N
name, in title bocks, 51
nanofabrication, 446
nanomaterials, 443
nanotechnology, 446
NASA space capsule crash, 70
native file formats, 456–457, 459
nautical maps, 811
necessary views, 239–240, 296–297
negative space, 67
net-shape manufacturing, 446
neutral axis, dimensioning, 536
neutral formats, 459
NGS (National Geodetic Survey), 813
nominal size
metric tolerances, 562
tolerances, 548
for wood products, 783
nonferrous metals, 443
nonisometric lines
isometric drawings, 88
isometric projection, 84
sketching ellipses, 92
normal edges, in views, 252
normal surfaces
notes, dimensioning
direction of values and notes, 510
general notes, 536
tolerance, 556
numbering, working drawings, 650
numerical values, in electronic diagrams, 770
numerically-controlled machining, dimensioning, 534
NURBS (nonuniform rational B-spline) curves, 143
NURBS-based surfaces, 185–186, 188
nuts. See bolts and nuts.
O
object snap feature
definition, 129
drawing parallel lines, 137
enabling, 134
locating drawing geometry, 134
oblique cylinder, development with a plane, 391
oblique drawings. See sketching techniques, oblique sketches.
oblique edges, in views, 252
oblique prism, development with a plane, 390
oblique projection
angles, 101
cabinet projection, 99
cavalier projection, 99
definition, 32
receding lines, 99
oblique projectors, 99
oblique surfaces
isometric drawings, 89
showing true size and shape, 382–383
offset constraint, 422
offset measurements
creating irregular shapes, 78
isometric drawings, 88
offset sections, 342
OML (outside mold line), dimensioning, 536
one-point perspective, 105
one-view drawings, 79
optical mechanical systems, 814
orient (parallel) constraint, 422
origins (point of intersection), 127
Orth method for four-center ellipses, 94
orthographic, definition, 236
axonometric projection, 82
indicating symmetrical axes of objects. See centerlines.
laying out a drawing, 246
line precedence, 244
multiview projection, 82
versus photographs, 243
other side welds, 851
outline assemblies, assembly drawings, 647
outside diameter, spur gears, 736
outside mold line (OML), dimensioning, 536
overconstrained sketches, 203
ownership, documentation management, 718
P
paper
for drawing and drafting, 49
landscape orientation, 49
for sketching, 49
standard sheet sizes, 49
conservation, 648
paper drawings
paper method for sketching circles, 75
paper space, 48
parallel (orient) constraint, 422
parallel edges, in views, 252
closely spaced, exaggerating, 74
definition, 145
drawing, 137
receding lines, 99
symbol for, 69
parallel perspective. See one-point perspective.
parallel projections, 32
parallelepiped, 65
parallelism tolerance, 578–579
parameters, 193
parametric modeling, 110 See also constraint-based modeling.
floating bridge example, 191–192
Santa Cruz Bicycles, 11
parent parts, choosing, 420
parent-child relationships, features, 207–209
part identification number (PIN), documentation management, 716
part mode, constraint-based modeling, 216
part value placement, in electronic diagrams, 770
partial auxiliary views, 375
partial sections, 341
parting line, plastic parts, 434–435
parting-line symmetry, 150
parts list. See BOM (bill of material).
patches
Coon’s, 187
interpolated, 187
surface, 187
patent applications, working drawings, 652–653
patent drawings, as design aids, 17
pattern dimensions, 535
PDM (product data management), 7, 721, 724
P-elements, interpolating, 467
pencil and string method for drawing ellipses, 141
pencils, for drawing. See drawing pencils.
pentagons, drawing, 140
perfect form envelope, 549
permanent molds, 437
permission, documentation management, 718
perpendicular constraint, 422
definition, 145
symbol for, 69
perpendicularity tolerance, 578–579
perspective projections, 32
perspective sketches, 81
perspectives
angular. See two-point perspective.
in AutoCAD, 111
bird’s-eye view, 107
circles, 107
curves, 107
horizon line, 107
one-point, 105
parallel. See one-point perspective.
types of, 104–105. See also specific types.
vanishing point, 104
worm’s-eye view, 107
phantom lines, 612
Phillips screw drivers, 619
photogrammetry, 812
photographs versus orthographic projections, 243
physical datum feature simulators, 569
physical models
piece marks, 786
piecewise splines, 143
piercing points, 32
PIN (part identification number), documentation management, 716
pinion gears, 732
pipe
cast iron. See cast iron pipe.
compound, 838
fittings, 837
joints, 838
schedules, 834
sizes. See pipe schedules.
