Index
A
Absorption loss, intrinsic or material, 41–42; see also Material absorption loss
Adaptive joint CR and turbo decoding for Nyquist terabit optical transmission in presence of phase noise, 624
terabit experiment setup and algorithm principle, 625–628
ADC principles of operations, 244
ADC sampling rate, 815
ADC subsystems, 245
ADCs (analog-to-digital converters), 234–238, 241, 243
16ADQPSK transmission scheme, photonic transmitters and receivers for, 313
Advanced modulation
40 Gbps transmitting signal using, 417
diagram of, 2
eye opening penalty (EOP), 485–486
high throughput of signals with, 414
higher spectral efficiency, 293
long-haul transmission, 365–367
long-haul transmission systems, 815
MATLAB simulation for, 136
optical communication, 250
Advanced modulation formats, 2, 8–9, 125–132
in all-optical networks, 815–817
in long-haul transmission systems, 815
Alternative phase/alternating-phase, see DB: alternatingphase/variable pulse width; DB transmitter, alternative phase/type 2
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, 66–68
accumulated, in cascaded optical amplifiers, 139–140
of optical amplifier, 138
Amplifier noise figure (NF), 139
Amplifier noise referred to input, 224–226
Amplifiers; see also Optical amplifier; Optical parametric amplifiers
electronic, responses and noise from, 223–226
Amplitude detection section of 40 Gbps, 306
Amplitude differential phase shift keying (ADPSK); see also MADPSK
4-ary, 101
Amplitude modulation formats, comparison of different, 307–308
Amplitude shift keying, see ASK
Analog-to-digital converters, see ADCs
Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 720–721
APSK modulation experimental configuration, 8-ary, 307
ASK (amplitude shift keying), 148, 260, 262, 263, 777; see also Long-haul transmission(s)
bipolar features, 299
coherent system amplitude-demodulated envelope, 151
description of, 2
replacement, 293
synchronous detection, 211
ASK interlevel spacing, 314, 329
ASK and DPSK modulation formats, 773
ASK modulation optical receiver without equalization, uncertainty in, 529–531
ASK subsystem error probability, 322–323
ASK systems, coherent, 150–151
ASK-RZ and ASK-NRZ, amplitude modulation, 95–97
Asynchronous detection, 208
Attenuation coefficient, 43–44
Australia, South and Western, 12
Automatic gain control (AGC), 205, 239–241
Automatic gain control (AGC) clipping, 242
Avalanche photodiode (APD), 223
AWG filtering impacts, optical, 266
AWG filters, optical passbands of, 266
B
Balanced receiver, see DPSK-balanced receiver
Balanced receiver signal output, 156
Bandpass filter (BPF), 208
Bandwidth
wireless/satellite transmission, 365–367
Bandwidth efficiency, 102, 359
Bandwidth requirements on O/E components, 815
Baseband equivalent equation, 390
Baseband filter, 428
Beam propagation method (BPM), 631, 633
Bernoulli binary generator, 421
Bernoulli random sources, 748
Bessel fifth order, 444
Best-fit integral nonlinearity (INL), 237, 238
Biasing current shot noise, 138
Binary amplitude minimum shift keying (BAMSK), 374–377
Binary amplitude modulation format
electronic preamplifier output voltage for, 140
probability density functions (pdf), 142–143
received signal power equation for, 140
received signals
OFF or a transmitted 0 is received, 141
ON or a transmitted 1 is received, 141–142
receiver sensitivity for, 143–145
Binary amplitude MSK format, generation of, 374–375
Binary amplitude optical MSK systems, transmission performance of, 382–384
Binary amplitude performance
output signal voltage equation, 341–342
received signal power equation for, 140
total equivalent noise voltage equation, 341
Binary coherent optical receiver, 154–156
Binary detection, threshold time decision, 753
Binary digital optical signals, 771–772
Bipolar features, 299
Bispectral optical structures, 693–694
Bispectrum coherent optical receiver, 687
Bispectrum optical receivers and nonlinear photonic preprocessing, 685–689
transmission and detection
FWM and bispectrum receiving, 689
optical transmission route and simulation platform, 689
Brillouin scattering, 171
C
Carrier chirping effects, 57
Carrier max (conventional RZ33) pulses, 252
Carrier phase estimation, 599; see also Carrier recovery
correction of phase noise and nonlinear effects, 599–600
forward phase estimation QPSK optical coherent receivers, 600–601
Carrier phase recovery, 539, 586–590
algorithm and demonstration of, 603–606
Carrier phase velocity, optical, 157–158
Carrier recovery (CR), 601–606; see also Adaptive joint CR
modified structure of algorithms for, 604
in polarization division multiplexed receivers, 601–611
Carrier recovery (CR) Q gain, 605
Carrier suppression return-to-zero, see CSRZ
Chirp-free optical modulators, 86–88
Chirping effects, carrier, 57
Chromatic dispersion (CD), 157–158; see also Chromatic linear dispersion; Dispersion tolerance
40 Gbps DB transmission, 417, 422
dispersion factor, 49, 158–161
dispersion tolerance, 400
fractally spaced equalization of PMD and, 546, 547
length of fiber, 396
MSK receiver, 391
optical carrier phase velocity, 157–158
optical operating frequency (Taylor series), 157
robustness (40 Gbps) transmission, 405
spectral width pulse, 158
Chromatic dispersion factor, 49, 158–161
Chromatic dispersion tolerance (DT), 326–327, 555
Chromatic linear dispersion, 158–161
dispersion limit, 160
longitudinal propagation, 159
material and waveguide dispersion, 158
material dispersion factor, 159
normalized frequency, 158
Sellmeier’s equation, 159
transverse propagation, 159
Chromatic linear dispersion coherent detection, 486
Coherent detection, 149, 205–207, 336–337; see also Heterodyne detection; Homodyne detection
chromatic linear dispersion, 486
communications demodulation scheme, 205–207
electronic current, 149
fiber dispersion classification of, 2
frequency shift keying (FSK) discrimination, 213
frequency shift keying (FSK) systems, 151–154
matched filter equations, 149
MZIM optical balanced receiver, 154
noises, 146
schematic, 207
self-heterodyne balanced receiver, 155
spectrum of, 221
Coherent detection receiver without phase estimation, 339–341
Coherent phase and FSK systems, 151–154
Coherent receiver(s)
disadvantages, 207
without phase estimation, 343
Coherent reception, digital processing systems and, 234
Coherent reception analysis, sensitivity of, 229–232
Coherent systems
optical heterodyne detection schematic, 212
PSK modulation format, 211
Coherent transmission systems, 1112 G QPSK, 540–543
Collett-Wolf equivalence theorem, 732
Comb generation, nonlinear excitation, 792
Comb generators, experimental platform for, 792–795
Constant modulus algorithm (CMA), 586–590
Constant modulus algorithm (CMA) cost function, 588
Constant modulus (CM) criterion, 588
Continuous phase FSK, see CPFSK
Continuous phase modulation (CPM), 4, 106, 414
Continuous phase modulation (CPM) PM-NRZ formats, 102–104
Correlative-level coding, 415
Coupled-wave equations, four-wave mixing (FWM), 697–699
CPFSK (continuous phase frequency shift keying), 8, 157, 213
MSK as special case of, 105
CPFSK differential detection, configuration of, 219
CPFSK modulation format, differential phase coherent detection of, 218–220
Cross-phase modulation (XPM), 37–38
EOP induced by, 286
