 105
TRF (tuned radio frequency receiver), 171
Triode, 66
Trombone, 153
Troposcatter, 188
Tuned circuit, 14, 76
stagger tuned circuit, 14
synchronously tuned circuit, 14
tank tuned circuit, 70
Turns ratio See Ratio

U

Unilateralization, 79
USB (upper sideband modulation), See Modulation

V

Vacuum, 4
Varactor See Diode (varicap)
VDE (verband der elektrotechnik elektronikinformationstechnik), 221
Vector -s, 90
VOA (Voice of America), 179
Voltage, breakdown voltage, 136, 144
pinch-off voltage, 66
voltage standing wave ratio see VSWR
VSWR, 26, 55, 73, 131, 193, 202, 203, 212, 213, 233, 237, 238

W

Watt, 5, 11
Wave, carrier wave, 87
continuous wave (CW), 87
ground wave, 183, 185
incident (direct) wave, 183
reflected wave, 183
sinewave, 91
skywave, 207
wavefront, 21
wavelength, 26
Weber, 8
Winding, primary winding, 33, 40, 41, 43
secondary, 32, 33, 40, 44
Wire, 1
enamelled wire, 240
wire gauges, 239
Wullenweber array, See Antenna array circular
Wye See Star

Y

Yagi See Antenna
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