pipe schedules, 834
adapters between copper pipe and threaded pipe, 836
American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, 840
American National Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, 838
annular space, 836
bell and spigot joints, 834
black pipe, 834
butt welded fittings, 837
capillary joints, 836
cast iron pipe, 834
check valves, 839
copper pipe, 835
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe, 836
designating fitting size, 837
developed piping drawings, 832
dimensioning, 833
for a field instrument, example, 841
flanged fittings, 837
galvanized pipe, 834
gaskets, 838
gate valves, 839
globe valves, 839
hard temper copper tubing, 835–836
HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipe, 836
lift check valves, 839
pipe compound, 838
pipe fittings, 837
pipe joints, 838
pipe schedules, 834
pipe sizes. See pipe schedules.
plastic pipe, 836
portfolio, 842
pressure-reducing valves, 839
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe, 836
red brass pipe, 835
reduced fittings, 837
safety valves, 839
screwed fittings, 835
screwed joints, 838
screwed reducing tee, 837
screwed tee fittings, 837
seamless brass pipe, 835
solder fittings, 836
solenoid-actuated valves, 840
specialty pipe, 836
steel pipe, 834
swing check valves, 839
symbols, A-78
taper pipe threads, A-85
welded joints, 838
wrought iron pipe, 834
wrought steel pipe, A-85
piping drawings, cast iron pipe
thickness and weight, A-86
piping drawings, cast iron pipe flanges
pitch
welding drawings, 848
pitch circles, 732
pitch curve, cams, 744
pivoted cam followers, 746–747
placed features, 213
placing, section views, 331–332
placing dimensions, 505, 514–515
plain taper keys, A-65
plan. See top view.
planar surfaces, 64
plane figures, geometric methods for sketching, 78
planes
angles between. See dihedral angles.
auxiliary, 364
cutting. See cutting planes.
defining, 131
edge view, 381
intersecting with a prism, 387–388
intersection with a cylinder, 389
planes, developments with
an oblique cylinder, 391
an oblique prism, 390
a pyramid, 391
plastic parts, manufacturing. See manufacturing processes, plastic parts.
plastic pipe, 836
plastics, manufacturing materials, 443
plats
definition, 810
plotting curves manually, in auxiliary views, 374–375
plus-or-minus tolerances, 558
poche, 645
description, 130
drawing arcs through, 135
drawing lines through, 137
interpreting, 253
sketching techniques, 69
specifying, 130
polar arrays, creating gears, 735
polar coordinates, 128
polyconic method for developing a sphere, 395
polycylindric method for developing a sphere, 395
polyester film, as drawing medium, 49
Polygon command, 139
polygons
drawing, 139
rectangle method for sketching, 78
sketching techniques, 78
triangle method for sketching, 78
polyhedra, 64
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe drawings, 836
pop rivets, 624
determining mass properties, 485
in electronic diagrams, 774
landform drawings, 825
molded plastic parts drawings, 483
orthographic projection, 260–261
piping drawings, 842
sheet metal drawings, 483, 484
showing your design process, 18–19
structural drawings, 801
threads, drawing, 629
welded assembly drawings, 484
welding drawings, 484, 862–863
position, tolerance symbols, 566–568
position method for dual dimensioning, 512
pounds force, 456
pounds mass, 456
pozidriv screw drivers, 619
Pratt & Whitney keys, 622, A-67
preferred fits
metric hole basis clearance, A-45–A-46
metric hole basis transition and interference, A-47–A-48
metric shaft basis clearance, A-49–A-50
metric shaft basis transition and interference, A-51–A-52
preferred sizes, metric tolerances, 564
pressure-reducing valves, 839
prestressed concrete, 794
primary auxiliary view, 365
primary datum, 569
primary revolution, 396
primitives. See solid primitives.
principal dimensions, 235
Principles of Brick Engineering and Principles of Tile Engineering, 797
printed circuits, in electronic diagrams, 772
prisms
definition and examples, 65
intersecting with a plane, 387–388
size dimensioning, 518
triangular, dimensioning, 522
truncated, 65
types of, 65
problem identification, design process
case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, 8
definition, 5
product data management (PDM), 7, 721, 724
product definition, 18
product failure, 443
product life cycle, 6
profile plane projection, 236
profiles
landform drawings, 811
frontal plane, 236
horizontal plane, 236
orthographic, 236
plane of projection, 236
profile plane, 236
projecting at right angles. See orthographic projection.
projection symbols, 241
projections
cabinet, 99
cavalier, 99
definition, 233
length of receding lines, 99
multiview, 234
piercing points, 32
plane of projection, 32
plastic parts, 436
principal dimensions, 235
projectors, 32
station point, 32
types of, 32–33. See also specific types.
views of objects, 234. See also views.
definition, 32
oblique, 99
perspective, 104
proportion
bolts, 614
definition, 77
sketching techniques, 77
prototype drawings. See seed parts.