Cross-phase modulation (XPM) effects, 64–65, 167–168
CSRZ (carrier suppression return-to-zero), 301, 303–305
CSRZ formats, amplitude-modulation, 97
CSRZ phasor representation, 89–93
CSRZ pulse initialized stage, 92
bias point and RF driving signals, 91
CSRZ-ASK modulation, 296–299, 776
CSRZ-ASK transmitter, 297
CSRZ-DPSK experimental transmission platform and transmission performance, 443–446
CSRZ-DPSK performance over dispersion-managed optical transmission link, 268–269
CSRZ-DPSK transmission, 776
system test bed for, 436
CSRZ-DPSK transmitter, 303
Cutoff properties, 33
D
DAC (digital-to-analog converter), 119, 122, 124, 815
frequency characteristics, 124
high-speed ADC and DAC incorporating statistical property, 239–241
DAC-limited bandwidth for Tbps transmission, equalization of, 576
experimental setup and bandwidth-limited equalization, 576–579
motivation, 576
Data modulation, 415
alternating-phase/variable pulse width, 436–446, see also DB transmitter, alternative phase/type 2
CSRZ-DPSK experimental transmission platform and transmission performance, 443–446
full-width half mark (FWHM), 437–439, 442
test bed for variable-pulse-width alternating-phase DBM optical transmission, 437–443
DB coder of transmitter model, 424
DB direct detection receiver, 428–430
40 Gbps DB transmission, 431
DB encoder outputs, 431
DB modulation formats for optical transmission, electrical linear double-sampling equalizers for, 506–512
DB optical communication system, transmitter model of 40 Gbps, 422
DB optical fiber transmission systems, 40 Gbps, 417
system transmission and performance, 430–449
transmission performance, 433–436
DB power spectrum, 432
DB receiver
full-width half mark (FWHM), 414
Gaussian filter, 428
Gaussian noise distribution, 428
mitigation, 487
testing parameters, 428
transmitters, 418
DB (duobinary) signaling, 415
DB (duobinary) signals, 447
DB transmission, 40 Gbps
chromatic dispersion (CD), 417
PSK optical transmitter schematic, 251
stimulated Brilloiun scattering (SBS), 417
system impairments, 249
DB transmitter, alternative phase/type 2, 423, 425, 427; see also DB: alternating-phase/variable pulse width
DB transmitters and precoder, 421, 423
DB variable pulse width transmission, 439
DBM (duobinary modulation), 413
DBM encoder of 40 Gbps transmitter DBM photonic transmission system, 419
simulation parameters used in LE for, 512
field properties, 415
DBM modulator main modules, 418
DBM optical communication system, modules of, 418
DBM photonic transmission system, transmitter of 40 Gbps, 418
DBM scheme with precoder, 416
Decision feedback equalization/decision feedback equalizer (DFE), 12, 486, 488, 490, 492–496, 498–501, 503–505, 590–592
error-free, 398
Demodulation platform for SSB signals, 463
Demodulation scheme, communications, 205–207
Demodulator simulation, SSB, 462, 464
Demultiplexed signal, 754
Demultiplexer (DeMux), 749, 751
Demultiplexer block, 753
Demuxed channels, 561
Dense wavelength division multipliexing, see DWDM
Detection methods, 335–337; see also specific methods
Detection receivers
coherent detection, 149
Differential detection, 212–213
Differential nonlinearity (DNL), 237, 238
Differential phase coherent detection of continuous phase FSK modulation format, 218–220
Differential phase detection under self-coherence, 218
Differential phase modulation, 299–307
Differential phase shift keying, see DPSK
Differential quadrature phase shift keying, see DQPSK
Digital modulation formats, spectral characteristics of, 111, 114–116
Digital modulation techniques in digital communications, 3–5;
see also specific techniques
Digital optical coherent receiver, 204
Digital optical communications
enabling technologies of, 2–13,
see also specific technologies
origins and development of, 1–3
Digital optical receivers, 137–140
Digital processing systems, 234–235
effective number of bits, 236–243
Digital processors, 243–245; see also DSP (digital signal processor)
Digital signal processor, see DSP
Digital-to-analog converter, see DAC
Direct detection (DD), 147–149, 336, 476
Direct detection (DD) cancellation of ISI, 590–592
Direct detection differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DD/DQPSK), 186–188
Direct detection (DD) receiver, 342–343
Discrete phase modulation
defined, 97
Discrete phase modulation NRZ formats, 97
Dispersion; see also Chromatic dispersion; Chromatic linear dispersion
higher-order, 51
intramodal, 45
Dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), 3, 732; see also Dispersion-compensating fiber
transmission fiber waveguide, 454–455
waveguide, 50
Dispersion optical fibers, special, 41, 71
Dispersion tolerance (DT), 283–284, 400–402, 479, 491, 783
of optical DPSK formats, 260, 262–264
residual, 383
Dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), 280
Dispersion-compensating span transmission systems, amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation formats in
ASK and DPSK spectra, 777
ASK and DPSK under self-homodyne reception, 777, 778
ASK-DPSK and DPSK-DQPSK under self-homodyne reception, 773
CSRZ-ASK and CSRZ-DPSK under self-homodyne reception, 776
NRZ-ASK and NRZ-DPSK under self-homodyne reception, 773–775
RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK under self-homodyne reception, 775
Dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs), see Nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers
DPSK (differential phase shift keying), 94–99, 136; see also under Dispersion-compensating span transmission systems; Long-haul transmission(s)
ASK (amplitude shift keying) and, 281–287
noncoherent detection for optical, 156–157
optical spectra of 40 Gbps, 306
principles, 256
DPSK modulation and formats, optical, 250–259
DPSK transmission, theoretical treatment of, 256
DPSK transmission experiment, 260–270
components and operational characteristics, 260, 261
DPSK transmitter, optical, 95
using discrete phase modulation, 257–258
8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM detection scheme, configuration of, 354–356
8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM modulation scheme, 100 Gbps, 353–359
I and Q field vectors in, using two MZIMs in parallel, 355
long-haul transmission performance, 357
receiver sensitivity and DT, 356–359
transmission performance, 356
8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM optical signals, power spectrum of, 356, 357
8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM optical transmitter, configuration of, 354
DPSK-balanced receiver, 257–259
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying), 270–273, 773
receiver configuration, 273
schematic diagram, 288
transmitter/receiver implementation, 271
DQPSK format for 100 Gbps Ethernet, 480–482
DQPSK modulation format, 270–281
DQPSK modulation phase shifts, 271
DQPSK precoder and decoder, 256
DQPSK receiver configuration using noncoherent direct detection, 273
DQPSK signal bit-phase mapping, 304
DQPSK signal constellation, 271, 303
DQPSK subsystem error probability evaluation, 323–324
DQPSK transmission, theoretical treatment of, 256
DQPSK transmitter, 304
DQPSK transmitter structures, comparison of, 311
DSP (digital signal processor), 11, 207; see also Digital processors
self-coherent detection and electronic, 221–222
