Index
Numbers
6to4 service, 651
64-bit versus 32-bit mode, 577
802.11 wireless, 625, 632. See also Wi-Fi
Symbols
* (asterisk) wildcard character, 111
(backslash), using, 107
.. (parent directory), 123
. (period) before filenames, 375, 513
? (question mark) wildcard character, 111
" (quotation marks), using, 107
>> (redirect operator), 109–110
/ (root folders), 199, 394, 400. See also files and folders
[] (square brackets) wildcard characters, 111
~ (tilde), using with home folders, 394–395
A
-a option, using at command line, 108
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 5
About This Mac, 23–26, 98–100, 321–322
absolute pathnames, 106
AC power, using for upgrades, 26
accent, configuring, 70
Accessibility, privacy settings, 72–77, 238
account passwords, resetting, 283–286
accounts. See user accounts
ACEs (access control entries), 351, 357, 454
ACLs (access control lists), 351
actions, performing on files, 8–9
Actions extensions, configuring, 580
Activity Monitor
Content Caching service, 779
Activity Monitor, monitoring processes, 612–613
administrator account, 60–61, 165–167, 284–286
Advertising, privacy settings, 240
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 333
AFP (Apple Filing Protocol), 733, 735, 738
agent
definition, 576
preferences, 615
AirDrop, using to share files, 791–794. See also File Sharing
AirPrint, 837
aliases
repairing, 386
user accounts, 176
“Allow apps downloaded from” setting, 485–486
APFS (Apple File System), 6, 297, 299–303
APM (Apple Partition Map) scheme, 298
APNs (Apple Push Notification service), 730, 732
app extensions
Actions, 580
Finder, 581
managing, 579
Share Menu, 582
Touch Bar, 587
app resources
troubleshooting, 607
app standards, 5
App Store
account management, 475
authentication dialog, 475
Categories tab, 471
Create tab, 470
Develop tab, 470
Discover tab, 470
Family Sharing, 479
Play tab, 470
preferences for automatic updates, 151–152
signing in to, 479
software updates, 144
Work tab, 470
appearance, choosing, 65
appending to text files, 109–110
Apple ID. See also security enhancements
passwords, 218
Reset Password assistant, 273
resetting login passwords, 268–271
two-factor authentication, 224–226
user accounts, 176
Apple Legal website, 59
Apple Pay, 65
Apple T2 security chip, 280, 333–335. See also Security & Privacy settings
Apple Tech Specs website, 38
Apple Watch, 230
AppleDouble file format, 422–424
Application Support folder, 401
Applications folder, 200, 400, 508
apps. See also installed apps; iOS apps; network apps; purchased apps; sandboxed apps
“Allow apps downloaded from” setting, 485–486
bypassing installation settings, 488
changing defaults for file types, 557–559
copying to /Applications, 506–507
creativity and productivity, 477
Finder Quick Actions, 586
force quitting, 597–598, 608–612
high-resolution assets, 577
installation packages, 490–492
installing with drag-and-drop, 489–490, 506
Instruments, 596
malware detection, 484
monitoring with System Information, 592
notarization, 483
overriding settings, 517
Preview Pane, 586
registration, 516
reinstalling from App Store, 511
removing from Launchpad, 510–511
removing in Finder, 512
restarting, 596
restricting access, 230
sandboxing, 482
SIP (System Integrity Protection), 481–482
testing, 500
User Guide, 15
using installer package, 502–505
verifying compatibility, 26–27
ARD (Apple Remote Desktop), 773
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 628–629
assistive technologies, 53
asterisk (*) wildcard character, 111
attributes. See extended attributes
audio devices, 830
audio files, trimming, 525
Authenticated Ethernet, 652
authentication
automatic WPA enterprise networks, 635–637
file-sharing services, 735–737
Auto Save. See also saving
disabling, 538
versus Resume, 537
and versions, 528–531, 559–562
automatic login, 230, 286–291. See also login window options
Automatic network location, 646
Automatic Software Updates. See also software updates; updates
checking installation, 159