prototypes
case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, 10, 15
virtual prototypes, 469
prototypes, in the design process
case study: Santa Cruz bicycles, 10, 15
definition, 10
rapid prototyping, 15
overview, 474
translating the model, 474–476
virtual prototypes, 469
prototyping, RP (rapid prototyping)
3D printing, 479
case study, 15
FDM (fused deposition modeling), 478
investment casting, 480
LOM (laminated object manufacturing), 478
master, creating, 480
overview, 474
rapid tooling, 480
SGC (solid ground curing), 476–477
SLA (stereolithography apparatus), 476
SLS (selective laser sintering), 477
TSF (topographic shell fabrication), 478
purlins, 783
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe drawings, 836
pyramid primitive, 146
pyramids
definition, 65
development with a plane, 391
dimensioning, 522
Q
QC (quality certify)
calibration and inspection, tolerance, 555
gage blocks, 555
Jo blocks, 555
tolerances, 548
QFD (Quality Function Deployment), 7
quality, 7
Quality Function Deployment (QFD), 7
quality management, documentation management, 719–720
R
rack, 736
rack teeth, 736
radii of gyration, 453
radius, 132
arcs, 517
dimension symbols, 513
isometric spheres, 96
radius method for sketching arcs, 76
random-line method for sketching ellipses, 92
rapid prototyping. See prototyping, RP (rapid prototyping).
rapid tooling, 480
raster versus vector data, 459
rational curves, 143
RBM (reinforced brick or masonry), 797
reading drawings, 255
read-only permission, 718
receding lines
angle, 98
length, 99
oblique projection, 99
sketching techniques, 103
recess for a bolt head. See counterbore.
Rectangle command, 139
rectangle method for sketching ellipses, 76
rectangular objects, isometric drawings, 86
recycling, manufacturing materials, 445
red brass pipe, 835
reducing fittings, 837
reference designations, in electronic diagrams, 770
reference dimensions, 195, 559
reference planes, 369
reference surface, measuring from, 238
reference to a datum, tolerance symbols, 567
refinement
case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, 10–11
definition, 5
and modeling, 172
regular polyhedra, 64
reinforced brick or masonry (RBM), 797
relational databases, documentation management, 722–723
relative coordinates, 128
relay symbols, electronic diagrams, 762
release of engineering documents, documentation management, 713
removed sections, section views, 340–342
removed views, 2D drawings, 287, 299–301
requirements, for engineering documentation, 713
resistors, in electronic diagrams, 771
retention period, documentation management, 713
reverse construction, 375
reverse engineering
existing products, 16
surface models, 187
revision numbers, working drawings, 650–651
revision tracking, in title blocks, 51
revolution conventions, 2D drawings, 302
revolutions
axis of, 395
creating revolved drawings, 395
definition, 395
primary and successive, 396
true length of a line, 396
revolutions per minute (rpm), 732
revolved sections
2D drawings, 302
revolved shapes, 152
revolving objects, to create views, 235
ribs in section, 343
right- and left-hand parts, 149, 301–302
right angles, implied, 550
right cylinder, determining mass properties, 452
right-hand rule of coordinate systems, 126
right-hand screw threads, 598
rivet symbols, 624
riveted connections, 789
riveted joints, 623
rivets
structural steel drawings, 789–790
robot arm, case study, 219–221
robotic assembly, 447
robots, industrial, 447, 469–470
Roman fonts, 40
root (of a screw thread), 595
root circle, 734
root diameter, 736
rotation arrows, 340
rotation transformation, 154
rough sketches, 110
roughness values, dimensioning, 528
round head cap screws, 618
rounded-end shapes, dimensioning, 523
rounding
corners on plastic parts, 436
decimal dimension values, 512
roundness (circularity) tolerance, 576
rounds
dimensioning, 517
shading, 293
RP (rapid prototyping). See prototyping, RP.
rpm (revolutions per minute), 732
rubble masonry, 798
ruled surfaces, 385
ruler. See drawing scale.
running bond, 797
runouts, 294. See also fillets.
S
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), 16
SAE grades for bolts, 617
safety valves, 839
sans serif fonts, 40
Santa Cruz Bicycles. See case studies, Santa Cruz bicycles.
satellite imagery, 812
definition, 34
for detailing structural steel drawings, 789
of drawings, indicating, 509
measuring instrument. See scales.
in title blocks, 51
scale guards, A-93
scale models, example, 173
scaled measurements, 814
dividing lines equally or proportionally, 74
isometric, 84
mechanical engineers’, A-93
scaling text, 54
scaling transformations, 154
schedules, pipe, 834
schematic thread drawings, 600, 602–603, 611
screw drivers, types of, 619
screw principle, history of the, 595
screw threads. See also threads.