DSP algorithms, see Optical communications system(s): general algorithms for
DSP complexity, 814
DSP equalizer, 490
DSP receiver, Tbps transmission incorporating FEC at coherent, 801–806
DSP structure in PDM coherent receivers, 602
DSP-assisted coherent detection, 226–229
DSP-based coherent receiver, 557–558
functionalities of subsystem processing in, 575
DSP-based heterodyne coherent reception systems, 567–570
DSP-based modulation and transmitter, digital-to-analog converter for, 119
generation of I and Q components, 121–123
structure, 120
DSP-based reception systems, 227–229
DSP-coherent optical receivers, 10
Duobinary (DuoB), see DB
Duobinary modulation, see DBM
DWDM (dense wavelength division multipliexing), 250
boosting capacity of, 2
enhancing total transmission capacity by increasing, 2–3
evolution of, 1
DWDM channels, mutual impact of adjacent 10 G and 40G, 269–270
DWDM VSB modulation-format optical transmission, 449–450
transmission dispersion and compensation fibers, 454–456
transmission performance, 456–460
VSB filtering and DWDM channels, 451–454
E
EA (electroabsorption) effect, 83
EA (electroabsorption) modulators, 83
EAM (electroabsorption modulator), 819–820
Effective number of bits (ENOB), 236–240
and transmission performance, 241–243
Electroabsorption (EA) modulator (EAM), 83, 819–820
Electronic beating noise, 139
Electronic digital multiplexing and I-Q modulator for ultra-high bit rates, 118–119
Electronic digital processing equalization, 488–491
Electronic equalization, 10–12;
see also specific topics
generic arrangement, 489
high speed optical network, 485–486
modulation formats, 489, 491, see also Modulation formats
optical network arrangement, 488–490
optical/electronic domain arrangement, 490
postequalization processing, 488
Electronic noise, 137
Electro-optic DB transmitter, 417–419
Electro-optic lens, 731
Electro-optic modulator, 419–421
Electro-optic phase modulator (E-OPM), 106, 368–370, 374–375, 384
as time lens, 731
End-point integral nonlinearity (INL), 239
amplitude for, 210
EOP (eye opening penalty), 146, 174–176, 285, 286, 380, 389, 479, 485–486
Equalization,
see specific topics
Equalization schemes, case study of, 499–501
Equalized transfer function, system representation of
generic equalization formulation
equalization shared between receiver and transmitter, 503
equalizers at receiver, 493–502
equalizers at the transmitter, 502–503
performance of FFE and DFE, 504–505
signal representation and channel pure phase distortion, 491–493
impulse and step responses of single-mode optical fiber, 505–506
Equalizer system, 751, 755–756
Equalizers, placement of, 12
Equivalent electronic noise, total, 198–199
Equivalent noise spectral density sources, 226
Equivalent step-index (ESI) profile technique, 35
Equivalent transfer function, 62
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 486, 663
balanced receiver, 443
coherent detection receiver, 340–341
invention of, 1
long-haul transmission, 357
optical amplifier noise equations, 83
optical amplifiers, 378
power loss compensation, 417
total insertion loss of, 83
Error calculation block, 749, 753–754
Error rate calculation (ERC), 753–754
Error-free demodulation, 398
Ethernet transmission, 100 Gbps
multilevel and multi-subcarrier modulation formats for, 348–359,
see also specific formats
Expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, 176–177, 185–186
External cavity lasers (ECLs), 814
External optical modulation, 7–8
Eye diagrams, 274, 278–281, 319;
see also specific topics
Eye opening penalty, see EOP
F
Factorized channel response, linear and nonlinear equalization of, 594
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 78–80
FEC (forward error coding); see also DSP receiver
Feedback equalization, 500; see also Decision feedback equalization
Feedback schematic, nonlinear, 502–503
Feedback transversal equalizer, 584
Feedback transversal filter, 583
Feed-forward equalizer (FFE), 11–12, 504–505; see also Equalized transfer function
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), 488, 725, 732
Fiber effects, nonlinear
rubustness toward, 783
Fiber model, single-mode, 321
Fiber nonlinearity, 64, 162, 783; see also Fiber propagation model: nonlinear effects via; Fibers: nonlinear effects; SMFs
Fiber PMD, 53
Fiber propagation, 414, 423, 425
in linear domain, 165–166, see also SMFs
Fiber propagation block
split-step Fourier method, 423
Fiber propagation model, 163–166, 170
of 40 Gbps DB optical fiber communication system, 427
nonlinear effects via, 166–172
ultra-long-haul, 417
Fibers, optical, 21–22; see also Dispersion compensation fiber; Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
length, 396
nonlinear effects, 35–41, 64–71, see also Fiber nonlinearity; Fiber propagation model: nonlinear effects via
properties
equivalent step-index description, 35
fundamental mode of weakly guided fibers, 24–35
geometrical structures and index profile, 22–24
signal attenuation in, 410
signal distortion through, 44–53
special dispersion, 71
Filters, optical, see Optical filter(s)
Finite impulse response, see FIR
Finite state machine (FSM), 527–528
FIR (finite impulse response), fractionally spaced, 582
FIR filter, 504
FIR filter tapping spacing, 509, 510
FM fiber loop, simulation of evolution of bound soliton states in, 670–673
FM MLFL (frequency modulation mode-locked fiber laser)
simulation of dynamics of bound states in, 667–673
Forward error coding (FEC); see also DSP receiver
Fourier series, 186, 473; see also Fast Fourier transform; Split-step Fourier method; Symmetrical split-step Fourier method
Fourth-power law PD (4PPD), 607–609
Four-wave mixing, see FWM
Franz-Keldysh effect, 83
Fraunhofer diffraction, see Fresnel diffraction
Frequency modulation, see FM
Frequency offset (FO), 599, 601–602
Frequency offset (FO) oscillations, 602, 603
Frequency shift keying, see FSK
Frequency shifting, recirculating, 790–791
Fresnel diffraction, 725
Fresnel sine/cosine integral, 505
FSK (frequency shift keying), 4, 151–154, 213
coherent systems, 4, 151–154, 213
FSK coherent system, 213
FSK format, optical heterodyne and differential detection of, 213
FSK modulation format, differential phase coherent detection of continuous phase, 218–220
Fujitsu ADC, 721
Fujitsu ADC subsystems with dual converter structure, 245
Fujitsu DAC, 119
Fujitsu DAC structures, 122, 243, 244
Fujitsu PDM I–Q optical modulator, 118
Full-width half mark (FWHM), 414, 415, 437–439, 442, 664
Full-width half maximum (FWHM), 90–91
FWM (four-wave mixing), 164, 689, 712, 715–717, 721; see also under Photonic signal processing using higher-order spectra
EOP induced by, 286
of optical channels, 40
FWM-based OTDM demultiplexer using a nonlinear waveguide, 710
FWM-based triple-product generation, 713
G
Gardner phase detector, modified
for Nyquist coherent optical transmission systems, 606
Gardner phase detector, modified, for Nyquist coherent optical transmission systems
algorithm description, 608–609
simulation and experimental results, 609–610
timing recovery, 607
Gaussian distribution, 58, 172, 492
Gaussian filter, 428
Gaussian index profile fiber, 32–33
Gaussian noise rejection, 688
Gaussian noise(s), 719
Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), 177–185, 608
Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) fitting, selection of threshold for, 179–180
Group velocity delay (GVD), 389
Group velocity dispersion (GVD), 45, 725, 748, 757, 762
equalization of distortion due to, 754, 756
Group velocity dispersion (GVD) equalization, 760–762
H
Harmonic mode-locked fiber laser (HMLFL), 677, 679, 681
for soliton generation, 674–682
Helmholtz equation, 726
Heterodyne detection, optical, 208–213
configuration schematic, 208
electric field equation, 208
optical signals electric field for, 208–209
photodetection current for, 209
Heterodyne phase detection, 216
Heterodyne receiver, 336
Hilbert transform
phase-shift modulator, 461–462
SSB MZ modulator simulation, 461–462
Hilbert transform SSB MZ modulator simulation, 461–462
Histogram approximation, 174
Homodyne detection, optical, 208, 214–220, 340; see also Self-homodyne detection and receiver sensitivity
Homodyne receiver, 336; see also under Long-haul transmission(s)
Homodyne reception transmission systems, 100 G and Tbps; see also under Long-haul transmission(s)
function modules of a Nyquist-WDM system, 788–790
generation of multi-subcarriers, 784, 785
multicarrier scheme comparison, 814–815
non-DCF 1 Tbps and 2 Tbps superchannel transmission performance
coding gain of FEC and transmission simulation, 807–809
MIMO filtering process to extend transmission reach, 808, 810–814
transmission platform, 795–796
Nyquist signal generation using DAC by equalization in frequency domain, 784, 786–788
Hybrid modulation, 5
I
Integral nonlinearity (INL), 237
Intensity modulation, 2
Intensity modulators
parameters of optical intensity modulators for generation of modulation formats, 113
Intercarrier interference (ICI), 467
Interferometric intensity modulator, 83–88
Intermediate frequency (IF), 10, 206
Intermodal delay effects, 45
Internet protocol, see IP
Intersymbol interference, see ISI
Intradyne detection, optical, 220–221
Inverse scattering method, see ISM
Inverse scattering problem, 650–651
Inverse spectral transform, 647–648, 650–651
IP over WDM network, 490
IP TV (Internet protocol television), 2
I-Q (in-phase and quadrature-phase) approach, 106, 108
I-Q (in-phase and quadrature-phase) imbalance estimation results, 543, 544
I-Q (in-phase and quadrature-phase) integrated modulators, 116–119
I-Q (in-phase and quadrature-phase) optical modulators, 116–118
ISI (intersymbol interference), 394
ISI effects caused by fiber dispersion and narrowband optical filters, 394
ISM (inverse scattering method), 631, 634–637, 647–648
K
L
Laser; see also Harmonic mode-locked fiber laser; Mode-locked fiber lasers
external cavity, 814
Laser frequency oscillation (FO), 603
36 KHz oscillation variation of laser frequency, 606
Laser sources, multiplexed, 792
Lax pair, 647
Least significant bias (LSB), 237
Lightwave carrier output field, 85
Lightwave intensity levels, 407
Linear equalization, 500, 501, 546, 548–549, 579–580
Linear equalizer (LE), 582
Linear equalizer zero-forcing filter (LE-ZF), 582
Linewidth
criteria for neglecting, 219
Linewidth 10-G Baud system, 186–188
Linewidth resolution, 236
progress in, 235
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3/LN), intensity modulators using, 88
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3/LN) modulator, 83–85
Local oscillator (LO), 225, 233, 245, 543
coherent detection, 206
differential phase detection with, 216–217
Long-haul transmission system(s), 708
advanced modulation formats in, 815
amplified, 269
problems on Tx for advanced modulation formats for, 125–132
soliton, 13
Long-haul transmission(s), 357, 365–367, 414
matched filter, 149
Melbourne to Sydney, 249
nonlinear effects in ASK and DPSK under self-homodyne reception in, 777–784
continuous vs. discrete phase shift keying under self-homodyne reception, 780–781
multilevel vs. binary or I-Q -modulation under self-homodyne reception, 782–783
multi-subcarrier vs. single/dual carrier modulation under self-homodyne reception, 781–782
nonlinear effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-ASK, 780, 782
nonlinear effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK, 779, 781
performance of DWDM RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK, 779, 780
single-sideband and partial response modulation under self-homodyne reception, 783–784
ultra-long-haul fiber transmission, 417
Low-pass elliptic filters (LPEF), 452
M
Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer (MZDI), 9, 156, 186
M-ary CPFSK linear and nonlinear detection, 370–371
NRZ-DPSK signal, 299
Mach-Zehnder interferometric structure, 83
Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), 106, 108; see also MZIM (Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator)
power transfer function, 85
MADPSK (multilevel [M-ary] ADPSK), 100–102, 294–295; see also MATLAB simulated MADPSK
nonlinear effects on, 329, 331
MADPSK constellation
phase and driving voltages for 16-ary, 316
recovered at the receiver, 40 Gbps, 321
MADPSK eye diagrams, 40 Gbps, 330
MADPSK optical transmission, 312–313
performance evaluation, 313, 315
transmission fiber and dispersion compensation fiber model, 316, 319
transmission performance, 319–331
transmitter model, 315
MADPSK photonic transmitter diagram, 101
MADPSK signal bit-phase mapping, 16-ary, 311
MADPSK signal constellation, 327
driving voltages for 16-ary, 101
MADPSK spectrum, 40 Gbps, 321
MADPSK system, error probability of, 327
MADPSK system BER evaluation, 324–326
MADPSK transmission models, implementation of, 315
Marcum function, 143
M-ary ADPSK, see MADPSK
M-ary amplitude DPSK using one MZIM, 100–101
M-ary CPFSK-modulated optical signal, detection of, 370–371
M-ary optical signals, 772
Matched filter, coherent detection with, 149–154
Material absorption loss, 41–42
Material dispersion factor, 46, 159
Material dispersion parameter, 46
MATLAB model, 276, 277; see also Simulink
for DQPSK optical system, 288
MATLAB simulated MADPSK, 318–320
transmission performance, 319, 321–331
transmitter/receiver model, 315–316
MATLAB simulated system model, 317
MATLAB simulation, 136, 430, 439, 748; see also Simulink
for advanced modulation, 136
for MGD method, 178
for pulse carver, 440
for RZ DQPSK
electrical precoder, 290
MZDI optical balanced receiver, 291
optical transmitter, 289
for RZ-MSK, 110
MATLAB Simulator for optical communications systems, 163–172
Maximum a postiori (MAP) technique for phase estimation
method, 594
Maximum likelihood sequence estimation, see MLSE
Maxwellian distribution of PMD random process, 51, 53
Maxwell’s equation, 25, 632, 726
Mean square error equalizer (MSE equalizer) equation, 497–498; see also Minimum mean square error equalization
Mean square error (MSE) in equalized signals, 585–586
equalization with minimizing, 594
Melbourne to Sydney transmission route, 249
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) filtering process to extend transmission reach, 808, 810–814
Minimum mean square error equalization (MMSE), 12
Minimum shift keying, see MSK
MLSE (maximum likelihood sequence estimation), 487; see also Viterbi algorithm
chromatic dispersion (CD) in direct detection receivers, 486
configuration of, as equalizer in OFDR, 512–513
MLSE equalizer for optical MSK systems, 512–513