automatic source routing, 653
Automation, privacy settings, 239
Automator, Quick Actions, 587–591
B
background processes, 576
backing up
data, 39
files and folders, 27
backslash (), using, 107
Backup disk, creating, 325
backup volume, selecting, 459–461. See also volumes
backups, Time Machine, 444–445
Bluetooth wireless technology, 649, 774, 822–828
Bonjour
network host addressing, 718–719
network identification, 771
printer configuration, 864–871
protocols, 717
bookmarks and marks, CLI (command-line interface), 109
Boot Camp, APFS, 303
booter, selection, 884
booter initialization, 882, 885–886, 904. See also safe boot; Secure Boot; Startup Security Utility
Border Color tool, 526
bus connections, peripherals, 817
C
C and C++, 5
caching. See Content Caching service
Calendar
privacy settings, 238
camera, privacy settings, 238. See also Continuity Camera; digital cameras
CardDAV (Card Distributed Authoring and Versioning), 728
case-sensitivity
APFS, 299
journaled Mac OS Extended, 299
Mac OS Extended, 299
Categories tab, App Store, 471
cd (change directory) command, 106, 117–119
CD or DVD Sharing, 772
cellular Internet connections, 649–650
certificate, verifying, 636
cfprefsd (preferences agent), 615
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation, 627
Classroom server, connecting to, 92
CLI (command-line interface)
arguments, 104
command string, 104
cursor movement, 115
example, 105
extras, 104
file examination commands, 109–111
file-system pathnames, 106
fs_usage command, 306
inspector, 115
lsof command, 306
marks and bookmarks, 109
modifying files and folders, 112–113
opening locations, 114
prompt, 103
special characters, 107
Tab key completion, 107–108, 114
wildcard characters, 111
clipboard, 23
Command key. See keyboard shortcuts
commands. See also recursive commands
canceling, 115
cd (change directory), 106, 117–119
cp (copy), 112
createinstallmedia tool, 131–132
editing, 115
exit, 113
history, 115
mkdir (make directory), 112
mv (move), 112
nano text editor, 113
Open man Page, 114
as processes, 575
pwd (print working directory), 106, 117–119
resetpassword, 131
rm (remove), 112
rmdir (remove directory), 112, 124
su (super user/substitute user), 113
sudo (substitute user do), 114
touch (modification date), 112
vi (visual), 113
comment and tag metadata, using, 437–441
Compressed statistics, 596
computer account, creating, 60–61, 81–82
computer name
network host addressing, 718–719
configuring setup options, 61
Connection Doctor, 748
connectivity issues, troubleshooting, 695–698
connectivity standards, 5. See also network connectivity; wireless connection
Console
collection of log messages, 34
viewing reports, 599–602, 619–622
Contacts
privacy settings, 238
using from iCloud, 573
Containers and Group Containers, 401
Content Caching service, 144, 774–780
Continuity Camera, 10, 22. See also camera; digital cameras
copying
files to network share, 762
and moving files, 122
ParticipantMaterials folder, 92–94
corrupted preferences, resolving, 603–604, 617–618. See also preferences
cp (copy) command, 112
% CPU, monitoring, 593
CPU time, monitoring, 593
Create tab, App Store, 470
createinstallmedia command-line tool, 131–132
creativity apps, 477
Crop tool, 527
cursor movement, CLI (command-line interface), 115
Customize Settings, 61
D
daemons, 576
data
backing up, 39
recovering from nonstarting system, 319–320
Data & Privacy screen, 54
data forks, 422
Decrypt option, 315
deleted user accounts, restoring, 211–216
deleting
files, 463
keychains, 274
Desktop, storing in iCloud Drive, 543–546. See also Dynamic Desktop
Desktop folder, 196
Develop tab, App Store, 470
development standards, 5
DFS (Distributed File Service), 733
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 5, 53, 129, 628, 631–632, 650
DHCP service issues, troubleshooting, 698
DHCP-based network location, creating, 674–675
DHCP-supplied settings, confirming, 661–662, 673–674
diagnostic reports, 598–599, 618–622
Dictation, privacy settings, 241–242