8-pitch, 598
12-pitch, 598
16-pitch, 598
definition, 595
isometric drawings, 95
screw threads, Acme
detailed description, 607
forms, 596
notes, 605
screwed fittings, 835
screwed joints, 838
screwed reducing tee, 837
screwed tee fittings, 837
screws
miscellaneous, 621
set, 620
sketching, 475
threads. See threads.
wood, 621
seamless brass pipe, 835
secondary auxiliary view, 368
secondary datum, 569
section lining. See also section views.
in CAD, 337
correct and incorrect techniques, 335
definition and illustration, 328
hatching, 335
large areas, 336
symbols, 336
assembly sections, 346
auxiliary, 376
broken out sections, 338
CAD techniques for, 347
conventional breaks, 346
cutting-plane lines, 328–329, 334
half sections, 337
intersections in sections, 346
lines behind the cutting plane, 328
line rules, 333
offset sections, 342
partial sections, 341
partial views, 345
purposes of, 328
ribs in section, 343
rotation arrows, 340
section lining, 328
shortening objects. See conventional breaks.
of single parts, 328
security T screw drivers, 619
selective assembly, 552
selective laser sintering (SLS), 477
Sellers, William, 594
semiconductors, in electronic diagrams, 770
serif fonts, 40
service life, manufacturing materials, 445
set screws
definition, 613
as locking device, 617
standard, 620
SGC (solid ground curing), 476–477
shading, sketching techniques, 68, 108
shaft centers
dimensioning, 525
sizes, A-90
shafts
basic shaft system, 554–555, 563
shaft basis clearance fits, A-49–A-50
shaft basis transition and interference fits, A-51–A-52
metric tolerances, 563
tolerancing, 554
shared manufacturing, 448
sharp-V thread, 596
sheet metal, manufacturing. See manufacturing processes, sheet metal.
sheet metal bends, dimensioning
BA (bend allowance), 536
general notes, 536
IML (inside mold line), 536
mold line, 536
neutral axis, 536
OML (outside mold line), 536
sheet metal bends, 536
stretchout, 536
sheet metal parts, modeling, 438–440, 449–450
sheet number, in title blocks, 51
sheet revision block, 51
sheet size, in title blocks, 51
shop drawings, 786
shop rivets, 624
shortening identical features, 612
showing an inclined elliptical surface in true size, 372
showing true size, 364
SI (Système International), 456. See also metric system.
side of a screw thread, 595
signal paths, in electronic diagrams, 762, 764–765
simplified thread drawings, 600, 602–603, 611
simplifying, working drawings, 651
sine method for laying out angles, 138
single thread, 599
single-curved surfaces, 64, 385
single-limit dimensioning, 557
single-line diagrams, 760
single-line piping drawings, 830–831
single-view drawings. See one-view drawings.
Six Sigma, 7
16-pitch thread, 598
size constraints, 193
size designation for tolerance, 548
size dimensioning
prisms, 518
skeleton
sketching. See also drawings.
assemblies, 103
auxiliary views, 371
bolts and nuts, 616
cap screws, 616
circles, arcs, ellipses, 75–77
hex head bolts, 616
managing sketches. See documentation management.
nuts, 616
perspectives, 104
plane figures, 78
straight lines, 73
thread, 603
sketching techniques. See also isometric drawings, sketching.
accuracy, importance of, 70
analyzing complex objects, 66–67
angles, 70
arcs, 76
assemblies, 103
blocking irregular objects, 78
case study: Oral-B toothbrush, 112–115
circles, 75
with computer graphics, 108
constraining sketches, 110
construction lines, 66
contours, 67
edges, 69
ellipses, 76
enlarging shapes with a grid of squares, 78
essential shapes, 66
extruded shapes, 151
freehand, 109
freehand compass, 75
freehand sketching, 71
geometric methods for plane figures, 78
hatching, 68
important skills, 70
irregular shapes using offset measurements, 78
lines, 69. See also lines, sketching.
maintaining proportions, 77
negative space, 67
one-view drawings, 79
parametric modeling, 110
points, 69
polygons, 78
receding lines, 103
rectangle method for sketching polygons, 78
rough sketches, 110
stippling, 68
triangle method for sketching polygons, 78
vanishing point, 103
vertices, 69
viewpoint, 68
sketching techniques, oblique sketches
angles, 101
angle of receding lines, 98
appearance of, 98
box construction, 101
choice of position, 100
choosing the front surface, 98
ellipses for, 100
length of receding lines, 99
overview, 98
projection methods, 82
skeleton construction, 102
sketching techniques, perspectives
angular. See two-point perspective.
in AutoCAD, 111
bird’s-eye view, 107
circles, 107
curves, 107
horizon line, 107
one-point, 105
parallel. See one-point perspective.
types of, 104–105. See also specific types.
worm’s-eye view, 107
sketching techniques, pictorial sketching. See also sketching techniques, oblique sketches.
axonometric sketches, 81
definition, 80
perspective sketches, 81
sketching techniques, projection methods
for 3D CAD models, 83
dimetric, 83
foreshortening, 83
isometric, 83
multiview, 82
orthographic, 82
overview, 82
trimetric, 83
types of, 82. See also specific types.