performance comparisons, 523
simulation parameters, 515
MLSE equalizer-MSK optical transmission systems, systems performance of, 611–624
MLSE equalizer for optical MSK systems, 611–613
MLSE scheme performance
performance limits of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers, 617–619
performance of MLSE schemes in 40 Gbps transmission systems, 613–614
transmission of 10 Gbps optical MSK signals over 1472 km SSFM uncompensated optical links, 614–617
uncertainty and transmission limitation of equalization process, 622–624
Viterbi-MLSE equalizers for PMD mitigation, 620–622
MLSE equalizer(s), 12
configuration in optical frequency discrimination receiver, 611–612
nonlinear, 526
for MSK optical transmission systems, 526–529
for optical MSK systems, 512–515
with reduced-state template matching, 514–515, 613
with Viterbi algorithm, 513–514, 612–613
MLSE MSK modulation format, simulation parameters used in, 614
MLSE scheme performance
performance limits of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers, 518–521
performance of MLSE schemes in 40 Gbps transmission, 515–516
transmission of 10 Gbps optical MSK signals over 1472 km SSFM uncompensated optical link, 516–518
uncertainty and transmission limitation of equalization process, 526
Viterbi-MLSE equalizers for PMD mitigation, 522–526
Mode hopping, effects of, 66
Mode-locked fiber lasers (MLFLs), 660–662; see also FM MLFL; Harmonic mode-locked fiber laser
Modified Gardner PD (MGPD), 607–611
Modulation features;
see also specific features
identification of, for combating impairment effects, 771–773
Modulation formats, 3–7, 489, 491, 555;
see also specific formats
all-optical networking and, 815–818
electronic dispersion compensation of, 531–536
electronic equalization and, 772–773
field properties, 415
parameters of optical intensity modulators for, 113
optical fiber communications for detection, 147–149
electronic current generated for, 148–149
schematic for direct detection, 147
quantum limit of optical receivers under different, 146–154
RZ format summary table, 98
spectral characteristics of digital, 111, 114–115
spectral properties, 116
Modulator performance
bias voltage, 86
operating parameters, 89
Monochromatic fields, 44
Monte Carlo performance evaluation, 172–173
Monte Carlo simulation
minimum shift keying (MSK), 401–402
OSNR vs. linear CD, 531
MSE, see Mean square error
MSK (minimum shift keying), 375–377, 396–398, 401–402, 487; see also MLSE equalizer-MSK optical transmission systems
amplitude shift keying (ASK), 3–5, 95–96
baseband equivalent equation for, 390
binary modulation, 388
generation scheme, 407
incoherent detection technique, 407
optical power spectrum, 407
error-free demodulation, 398
eye opening analytical results, 394, 395
low-pass equivalent frequency, 390
narrowband optical filer detector, 389, 391
noncoherent detection for optical, 156–157
weakly, 372
optical channel, 391
optical communications, 375
optical MSK transmitter configuration, 106, 108
power spectrum, 407
receiver design
optical filter, 395
receiver performance validation, 398, 399
as special case of CPFSK, 105
spectral spilling, 394
square pulse of duration, 390
state diagram for, 373
MSK format, mapping of binary data for dual-level, 407
MSK optical binary amplitude base-band equation, 374
MSK optical receiver with equalization, uncertainty in, 531
MSK optical transmission systems, nonlinear MLSE equalizers for, 526–529
MSK state diagram, truth table based on, 105, 374
MSK systems, linear and nonlinear optical
transmission performance of, 378–384
MSK transmission, 10 Gbps, 402–403
MSK transmitter
employing two cascaded optical phase modulators, optical, 367
using parallel I-Q MZIMs, 371–374
MSK transmitter configuration
photonic, 106
using Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators, 106, 108
MSK-modulated signals, generation of optical, 368–370
MSK-transmitted signals, constellation and eye diagrams of, 372
Multicarrier modulation technique, 468
Multicarrier multiplexing (MCM), 109–111
optical transmission system, 732
signal flow diagram, 112
Multi-Gaussian distributions (MGDs), 176–177, 185–186
expectation maximization (EM) theorem and, 185–186
selection of number of Gaussian distributions for MGD fitting, 177
selection of number of Gaussian distributions in MGD method, 106–108
via expectation maximization (EM) theorem, 105–106
Multilevel amplitude-minimum shift keying (MAMSK) modulation, 360
offset, 360
Multilevel amplitude-phase shifting keying, see MADPSK
Multilevel modulation, 5–6, 348–350; see also 8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM modulation scheme
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) filtering process to extend transmission reach, 808, 810–814
Multiplexed laser sources, 792
Multiplexed receivers, carrier recovery in polarization division, 601–611
Multiplexer model, 750
Multiplexing, time division, 119
Multi-subcarrier modulation formats for Ethernet transmission, 348–359;
see also specific formats
Multi-subcarrier optical signals, 772
Multi-subcarrier vs. single/dual carrier modulation under self-homodyne reception, 781–782
Multi-subcarriers, generation of, 784, 785
MZIM (Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator), 85, 86, 88–92, 254; see also Harmonic mode-locked fiber laser; Mach-Zehnder modulator
DBM alternating-phase, 441
DBM modulator, 416
DPSK transmitter using, 257–258
dual-drive, 420
electro-optic duobinary transmitter, 417–419
electro-optic modulator
dual-drive driving operation, 419–421
input-output transfer characteristics, 419–420
input-output transfer characteristics, 420
integrated optical modulator bias control, 86
microwave optical transfer, 249
multilevel optical transmitter using single dual-drive MZIM transmitter, 308–312
output field for, 253
phase-shape binary modulation format, 414
phasor representation
push-pull dual drive transmitter, 89
Simulink model of, 426
MZIM optical balanced receiver, 154
MZIM structure, dual-drive, 310
MZIM transmitter, multilevel optical transmitter using single dual-drive, 308–312
MZM, see Mach-Zehnder modulator
N
Narrowband filter receiver, 513
Noise; see also Amplifier noise; Phase noise
from electronic amplifiers, 223–226
Noise figure (NF), optical amplified, 139
Noise impact, determination of, 145–146
Noise mechanism and noise effect on MADPSK, 328
Noncoherent detection, 146, 156, 157, 273, 367, 376
definition, 156
for optical DPSK and MSK, 156–157
Nonlinear decision feedback equalization (NL DFE), 500
Nonlinear equalization (NLE), 501, 546, 548–549; see also Zero-forcing nonlinear equalization (ZF-NLE)
under severe amplitude distortion, 502
Nonlinear equalizers (NLEs), 575, 590–594
Nonlinear phase noise (NLPN) in cascaded multispan optical link, 70–71
Nonlinear robustness, see Robustness
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), 59, 163, 651, 652, 656, 668, 726–727; see also Schrödinger equation
Non-return-to-zero, see NRZ
Nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers (NZ-DSFs), 35–37, 41
NRZ (non-return-to-zero); see also ASK-RZ and ASK-NRZ
NRZ-ASK
RZ-ASK and, see also RZ-ASK
BER and receiver sensitivity, 281
spectrum of 40 Gbps, 295
NRZ-ASK modulation, 295–296, 773–775