digital cameras, 829–830. See also camera; Continuity Camera
Directory Utility
root account, 171
User Guide, 164
Discover tab, App Store, 470
disk access, privacy settings, 239
disk images
mounting, 389
disk information, viewing, 322–324
disk space, checking, 24
Disk Utility
erasing and reformatting disks, 325–326
opening, 44
viewing disk information, 322–324
disks. See also external disk; formatting unreadable disks
Decrypt option, 315
displaying, 310
erasing and reformatting, 324–326
and partitions, 31
disks or volumes, erasing, 312–314
DNS
(Domain Name Service), 652
(Domain Name System), 5, 628, 630
DNS host name, network host addressing, 718–719
DNS resolution, testing, 707–709
DNS service issues, troubleshooting, 698, 702, 709–710
DNS settings, confirming, 661
Dock, force quitting apps, 608–609
dock settings, changing, 95–96
document standards, 5
documents. See also iCloud Drive
locking and unlocking, 563–564
marking up, 525
previewing with Quick Look, 521–523
storing in iCloud Drive, 543–546
downloadassets option, 131–132
Downloads folder, 198
drag-and-drop, installing apps, 489–490, 506
Draw tool, 526
drivers
CUPS printing system, 838
Drop Box folder, 199, 350, 357
duplicate documents, saving, 531–532
DVD or CD Sharing, 772
Dynamic Desktop, configuring, 71–72. See also Desktop
Dynamic DNS, 669
dynamic service discovery, 716–718
E
eject, explained, 304
ejecting
in-use volumes, 306
email protocols and services, 723–724
empty disk images, creating, 390–391
Encrypted APFS, 299
encrypted Mac OS, 299
encrypting disks, 64–65, 314–315
encryption, enabling in Time Machine, 447–449
Energy Saver preferences, 891
Erase this Mac? 233
erasing
files in Terminal, 314
and reformatting disks, 324–326
startup disks, 20
error dialogs, displaying, 34
Ethernet. See also PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet); Wireless Ethernet
and 802.11 wireless, 625
connectivity issues, 695
hardware options, 652
support, 649
Everyone permissions, 349
EWS (Exchange Web Services)
Calendar and Reminders, 725–726
Mail, 724
ExFAT (Extended File Allocation Table), 300
exit command, 113
Express Setup Up, 61
Extensions, 401
Extensions preferences, System Preferences, 526
External Boot, 280
external disks. See also disks
external storage devices, encrypting, 447–449
external USB devices, examining, 835–836
F
FaceTime, configuring, 732
Family Sharing, App Store, 479. See also parental controls
FAT (File Allocation Table), 5, 299
file format, AppleDouble, 422–424
file metadata
file quarantine, apps, 483–484, 488
file resources, root folders, 400
file shares, automatic connection, 742–743
File Sharing, 303, 772. See also AirDrop; sharing
file systems
encrypting external disks, 314–315
erasing disks or volumes, 312–314
erasing files in Terminal, 314
formatting unreadable disks, 311–312
partitions and schemes, 298
pathnames, 106
standards, 5
storage, 297
volumes, 298
file types, previewing, 516, 523
filename extensions, hiding and showing, 514–515
files
copying to network share, 762
deleting, 463
erasing in Terminal, 314
Open With option, 555
opening, 513
organizing in groups, 196
previewing contents, 9
removing from Time Machine backup, 451–452
restoring from Time Machine, 452–454
restoring with Finder, 454
restoring with Migration Assistant, 455
restoring with Time Machine, 463–466
viewing with Quick Look, 555
files and folders. See also ParticipantMaterials folder; root folders (/)
backing up, 27
modifying, 112
storing in home folders, 365–366
file-sharing services
automatic authentication, 735–736
browsing, 735
manual authentication, 736–737
troubleshooting, 748
file-system permissions. See also permissions
ACLs (access control lists), 351
locked file, 354
read access, 359
removing entries, 362
standard structure, 350
viewing, 347
FileVault. See also macOS Recovery
Apple T2 security chip, 333–335
confirming On status, 338
enabling users, 338
guest user access, 169
IRK (institutional recovery key), 340
login window behavior, 335
recovery, 336–338, 340, 342–345