SLA (stereolithography apparatus), 476
slope (grade), 517
slotted head screws, 618, A-61–A-62
slotted screw drivers, 619
SLS (selective laser sintering), 477
small rivets, 624
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 16
socket weld, 838
on metallic materials, 838
solenoid-actuated valves, 840
solid ground curing (SGC), 476–477
solid models
description, 190
versus other models, 223
solid objects, 64–65. See also specific types.
box, 146
cone, 146
cylinder, 146
difference (subtract) operation, 147–148
drawing complex shapes with Boolean operations, 147–148
intersection operation, 147–148
pyramid, 146
sphere, 146
torus, 146
union (join/add) operation, 147–148
wedge, 146
SolidWorks
assembly file management, 423
constraint relationships, table of, 202
drag-and-drop fasteners, 431
fit study, 583
operators, table of, 195
Pack and Go feature, 423
space-delimited text format, 457
gear teeth, 735
lettering. See lettering, spacing.
parallel lines, 74
section lining, 335
between views, 238
specialty pipe drawings, 836
specific gravity, 444
specifications, structural steel, 788
sphere primitive, 146
spheres
definition, 65
double-curved surfaces, 385
examples, 65
isometric drawings, 96
spherical coordinates, 129
spiral of Archimedes, A-101
spline, definition, 142
B-spline approximation, 143
cubic splines, 142
interpolated splines, 142, 144
NURBS (nonuniform rational B-spline) curves, 143
overview, 142
piecewise splines, 143
rational curves, 143
split ring connectors for wood construction, 784
dimensioning, 521
spreadsheets, 460
springs
modeling, 627
portfolio, 629
springs, helical
compression springs, 625
definition, 625
types of, 625
spur gears
addendum, 736
chordal addendum, 736
chordal thickness, 736
dedendum, 736
designing, 737
diametral pitch, 737
gear blanks, 736
involute tooth shape, 734
outside diameter, 736
pitch diameter, 736
rack teeth, 736
root diameter, 736
tooth spacing, 735
whole depth, 736
square threads, 596, 609, A-65
squares, drawing, 139
stability, of lettering, 44
stadia method, 814
stages, 764
standard features, 213
Standard for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings, 437
Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP), 458
standard punches, library of, 439
standard symbols, 830
standard worm thread, 596
standards. See also specific standards.
ANSI, See American National Standards Institute standards.
dimensioning, 538
electronic diagrams, 758
international, 16
lettering, 40
wire gage, A-70
standards organizations
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 16
ISO (International Organization for Standards), 16
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), 16
UL (Underwriters’ Laboratory), 758
United States, 16
standards publications
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 790
American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping (ANSI/ASME B31.1), 840
American National Standard Drafting Manual - Y14, 16
American National Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (ANSI/ASME B16.5), 838
ANSI B4.1 Preferred Limits for Fits for Cylindrical Parts, 560
ANSI B4.2, 562
ANSI/AF&PA NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction, 783
ANSI/ASME Y14.5M standard, 565–566
ANSI/ASME Y14.5M-2009 standard, 567
ANSI/AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, 848
ANSI/IEEE 200 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, 758
ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education), 16
ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practices, 540, 713
ASME Y14.43, 569
ASME/ANSI Y14.6 Screw Thread Representation, 598, 604
ASM-Y14.5M, 580
AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry, and ANSI/AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, 848
Detailing for Steel Construction, 786
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), 790
Manual of Standard Practice for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures, 795
Manual of Steel Construction, 788
Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, 814
MIL-STD-681 Identification Coding and Application of Hook Up and Lead Wires, 758
Principles of Brick Engineering and Principles of Tile Engineering, 797
Standard for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings, 437
static assemblies, 418
station point, 32
steel construction drawings. See structural drawings, structural steel.