NRZ-DPSK modulation formats, voltage bias and amplitude swing levels for, 257
NRZ-DPSK photonics transmitter, 100
NRZ-DQPSK
BER and receiver sensitivity, 281–283
optical spectra of 40 Gbps, 305
Nyquist channels, spectra of, 565
Nyquist PDM-QPSK transmitter and BTB, experimental setup of 128 Gbps, 577
Nyquist pulse and spectra, 552–555
Nyquist QAM channel, timing recovery in, 563–564
Nyquist transmission systems; see also Adaptive joint CR and turbo decoding for Nyquist terabit optical transmission in presence of phase noise
O
ODQPSK (offset differential quadrature phase shift keying), 106
bit error rate (BER), 282
ODQPSK modulation format, 273–276
ODQPSK signal constellation, 274
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), 562, 772
FFT- and IFFT-based principles of, 471–473
frequency domain representation, 468
impacts of nonlinear modulation effects on optical, 478–479
as multicarrier modulation format, 467–473
nonlinear modulation effects and, 478–479
N-point inverse DFT, 472
optical modulation, 477
robustness, 477
transmits multiple frequencies in parallel form, 467–471
OFDM and DQPSK formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet, 480–482
OFDM format for 100 Gbps Ethernet, 480–482
OFDM receiver, 471; see also OFDR
OFDM transmission systems, optical, 473–480
OFDR (optical frequency discrimination receiver), 157; see also OFDM receiver
OFDR-based optical MSK systems, transmission limits of, 404
Offset detection, 331
Offset differential quadrature phase shift keying, see ODQPSK
Offset-square 16-QAM, 335
ONFDR (optical narrowband frequency discrimination receiver), 387
operational principles, 388–389
resilience to nonlinearity (SPM) of, 404
ONFDR optimum bandwidth and center frequency, 396–398
ONFDR robustness to chromatic dispersion, 398, 400–404
On-off keying, see OOK
OOK (on-off keying), 2
OOK-RZ formats, amplitude-modulation, 95–96
Optical add/drop multiplexes (OADM), 815
Optical amplified noise figure (NF), 139
Optical amplifier (OA), 293
Optical communications system(s)
general algorithms for, 575–594
schematic of coherent, 580
Optical cross-connects (OXCs), 815
Optical delay line (ODL), 387, 389
Optical DPSK transmitter, 95
Optical fibers, see Fibers
Optical filter passband, 393–395
Optical filtering effects, 264, 266–268
Optical filter(s), 157; see also Matched filter
center frequency, 395
Optical frequency discrimination receiver, see OFDR
Optical intensity modulators for generation of modulation format parameters, 113
Optical narrowband frequency discrimination receiver, see ONFDR
Optical networks, ultra-fast, 818–820
Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (oOFDM), 350–353, 474, 476
Optical parametric amplifiers (OPA), 702–705, 707
Optical phase modulators (OPMs), 95, 367; see also Electro-optic phase modulator; Phase modulators
Optical phase shift keying (optical PSK), 95, 256
Optical phase-locked loop (OPLL), 206
Optical pulse FWHM position, 254
Optical signal transmission, uncertainties in, 529–531
Optical signal-to-noise ratio, see OSNR
Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM), 708, 710, 759, 818–820
Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) output signal, 160 Gbps, 751
Optical to electrical (O/E) components, bandwidth requirements on, 815
Optical transmission performance evaluation, 172
eye opening penalty (EOP), 174–175
Gaussian-based tools for, 176–178, 185
GPD fitting threshold selection, 179–180
histogram, 174
Monte Carlo method for, 172–173
novel statistical methods, 180–185
optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), 174
probability distribution functions, 173
Opto-electronic receiver, 414
Orthogonal channels, 6
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, see OFDM
Orthogonal transformation, 492–493
OSNR (optical signal-to-noise ratio), 70–71, 110, 145, 146, 174, 209, 545, 615, 623, 627
average power output for, 145
vs. linear CD, 531
P
Papoulis, 725
Parabolic applied driving voltages, 737, 739
Parabolic driven-voltage PM, equalization with, 734
Paraxial diffraction, 726
Partial-response signaling, 415; see also DB
PDM (polarization division multiplexing), 123
PDM I–Q optical modulator, 118, 121
PDM-QAM (polarization division multiplexed–quadrature amplitude modulation), 243
PDM-QPSK modulation channels, ADC and ADC transceiver subsystems for, 245
PDM-QPSK optical transmission system, setup of, 541
PDM-QPSK signals, Fijitsu DAC structures for four- channel, 243–244
Performance evaluation, see Optical transmission performance evaluation
Phase angle, relative, 644
Phase detector (PD), 607
implementation of Godard, 607
4PPD (fourth-power law PD), 607–609
Phase distortion, 11
back propagation compensation of nonlinear, 546, 548–549
Phase information, encoding of, 688
Phase matching FWM effects, 168–170
Phase modulation
definition, 84
electro-optic integrated modulator drawing, 85
lightwave carrier output field equation, 85
Phase modulator block, 751, 753, 756
Phase modulator (PM) structure, single, 309
Phase modulators (PMs), 84, 258, 300; see also Optical phase modulators
equalization with parabolic driven-voltage, 734
equalization with sinusoidal driven-voltage, 732–734
Phase noise; see also Adaptive joint CR and turbo decoding for Nyquist terabit optical transmission in presence of phase noise
Phase shift block of transmitter model, 423
Phase shift keying, see PSK
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 214
detection and optical, 214–215
Phase-modulated interferometer, 255
Phasor representation, 253, 312, 534
of CSRZ pulses, 91–93, 253–254
for generation of output field, 92
of RZ33 pulses, 90, 93–94, 255
RZ33-CSRZ pulse schematic, 255
Photodetector/preamplifier noise, 137
Photonic balanced receiver, 156
Photonic components and operating characteristics, 260, 261
Photonic modulators, structures of, 88
Photonic MSK transmitter configuration using cascaded electro-optic phase modulators, 106
Photonic noise, 137
Photonic preprocessing; see also Bispectrum optical receivers and nonlinear photonic preprocessing
in coherent reception systems, nonlinear, 715–721
Photonic signal processing using higher-order spectra, nonlinear, 693
FWM and photonic processing for higher-order spectra, 693–696
optical domain implementation
conservation of momentum, 700
estimate of optical power required for FWM, 700–701
third harmonic conversion, 700
third-order nonlinearity and parametric FWM process, 696–699
coupled equations and conversion efficiency, 699
FWM coupled-wave equations, 697–699
nonlinear wave equation, 696–697
phase matching, 698
transmission models and nonlinear guided wave devices, 701–702
Photonic transmission system
DBM encoder of 40 Gbps transmitter DBM, 419
transmitter of 40 Gbps DBM, 418
Photonic transmitters and receivers for 16 ADQPSK transmission scheme, 313
Photonics transmitter, NRZ-DPSK, 100
Photonics transmitter diagrams, 100, 101
PM (polarization maintaining), 7
PMD (polarization-mode dispersion), 51–53, 161–162, 743
effect on digital optical communication system, 52
equalization of timing jitter and, 744–745
fractally spaced equalization of CD and, 546, 547
conceptual model, 52
PMD effects, resilience to, 479–480
PMD random process, Maxwellian distribution of, 51, 53
PMs, see Phase modulators
