Previous chapter presented reservoir characterization based on conventional science and engineering analysis. It is well known that New Science has numerous contradictions and unfounded premises that make it difficult to include new synthesis. This chapter introduces a discussion of fundamental science of mass and energy that enables readers to grasp the concept of natural energy and mass. This forms a background for characterizing unconventional gas reserves and rank them according to their sustainability and environmental integrity. When conventional oil and gas reservoirs are reconsidered based on their geology, they can be linked to added resources of unconventional oil and gas. It creates opportunities for new developments with little additional cost of reservoir development.