Reset Password assistant, 272
resetting passwords, 344
restoring passwords, 345
security and privacy settings, 231
unlock, 884
FileVault protected Mac, restarting, 340–342
Fill Color tool, 526
Find command
keyboard shortcut, 441
Find My Mac, using, 231–235. See also Mac computers
Finder
advanced file-system search, 430–433
configuring extensions, 581
creating aliases, 385
Network Folder, 734
restoring files, 454
revealing hidden folders, 376–379
Finder Quick Actions extension, 586
Finder window, opening, 92
Finger tool, Network Utility, 699
firewall settings, 231. See also personal firewall
FireWire standard, 5, 317, 649, 822
firmware
keyboard shortcuts, 885
passwords, 218, 235, 278, 292–294
troubleshooting issues, 903
updates, 885
First Aid, Disk Utility, 316–317. See also repairing
folder permissions, changing, 200, 363. See also hidden items
folders. See bundles; files and folders; packages; Smart Folder
fonts
adding for single user, 410–413
changing, 526
confirming unavailability, 413
folders, 407
installing, 408
using, 401
Force Eject, clicking, 306
force quitting apps, 597–598, 608–612
Format pop-up menu, 45
formatting unreadable disks, 311–312. See also disks
frameworks, 401
fs_usage command, CLI (command-line interface), 306
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 5, 734, 739
Full Disk Access, privacy settings, 239
Fusion Drive, 303
G
galleries, viewing items as, 520
GarageBand app, 477
Gatekeeper security settings, testing, 507–509
Get Info, keyboard shortcut, 347, 370, 438, 557, 561
Go To Folder, keyboard shortcut, 378, 394–395
graphics cards
restrictions, 22
support for Metal, 26
Group Containers folder, 404–405
grouping
files, 196
groups. See Users & Groups preferences
GUID partition map (GPT) scheme, 139–140, 298, 325
H
H.265 standard, 5
hardware
interfaces, 649
HEIF (High Efficiency Image Format), 5
Help feature, 14–16, 130, 133–134
Hey Siri, searching with, 426–427
hidden items. See also folder permissions
hidden Wi-Fi networks, joining, 637
HIDs (human input devices), 829
highlight color, configuring, 70
highlighting text, 526
high-resolution app assets, 577
Home app, 11
home folders
migrating and restoring, 202–206
storing files and folders in, 365–366
HomeKit, 427
hops between routers, examining, 703
host-sharing services
configuring network identification, 771
enabling, 169
hotspots, 23
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 5
HTTP (web) server, testing, 767
HTTPS protocol
Calendars, 727
Contacts, 729
Safari web browser, 719
HVEC (High Efficiency Video Coding), 5
I
iCloud Drive. See also documents; storage
Desktop and documents, 543–546
keyboard shortcut, 573
optimized storage, 548
verifying changes, 573
iCloud features, enabling, 565–567
iCloud Keychain
resetting, 276
iCloud storage. See also storage
analytics, 62
Drive, 63
explained, 59
files in, 63
Keychain, 61
iCloud website, Find My Mac, 232
icons, viewing items as, 520
Idle Wake Ups, monitoring, 594
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 821
IEEE 802.3ad, 651
IEEE 1394 standard, 5
IEEE-1394, 821
IKEv2 (Internet Key Exchange version 2), 657
iMac installation requirements, 21–22
images
marking up, 525
rotating, 525
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), 5, 724
iMessage service, using, 730
iMovie app, 477
importing photos, 10
Info tool, Network Utility, 699, 711–712
Info windows, displaying, 347–348
initiation. See system initialization
Inspector
CLI (command-line interface), 115
keyboard shortcut, 367
opening, 355
install disk
Install macOS Mojave app, getting copy of, 138–139
installation
history, 153
requirements, verifying, 21–23
installed apps, viewing, 510
installed software. See also apps; software
removing, 494
updating, 493
Installer
installing. See also reinstallation
apps with drag-and-drop, 489–490, 506
fonts, 408
KEXTs (kernel extensions), 257–258
macOS Mojave, 30–32, 43–48, 128
software updates manually, 154–155
updates, 149
updates manually, 152
Instant Hotspot, 23