steel pipe, 834
steel tape, 814
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data), 458
stereolithography apparatus (SLA), 476
stippling, 68
STL (STereo Lithography) format, 458
stone construction, 798
storage media, 718
straight lines, 73
straightness tolerance, 576
straps for wood construction, 785
stretchout, dimensioning, 536
structural clay products, 797
accurate dimensioning, 794
American bond, 797
architectural terra cotta, 798
ashlar masonry, 798
brick and mortar, 797
concrete construction, 794–796
definition, 282
elevation view, 793
English bond, 797
Flemish bond, 797
manufactured stone, 798
overview, 282
portfolio, 801
Principles of Brick Engineering and Principles of Tile Engineering, 797
RBM (reinforced brick or masonry), 797
rubble masonry, 798
running bond, 797
stone construction, 798
structural clay products, 797
structural drawings, concrete construction
high-strength concrete, 794
Manual of Standard Practice, 795
overview, 794
prestressed concrete, 794
structural drawings, structural steel
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 790
beam web, 791
bolted connections, 789
chords, 792
clip angles, 792
design drawings, 786
Detailing for Steel Construction, 786
extension figure, 790
filler beams, 786
fillet weld, 791
flanges, 788
frame beam connections, 790
gage line, 790
girders, 786
grades of, 788
high-strength steel bolts, 792–793
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), 790
Manual of Steel Construction, 788
member marks, 792
members, 792
overview, 786
piece marks, 786
plate material, 792
riveted connections, 789
scales for detailing, 789
shapes of, 788
shop drawings, 786
specifications, 788
types of, 788
weld symbols, 792
welded connections, 789
structural drawings, wood construction
ANSI/AF&PA NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction, 783
green lumber, 783
nominal sizes for wood products, 783
plates, 785
purlins, 783
split ring connectors, 784
straps, 785
symbols for finished surfaces, 783
toothed ring connectors, 784
wood joints, 784
structural steel drawings. See structural drawings, structural steel.
structure location plans, landform drawings, 822
studs, definition, 613
studying the natural world, as design aid, 16
subassemblies
constraint-based modeling, 216
definition, 418
drawing, 642
subtract (difference) operation, 147–148
successive auxiliary views, 368
successive revolutions, 396
superfluous dimensions, 516
supplementary, tolerance symbols, 567
surface area, determining mass properties, 452
surface continuity, 215
surface contour
fillet welds, 854
groove welds, 855
surface models
accuracy, 188
BREP (boundary representation), 184
case studies, Smart Tourniquet, 224–227
choosing a method for, 224–227
combining surfaces, 187
Coon’s patches, 187
definition, 184
derived surfaces, 187
digitizing, 187
editing, 188
interpolated patches, 187
meshes, 185
versus other model types, 223
patches, 187
reverse engineering, 187
surface information in the database, 184
surface normal, 184
tessellation lines, 189
TINs (triangulated irregular networks), 185
trimming, 187
tweaking, 188
uses for, 189
surface normal vector, 184
surface patches, 187
surface roughness, dimensioning, 526–527
surface texture symbols, 527–528, 529
surface welds, 856
ellipsoids, 385
generatrix, 385
hyperboloids, 385
intersections, definition, 385
plane, 385
ruled surfaces, 385
single-curved surface, 385
spheres, 385
tori, 385
types of, 64. See also specific types.
in views. See views, surfaces.
warped, 385
surveys, landform drawings, 810
swept shapes, 151
swing check valves, 839
switch symbols, electronic diagrams, 762
comparison of, A-84
dimensioning, 513, 520–521, 527–529, 529
ductwork, A-79
electronic diagrams. See electronic diagrams, symbols.
for finished wood surfaces, 783
heating, A-79
landform drawings, 815
piping drawings, A-78
projection, 241
section lining, 336
topographic, A-77
ventilating, A-79
welding structural steel, 792
symbols, electronic diagrams
AutoCAD tool palette, 764
diodes, 764
relays, 762
size, 762
stages, 764
standards, A-80
switches, 762
symbol libraries, 758
template for, 764
symbols, form and proportion of
datum, A-81
dimensioning symbols and letters, A-83
geometric characteristics, A-81
geometric dimensioning, A-82
modifying symbols, A-82
symmetry
case study: bicycle brake, 157–159
definition, 149
mirrored shapes, 149
parting line, 150
right- and left-hand parts, 149
Système International (SI), 456. See also metric system.
T
tab-delimited text format, 457
tabular dimensioning, 534
tangencies, 2D drawings, 287, 290–291
tangency, definition, 145
tangent constraint, 422
tangent method for
laying out angles, 138
sketching arcs, 76
tangent surfaces, hiding in 2D drawings, 292
drawing to circles, 135
tap breakage, 612
tap drills, 612
taper, plastic parts, 434
taper pins, specifications, A-71
taper pipe threads, A-85
tapered parts, tolerance, 549
tapers, 524
tapped holes, 612
teams, as design aids, 17
technical drawing, 4–5. See also specific forms.
template files, saving settings, 429
templates for
drawing, 47
lettering, 42
map symbols, 815
sketching arcs, 77
sketching ellipses, 95
symbols for electronic diagrams, 764
terminals, in electronic diagrams, 767–768
terrestrial photogrammetry, 813
tertiary datum, 569
tessellation lines, 189
theoretically exact datum feature simulators, 569
thick lines, 34
thickness, in views, 235
thickness, sheet metal, 450
thin lines, 34
third auxiliary view, 368
third-angle projection, 240–242
30° angles, estimating, 90
thread forms
Acme thread, 596
American national thread, 596
buttress thread, 597
knuckle thread, 597
metric thread, 596
sharp-V, 596
square thread, 596
standard worm thread, 596
UNEF (unified extra fine thread series), 596
Unified thread, 594
thread lengths, bolts, 614
thread symbols, 606
threaded pipe, adapting to copper pipe, 836
threads. See also screw threads.