Polarization, transverse, 26
Polarization division multiplexing, see PDM
Polarization maintaining, see PM
Polarization-mode dispersion, see PMD
Power transfer function of Mach-Zehnder modulator, 85
4PPD (fourth-power law PD), 607–609
Preamplifier in optical receiver of transimpedance amplifier, 205
Preamplifier noise, 137
Probability density function (pdf), 142–143, 178, 210, 216
Probability distribution functions, 173
Propagation constant, normalized, 48
Propagation of light waves, 657
Propagation theory, fundamentals of nonlinear, 632–633
PSK (phase shift keying), 4, 5, 771–772
coherent detection, 211
differential phase shift keying (DPSK), 94–95
optical heterodyne/differential detection schematic, 213
optical phase shift keying (optical PSK), 94
PSK format, optical heterodyne detection for, 212
Pulse carver MZ interferometric intensity modulator, 89–90, 99, 250, 252–253
Pulse electric field waveform equation, 90
Pulse generator block, 748
Pulse sequence, transmission of ultra-short, 10; see also Pulse transmission
Pulse shapes non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 2, 4
Pulse train communication system, 646–656
Pulse train transmission; see also Soliton pulse transmission systems and ISM
equalization of third-order dispersion (TOD), 742–743
parameters for equalization for second-order elimination under, 741
second-order dispersion, 739–742
Pulse transmission, ultra-short, 12–13; see also Pulse sequence
Q
Q factor, 173
channel spacing and, 458
filter frequency passband and, 459–460
group velocity dispersion (GVD) and, 458–459
Q penalties, 602
16QAM; see also Star 16-QAM
eye diagram, 351
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), constellation of 16-square, 330
16QAM Tbps transmission, 224 Gpbs, 802–803, 806–807
QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), 548; see also PDM-QPSK
QPSK coherent receivers, 600–601
Quadratic phase channel limitations, 526
Quadratic phase shift keying systems, 539–549
Quadratic-phase transmittance function, 505
Quadrature amplitude modulation, see QAM
Quadrature phase shift keying, see QPSK
Quadrature-phase channels, 6–7
Quantum limit detection, 215–216
Quantum shot noise, 138
R
numerical results validating, 398
Receiver performance, numerical validation of, 398
Receiver sensitivity (RS), 143–145, 281–283, 326, 387–389, 407–409, 783
BER vs. receiver sensitivity setup, 778, 780–783
minimum symbol distance and, 275–276
under normal conditions, 233–234
optical receiver sensitivity equation, 144
self-homodyne detection and, 276
shot-noise-limited, 232
Receiver(s);
see also specific topics
input for optical, 211
operation, 388
quantum limit of optical, 146–154
Rectangular pulse transmission, 55
Refractive index, 46
effective, 48
wavelength and, 45
Return-to-zero (RZ), see CSRZ; RZ
Robustness toward nonlinear effects, 284–287
RZ (return to zero), 98; see also ASK-RZ and ASK-NRZ
RZ ADOSK modulation, measurement BER results for 16-ary inverse, 350
RZ electric field waveform (RZ & CSRZ), 251–253
RZ formats DPSK modulation, 257
RZ33 phasor representation, 90, 93–94
RZ pulse carving, 272
RZ pulse electric field waveform equation, 90
RZ33 pulses, 91
RZ-ASK; see also under NRZ-DQPSK
and RZ-DPSK under self-homodyne reception, 775
RZ-ASK signal, spectrum of 40 Gbps, 297
RZ-ASK transmitter and signal, 296
BER and receiver sensitivity, 281–282
RZ-DPSK and NRZ-DQPSK, 281–282
RZ-DPSK photonics transmitter, 100
RZ-DPSK signal and transmitter structure, 302
RZ-DQPSK
108 Gbps, 281
optical spectra of 40 Gbps, 305
Simulink model of electrical precoder for optical transmitter for, 290
Simulink model of MZDI optical balanced receiver for, 291
Simulink model of optical transmitter for, 289
RZ-DQPSK modulation, channel implementing, 271
RZ-MSK, optical, 109
S
Scattering data, evolution of, 647, 650
Scattering problem, direct, 649–650
Schrödinger equation, 631, 726–727; see also Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger wave equation, see Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Self-coherent detection and electronic DSP, 221–222
Self-heterodyne balanced receiver, 155
Self-homodyne detection and receiver sensitivity, 276; see also under Long-haul transmission(s)
Self-phase modulation, see SPM
Sellmeier’s coefficients, 47, 198
for different core materials, 198
Sellmeier’s equation, 159
Separating channel technique, 701
Shot-noise-limited receiver sensitivity, 232
Siemens TranXpress multiwavelength transport system, 288
Signal generation, optical, 7, 8
modulation formats and, 3
Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD), 236–237
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 149, 226, 585; see also OSNR
MSK nonlinear format, 102
nonlinear equalization that minimizes, 498–499
Silica, 47
optical wavelength and refractive index of, 45
Simulink, 689, 701, 702, 704, 707–710, 712, 713
DPSK, data encoder for duobinary format, 442
duobinary, 442
Simulink model, 276–278, 747, 749
for DQPSK optical system, 288–291
Simulink Simulator for optical communications systems, 163–172
Single correlation coefficient, 152
Single-mode fibers, see SMFs
Single-pulse transmission, 735, 754–759
equalization of second-order dispersion, 735–738
equalization of third-order dispersion (TOD), 738–739
Single-sideband (SSB) demodulation platform, 463
Single-sideband (SSB) demodulator simulation, 462, 464
Single-sideband (SSB) modulation, 461–464
Single-sideband (SSB) optical modulators, 109; see also DB
Sinusoidal driven-voltage phase modulator, 732–734
Sinusoidal driving voltages, 736, 738
SMF models, 428
SMF-DCF fiber, 752
SMFs (single-mode fibers), 157–158, 425; see also SSMF
frequency response, 56
linear and nonlinear properties, 64
single- and few-mode conditions, 26–28
transfer function
simplified linear and nonlinear operating region, 72–76
Soliton generation, active harmonic MLFL for
effect of modulation depth/index, 678
effect of modulation frequency, 677
effect of ring length, 678–680
experiment setup, 674
measurement of fundamental frequency, 677
tunable wavelength harmonic mode-locked pulses, 675–676
Soliton interactions
different relative phase interactions, 642–646
interaction between two solitons in optical fiber, 656–660
interaction of fundamental solitons
triple solitons’ interaction under different relative phases, 644–645
triple solitons’ interaction with different relative phases and r = 1.5, 645–646
two solitons’ interaction under different relative phases, 642–644
two solitons’ interaction with different pulse separation, 640–642
two solitons’ interaction with different relative amplitude, 640, 642
in optical fiber
bound system with unequal amplitude, 658–659
soliton pair with initial equal amplitudes, 657–658
soliton pair with initial unequal amplitude, 658–659
Soliton long-haul transmission system between South and Western Australia, 13
Soliton period equation, 660
Soliton pulse transmission systems and ISM, 646–648
ISM solutions for solutions, 648–651
N-soliton solution
Soliton states
bound states and multiple eigenvalues, 656
multisoliton bound state equation, 661–662
simulation of formation process of bound, 668–670
Soliton(s); see also ISM (inverse scattering method)
breakdown, 640
definition, 631
fundamental and higher-order, 637–639