Instruments app, 596
internal devices, examining, 833–835
international features, 11
Internet access, testing, 678
Internet Accounts preferences, configuring, 720–721
Internet Protocol Security, 657
IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, 626–630, 653, 718–719
IP proxies, 652
IPP/2.1 (Internet Printing Protocol), 838
IPv6 packets, transferring across IPv4 networks, 651
IRK (institutional recovery key), FileVault, 340
J
journaled Mac OS Extended, 299
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 5, 513
K
Kerberos, 735
kernel initialization, 882, 886–887
troubleshooting, 905
KEXTs (kernel extensions)
booter initialization, 885–886
keyboard layout, selecting, 53
Keyboard pane, Accessibility preferences, 75–76
keyboard shortcuts
Accessibility Options, 73
Applications folder, 508
Categories tab (App Store), 471
Connect to Server, 738
copying folders, 92
Documents folder, 438
Duplicate, 531
Find command, 441
Finder window, 92
firmware, 885
Get Info, 347, 370, 438, 557, 561
iCloud Drive, 573
Installer Log, 49
installing macOS Mojave, 128
Preview preferences window, 613
Print, 854
Quick Look preview, 464, 521–522, 561
refreshing updates, 149
reloading pages, 194
resizing text, 16
Save As, 437
screen capture, 28
Screenshot utility, 9
Siri virtual assistant, 436
starting a Mac, 102
upgrading to macOS, 128
View as List, 440
VoiceOver, 53
keychains. See also login keychains; passwords
changing passwords, 274
deleting, 274
features, 401
locking automatically, 248–250
locking login session, 250–251
storing passwords, 252
using, 218
Keynote app, 477
L
-l option, using at command line, 108
L2TP over IPSec, 657
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), 651
language
adding for dictation, 241
screen, 52
selecting for Siri, 436
LANs (local area networks), 653. See also VLANs (virtual local area networks)
Launch Services, managing, 517–518
LaunchAgents, 401
launchd
LaunchDaemons, 401
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, 657
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 728
Legal website, 59
Library folder
default, 400
license agreement, reading, 47
Light Mode, 70
lists, viewing items as, 520
Local Administrator, logging in as, 138, 189, 284
local group accounts, 171
local storage, optimizing, 551–554. See also storage
local user account types. See also user accounts
local group, 170
and passwords, 217
sharing-only, 169
Location Services
enabling, 62
Lock this Mac? 233
log files, using, 33
log messages, viewing, 601–602
logged-in identity, determining, 113
logging out automatically, 231
login keychains, effects, 287–290. See also keychains
login passwords, resetting, 268–273. See also passwords
login shell, user accounts, 176. See also user login items
login window options, managing, 179–180, 335. See also automatic login
loginwindow user session, 889–890, 906–907
logs, 401
looks, choosing, 65
Lookup tool, Network Utility, 699, 702, 709–710
lost files, recovering, 462–466
lost passwords, resetting, 267–273. See also passwords
LPD printer connection, configuring, 849
ls (list) command, 106, 119–120
lsof command, CLI (command-line interface), 306
M
MAC (media access control) addresses, 626, 629
Mac Analytics, 600
Mac Basics screen, 13
Mac mini installation requirements, 21
Mac model, getting information about, 13
mac OS Extended, 299
Mac Pro installation requirements, 22
MacBook installation requirements, 21
macOS history, 17
macOS Mojave 10.14
integration through standards, 4–5
reinstalling, 130
macOS Recovery. See also FileVault; Recovery mode
Reset Password assistant, 272–273
starting up from, 43–44, 127–129
Mac computers. See also Find My Mac
restoring with macOS Recovery, 456–457
starting, 102
setting up network account, 750–754
testing network account, 754–757
Mail Connection Doctor, 748
malware detection, apps, 484
marking up
documents or images, 525
marks and bookmarks, CLI (command-line interface), 109
MBR (Master Boot Record), 139, 298, 325
MDM (mobile device management)