American national thread, 594
angle of thread, 595
in assembly, 620
axis of screw, 595
basic applications, 594
bolts, 614
clearance holes, 612
crest, 595
depth of thread, 595
dimensioning, 524
external threads, 595
history of the screw principle, 595
internal thread, 595
isometric drawings, 95
lead, 595
major diameter, 595
metric fastener standard, 594
minor diameter, 595
multiple threads, 599
pitch diameter, 595
right-hand/left-hand, 598
root, 595
side, 595
single thread, 599
tap breakage, 612
tap drills, 612
tapped holes, 612
threads, drawing
Acme thread notes, 605
Acme threads, detailed description, 607
American National Standard pipe thread, 610–611
Briggs standard threads, 610–611
external square thread, 608
internal square thread, 608
modeling thread, 610
phantom lines, 612
portfolio, 629
shortening identical features, 612
tapped holes, 612
threads in assembly, 620
three dimensional. See 3D.
3D figures. See solid objects.
three-point perspective, 105, 106
through holes, 213
Through option, 137
TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding, 848
TINs (triangulated irregular networks), 185
title blocks
centering words in, 45
components of, 51
definition, 34
lettering for, 45
T-joint, 850
actual local feature, 548
actual mating envelope, 549
actual minimal material envelope, 549
actual size, 548
allowance, 548
applying with computer graphics, 582
barreled parts, 549
baseline dimensioning, 559
basic angle tolerancing method, 575
bilateral, 548
bilateral system, 558
bowed parts, 549
calibration and inspection, 555
case study, 583
chained dimensions, 559
circularity (roundness), 576
clearance fit, 551
continuous dimensions, 559
definition, 548
digital product definition, 581–584
dimensioning, 505
feature, 548
feature of size, 548
fit, specifying, 552
fit types and subtypes, 560
fits between mating parts, 551
flatness, 576
form tolerances for single features, 576–577
gage blocks, 555
GDT (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing), 580
general notes, 556
implied right angles, 550
interference fit, 551, 554–555
international tolerance grades, A-44
Jo blocks, 555
limit, 557
limit dimensions, 552
line fit, 552
and machining processes, 561
metric tolerances, 562
milling machines, 561
nominal size, 548
overview, 548
perfect form envelope, 549
plus-or-minus, 558
QC (quality certify), 548
reference dimensions, 559
selective assembly, 552
shaft system, 554
single-limit dimensioning, 557
size designation, 548
specifying, 556
straightness, 576
tapered parts, 549
transition fit, 552
true-position dimensioning, 572–574
unilateral system, 558
variations in form, 549
waisted parts, 549
tolerance, datum features
ASME Y14.43, 569
constraining degrees of freedom, 570
datum features versus datum feature simulator, 569
datum reference frame, 569
overview, 568
physical datum feature simulators, 569
primary datum, 569
secondary datum, 569
tertiary datum, 569
theoretically exact datum feature simulators, 569
tolerance, metric fits
ANSI B4.2 standard, 562
basic size, 562
deviation, 562
fundamental deviation, 562–563
hole system, 563
interference fit, 563
IT (international tolerance grade), 562
lower deviation, 562
nominal size, 562
overview, 562
preferred sizes, 564
shaft system, 563
tolerance, 562
tolerance symbols, 563
transition fit, 563
upper deviation, 562
tolerance, orientations for related features
tolerance envelope, 549
tolerance stacking, 559
tolerance symbols
ANSI/ASME Y14.5M standard, 566–567
basic dimensions, 567
combined, 567
datum feature simulator, 571
datum features, 571
datum identifying, 567
feature control frame, 566
form tolerance, 567
geometric characteristics, 566
LMC (least material condition), 567
metric fits, 563
metric tolerances, 563
MMC (maximum material condition), 567, 574–575
reference to a datum, 567
supplementary, 567
tolerance zone, metric tolerances, 562–563
toothed ring connectors for wood construction, 784
top adjacent, 366
topographic maps, 811
topographic shell fabrication (TSF), 478
topographic symbols, A-77
tourniquet, case study, 224–227
trammel method for sketching arcs and ellipses, 76
transformations
geometric, 154
transformer windings, in electronic diagrams, 771
transition fits
definition, 552
metric tolerances, 563
locational, A-40
transition pieces, developing, 393–394
translation, 154
transmitting power with gears. See gears.
