Saturn V launch vehicle decomposition, 303–305
Scenarios, sensitivity analysis and, 345–346
Schemata, 373, 401
Search algorithms, 396–398
2nd law (complexity), principle of, 295
Segmentation of markets, 203
Sensitivity analysis, 345–349
penalties, 345–347
probability distribution, 348–349
robustness of results, 346–349
scenarios, 345–346
Sensitivity of decision to metrics, 351–352, 435–436
Sequence, 74, 79, 127
Sequence diagram (SysML), 46
Sequencing decisions, 354–356
Services, 16, 157–158
Shareholder annual report strategy, 198–199
Simple systems, 41, 58–61
Simplified system representation, 129–130
Simulating layer, decision support systems (DSS), 320
Software system analysis, 77–82
boundaries and, 80–81
connectivity structural relationships, 80, 81
duality and, 78–79
external value-related operands, 96
formal entities and relationships, 79–80
functional architecture in, 104–107
internal functions, 97
object of form for, 77–78
principle of dualism, 78
pseudocode for, 77–78
sequence and, 79
system architecture of, 118, 119
use context for, 81
Solar system
abstractions in, 23
form and function identification, 15, 16
Solution-neutral functions, 137–159
concept and, 137–138
defined, 139
functional intent and, 139
hierarchy of, 139–140, 149, 151–152
identification of, 140–142
intent of, 140–142
principle of, 139
specialization of, 143–145
Space Station Freedom (SSF) decomposition, 305–308
Spatial relationships, 64
Spatial/topological relationships, 64–67, 118
Specialization relationships, 43
Stakeholder maps, 238, 239, 240
Stakeholders, 203, 227–244
beneficial stakeholders, 228
beneficiaries and, 227–232
bounds for identification, 229
charitable stakeholders, 228
dimensions of needs, 236–237
distinguishing beneficiaries from, 227–228
exchange and relationships of, 232–234, 237–238
granularity (abstractions) for identification, 229
grouping, 234–236
identifying needs of, 230–232
IT architecture and, 254–259
marketing and needs of, 203
operator and, 228
principle of balance, 244
principle of the beginning, 229
prioritizing needs, 240–244
problem stakeholders, 228
value delivery of, 232–234, 237–238
Stand-alone operations, 212
Standard blueprints of internal processes, 95
Standards, regulation and, 206
Star (hub and spoke) architecture style, 388–389
State machine diagram (SysML), 46, 88–89
States of objects, 56
Strategy, seeCorporate strategy
Stratification, tradespace analysis and, 343–344
Stress of modern practice, principle of, 192
Structure, 63. See also Formal relationships
Structured creativity, 265–266
Structuring layer, decision support systems (DSS), 320
Subjectivity, architectural decisions and, 327
Sub-problems, optimization problems decomposed into, 392–394
Supply availability, 236
Supporting layers, 122–123
Synergies as rules, 443–445
System, defined,
System architecture, 110–136, 160–176, 197–225
civil architecture versus, 193–196
complexity of, 35–36, 286–288
clustering, 173–175, 436–440
concept in, 160–176
decision support for, 326–328
defined, 110
downstream influences, 207–217
form in, 110–121, 123–125, 132–135
formal structure and, 110–111
front-loaded (greedy) deployment, 385
functional architecture and, 110–111
functions in, 110–121, 122–128
home data network architecture, 170–173
incremental deployment, 385
influences on, 197–225
knowledge-based systems, 440–441
Level 1 development, 162–165
Level 2 development, 166–170
mapping, 111–121
modularizing the system, 173–175
non-idealities, 121–122
objects, projection onto, 131–132
operational behavior, 125–128
System architecture (continued)
optimization problems for, 359–405
patterns in, 365–389
PERMUTING pattern and, 385
principle of architectural decisions, 197
principle of elegance, 300
principle of value and architecture, 111
product case for, 217–221
questions for defining a system, 54, 84, 112, 138, 161
rule-based systems, 440–445
supporting layers, 122–123
system interfaces, 123–125
system representations, 129–136
upstream influences, 198–207
System evolution, 214–217
System failure, emergence and, 30–31
System interfaces, 123–125
System problem statement (SPS), 247–250
System representations, 129–136
architectural tradespaces, 331–358
form, 132–135
objects, 131–132
process-form (PF) array for, 130
projected, 130–135
simplified, 129–130
System thinking, –34
canonical characteristics, 17
concept of,
emergence and, –13, 28–33
entities of a system, , 17–28
essential features of, 33
evolution of, 21
form of system, 13–18
function of system, 10–11, 15–16
product versus,
relationships among entities, 26–28
system failure and, 30–31
tasks for identification,
Systems attributes (ilities), downstream influences of, 213–214
Systems Modeling Language (SysML), 45–47, 48, 69–70
architectural view representation, 45–47
diagrams, 46–47, 68–70
formal (structural) representation, 68–70
function representation, 88–89
legend for graphical elements, 69
state machine diagrams, 88–89
Unified Modeling Language (UML) and, 45–46