in actively phase modulation mode-locked fiber ring resonators, 660–673
mode-locked fiber lasers, 660–662
N-solitons explicit formula, 651–653
pulse train communication system, 646–656
rate of separation, 656
Space-time duality, 729; see also Time lens
optical transmission system, 732
properties, 729
Spatial imaging configuration, 730
Spatial lens, 728
Spectral efficiency, 555, 783, 815
Spectral illustration, 535–536
Spectral spilling, 394
Split-step Fourier method (SSFM), 77, 428, 633; see also Symmetrical split-step Fourier method
SPM (self-phase modulation), 36–37
EOP induced by, 285
robustness toward, 284
SPM effects, nonlinear, 36, 64–66, 70–71, 166–167, 405
Square 16-QAM signal constellation, 334
generic, 335
Square-law detection, 208
SSMF (standard single-mode fiber), 27–28, 49, 396, 397, 404–406, 583, 613–620
SSMF transmission
group velocity dispersion (GVD) equalization of 120 km, 760–762
TOD equalization of 120 km, 761, 763
Standard single-mode fiber, see SSMF
Star constellation quadrature amplitude modulation, see Star QAM
Star 16-QAM; see also 8-DPSK-2-ASK 16-Star QAM detection scheme; 16-Star QAM
optical transmitter for, 335–337
16-Star QAM; see also Star 16-QAM
simulation parameters for, 343
symbol mapping and coding for, 333
theoretical arrangement of modulation constellation for, 333
Star QAM coherent detection, 360–361
Star 16-QAM optical transmission, 331–332
Star 16-QAM signal constellation, 332, 333
design, 332
optimum ratio ring for, 332, 334–335
STAR 16-QAM simulation, 331–332
design, 332
direct detection receivers, 343–348
simulation parameters, 343
16 STAR-ASK, 782
Stark (EA) effect, 83
State-of-polarization (SOP) modifier, 563–564
State-of-polarization (SOP) rotation speed, 555
Statistical evaluation techniques, 176–177
Statistical evaluation techniques for performance evaluation, 176–177; see also under Optical transmission performance evaluation
Statistical methods, validation of novel, 180, 183–185
Step-index fiber, 35
approximation of spot size r0 of, 34–35
solutions of wave equation for, 25–26
step-index profile, 32
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 38–39, 417
robustness toward, 287
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effects, 172
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 38–40
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effects, 170–171
Stimulated scattering effects, 38–41
Subcarriers; see also Multi-subcarriers
Superchannel Tbps transmission system, 785–786
possible structure of, 557
Superchannel transmission, 128 Gbps 16QAM, 564–565
Superchannel transmission systems, terabits/second, 552–570
superchannel system requirements, 555–556
optical-Fourier-transform-based structure, 559–561
Superchannel transmission test, three
Tbps transmission using, 796, 798, 799
Superchannel transmitter, architecture of, 559
Sydney to Melbourne transmission route, 249
Symmetrical split-step Fourier method (SSFM), 163–165
optimization of, 79
Synchronous detection, 206, 212
T
Taylor series, 157
TEDCMAX (maximum of TEDC), 609–611
Telecommunication high-capacity long-haul, 414
Telecommunication infrastructure, 249–250
Temporal imaging configuration, 730
Terabit Ethernet (TE) transmission, 552
Thermal noise, 138
Third-order dispersion (TOD), 759
Third-order dispersion (TOD) elimination, 756, 758, 759
Third-order dispersion (TOD) equalization
with variable fiber lengths, 763–767
Third-order parametric nonlinearity in optical signal processing, system applications of, 702
nonlinear photonic preprocessing in coherent reception systems, 715–721
parametric amplifiers, 702–704
high-speed optical switching, 707–711
parameters of FWM-based OTDM demultiplexer using nonlinear waveguide, 714
parameters of 40 GHz short pulse generator, 709
parameters of long-haul transmission system using NPC for distortion compensation, 708
parameters of parametric amplifier in 40 Gbps transmission system, 703, 705
wavelength conversion and nonlinear phase conjugation, 704, 706–707
Threshold time decision binary detection (TTDBD), 753
Time bandwidth product (TBP), 675–676
Time division multiplexing using high-speed sequences from DACs, 119
Time-space duality, see Space-time duality
Timing error detector characteristics (TEDC), 607, 609, 611
Timing jitter elimination parameters, 745
Transfer characteristics, 85–86
Transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs), 223
wideband, 224
differential inputs, single/differential output, 224, 225
single input single output, 224
Transmission;
see also specific topics
Transmission and equalization, simulation of; see also Transmission simulation
equalization of timing jitter and PMD, 744–745
pulse train transmission
equalization of third-order dispersion (TOD), 742–743
second-order dispersion, 739–742
single-pulse transmission, 735–739
Transmission distance, 555
Transmission fiber impairments, 328–329
Transmission impairments, 157–162
Transmission link, 749
Transmission schemes, Tbps
Transmission simulation; see also Transmission and equalization, simulation of
coding gain of FEC and, 807–809
Transmission system(s);
see also specific topics
equalization in, 732–734, see also Equalization
equalization in 160 Gbps, 732
optical transmitter source, 748
simulation model overview, 746–754
system configurations, 745–746
Transport delay block, 748
Transversal equalization schematic, 11
Transversal equalizer, feedback, 584
Transversal feed-forward filter (FFE), 493; see also under Feed-forward equalizer
Transversal filter, 11
feedback, 583
Transverse polarization, 26
Transverse propagation, 159
state
finite state machine (FSM), 527
Tx-DSP, 815
U
Unitary transformation, 492–493
V
Vascade fiber, 408
Vestigial sideband, see VSB
Viterbi algorithm, 487, 516, 518–521, 528
calculation of state and branch metrics, 528
MLSE electronic equalizers, 12
MLSE equalizer with, 513–514, 612–613
simulation setup, 519
trace-back process, 528
Viterbi-MLSE, modified
performance of, and template-matching schemes, 516
Viterbi-MLSE equalizers, 487–488, 519, 520
Volterra series transfer function (VSTF), 59, 62, 68, 70
VSB (vestigial sideband) filters, 453
VSB optical transmission; see also DWDM VSB modulation-format optical transmission
BER vs. receiver sensitivity, 459–460
elliptic filter frequency responses, 452
Hilbert transform phase-shift modulator, 461
Q factor channel spacing, 458
Q factor effects on filter passband, 459–460
schematic, 450
transmission fiber waveguide dispersion factors, 454–455
transmission performance, 456–460
VSB transmission system, 449–451
modeled, 450
W
Waveform discontinuity, 79
Waveguide dispersion, 48–51, 160
Waveguide dispersion factor, 50
Waveguide dispersion parameter, 50
alternative expression for, 50–51
Wavelength, attenuation of optical signals as function of, 43
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), 474, 486
boosting capacity of, 2
evolution of, 1
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) channels, wavelength conversion of, 706
Windowing effect, mitigation of, 79
X
XPM, see Cross-phase modulation
Z
Zero-forcing (ZF) equalization, 493–496
Zero-forcing (ZF) linear equalization, 581–582
Zero-forcing linear equalizer (ZF-LE) for fiber as transmission channel, 582–583