traverses, landform drawings, 810
triangles
sketching auxiliary views with, 371
triangular prisms, dimensioning, 522
triangulated irregular networks (TINs), 185
triangulation, finding the development of an oblique cone, 393
trimetric projection, 83
trimming surface models, 187
true ellipses, 92
true size, showing
in auxiliary views, 364
inclined elliptical surface, 372
line length, with revolutions, 396
lines, true length in CAD, 378–379
true-position dimensioning, tolerances, 572–574
truncated prisms, 65
truss, welded, 859
TSF (topographic shell fabrication), 478
tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, 848
tweaking surface models, 188
12-pitch thread, 598
two dimensional. See 2D.
two-point perspective, 105, 106
U
UL (Underwriters’ Laboratory) standards for electronic diagrams, 758
UN threads, 598
underconstrained sketches, 203
UNEF (unified extra fine thread series), 596
unidirectional dimensioning, 512
unified thread, 594
fits, 600
unilateral system of tolerances, 558
union (join/add) operation, 147–148
United States, drafting standards, 16
units of measure, for dimensions, 505
UNJ threads, 598
UNR threads, 598
upper deviation, metric tolerances, 562
U.S. customary units. See also metric system.
converting to metric, A-73
definition, 36
dual dimensioning systems, 36–37
unit conversion, 37
user coordinate systems, 153–154
V
vanishing point, 103
variables, versus parameters, 193
variations in form, tolerances, 549
vector versus raster data, 459
ventilating symbols, A-79
vertical lettering, 41
vertices. See also points.
3D CAD modeling, 127
identifying with numbers, 250
sketching techniques, 69
viewing direction arrow, 377
viewing transformations, 155–156
viewing-plane lines, definition, 377
viewpoint, sketching techniques, 68
views. See also auxiliary views; orthographic projection; projection; section views.
angles, 253
arranging on paper, 235. See also glass box.
assembly drawings, 639
corners, 250. See also vertices.
creating by revolving objects, 235
depth, 235
developing from 3D models, 247–248
folding lines, 237
front, orientation, 240
height, 235
interpreting, 254
isometric, 249
length, 235
lines, interpreting, 253
measuring from a reference surface, 238
planes, definition, 250
points, interpreting, 253
principal dimensions, 235
revolved sections, 302
showing height. See elevation.
spacing between, 238
thickness, 235
transferring depth dimensions, 238
visualizing, 250
width, 235
views, surfaces
definition, 250
orientation to the plane of projection, 250–251
similar shapes, 254
using numbers to identity vertices, 250
visual rays. See projectors.
visualization
from a drawing, 256
purpose of technical drawing, 4
visualizing
2D complex cylindrical shapes, 288
in 3D, 258
edges, 250
with models, 256
as revolved drawing, 366
views, 250
volume, determining mass properties, 452
VR (virtual reality), 3D CAD models, 181
W
waisted parts, tolerance, 549
wall thickness, plastic parts, 436
washers
plain, A-68
waviness values, dimensioning, 528
Web, documentation management, 725
wedge primitive, 146
weight of the part, in title blocks, 51
welded connections, structural steel, 789
welded joints, 838
welding, structural steel, 791–792
welding applications, a welded truss, 859
ANSI standard symbols, 848–853, A-74–76
arrow side welds, 851
AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry, and ANSI/AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, 848
“bent” arrow symbol, 851
butt joint, 850
convex contour, 854
corner joint, 850
dimensioning fillet welds, 853
edge joint, 850
electric resistance welding. See resistance welding.
fillet weld length, 854
flush symbol, 854
GMAW (gas metal arc welding), 848
GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), 848
intermittent fillet welding, 854
lap joint, 850
MAG (metal active gas) welding, 848
metal forming, 448
MIG (metal inert gas) welding, 848
other side welds, 851
principal methods, 848
surface contour and fillet welds, 854
surface welds, 856
templates, 860
TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding, 848
T-joint, 850
types of welded joints, 850
welded roof truss, example, 792
what-if analysis, 460
Whitworth, Joseph, 594
whole depth, 736
width, in views, 235
width auxiliary views, 366–367
wireframe, 2D models, 222
wireframe modeler versus wireframe display, 183
wireframe modeling, 3D models, 182–183, 223
wiring diagram, in electronic diagrams, 760–761
wood construction drawings. See structural drawings, wood construction.
wood joints, 784
work group level, documentation management, 721
working drawing assembly, 638, 646–647
checking accuracy, 650
definition, 638
detail drawings, 638
numbering, 650
paper conservation, 648
for patent applications, 652–653
simplifying, 651
zoning, 650
working drawings, formats
digital drawing transmittal, 648
number of details per sheet, 648
PDF (Portable Document Format), 648
title and record strips, 649
world coordinate system, 153
worm’s-eye view, 107
write permission, documentation management, 718
wrought iron pipe, 834
wrought steel pipe, A-85
X
X- and Y-axes, coordinate systems, 127