privacy settings, 236
remote lock and erase, 234
using to install updates, 152–153
mDNS (Multicast DNS), 4
memory, checking, 36
Memory button, 596
memory management, 576
Messages
metadata
Metal, 26
Microphone, privacy settings, 238
Migration Assistant, 54, 202–206, 455
mkdir (make directory) command, 112
mobile user accounts, 163
Model Identifier, recording, 36
modem with PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 652
modification date, updating, 112
mounting
disk images, 389
volumes, 305
mouse preferences, adjusting, 88–89
movies
folder, 198
rotating, 525
trimming, 525
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 5
MTU (maximum transmission unit), 733
Music folder, 198
mv (move) command, 112
N
nano text editor command, 113
NAS (network-attached storage), Time Machine, 446
NAT (Network Address Translation), 774
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System), 652
configuring, 669
NetBIOS name, network host addressing, 718–719
Netstat tool, Network Utility, 699
network accounts, viewing, 749–750
network apps, troubleshooting, 746–748
network connectivity. See also connectivity standards
network discovery protocols, 771
network file service protocols, 733–734
Network Folder, Finder, 734
network host addressing, 718–719
network identification, configuring, 771
network issues
interface information, 699–700
types, 694
network locations. See also static network location
selecting, 648
Network preferences
opening, 654
network proxies, configuring, 670–671
network service accounts, configuring, 721–722
network service apps
FaceTime, 732
Internet Accounts preferences, 720–721
Safari, 719
network service interfaces
making inactive, 655
network services. See also virtual network services
dynamic service discovery, 716–718
identification, 716
troubleshooting, 743–748, 764–768, 800–801
network settings
checking status in preferences, 706
observing problems, 706
setting up, 53
status indicators, 694
network shares
copying files, 762
mounting automatically, 762–764
network standards, 5
Network Status pane, 643
network traffic, monitoring, 711–712
network user accounts, 163
Network Utility
using, 131, 698–703, 744–745, 765–768
networks. See also virtual network services
hops between routers, 703
protocols, 652
status indicators, 694
TTL (time-to-live) fields, 703
verifying connections, 694
News app, 11
NFS (Network File System), 733, 739
No Access permission, 350
notarization of apps, 483
Notification Center, update availability, 144
NTFS (New Technology File System), 5, 300
Numbers app, 477
O
Objective C, 5
Open Directory, local user accounts, 174
Open man Page command, 114
Open With option, using with files, 555
opening
App Store, 28
Disk Utility, 44
documents from iCloud, 570–572
files, 513
Finder window, 92
Safari web browser, 12
Software Update, 28
Option key. See keyboard shortcuts
OS X history. See macOS history
P
-p option, using at command line, 111
packages
installer type, 381
viewing content, 381
packets, sending to routers, 629–630
Pages app, 477
pairing Bluetooth devices, 823–826
PAN (personal area network), 649
Panel Editor, Accessibility preferences, 77
parent directory (.), 123
parental controls, 177–178, 190–194. See also Family Sharing; user accounts
ParticipantMaterials folder, copying, 92–94. See also files and folders
partitions
and disks, 31
and schemes, 298
passcode, providing for Find My Mac, 234
Password Assistant, using, 266, 284–286
passwords. See also keychains; login passwords; lost passwords; Security & Privacy settings; strong passwords
changing for keychains, 274
moving to system keychains, 255–256
recovering with FileVault, 337
requiring, 230
resetting in macOS Recovery, 281–283
resetting with FileVault, 344
restoring with FileVault, 345
retrieving in keychains, 253–255
sleep and screen saver, 891
storing in keychains, 252
PCI Express data, Thunderbolt, 821
PDF (Portable Document Format), 5, 526
PDF documents, creating, 858–859, 876
period (.) before filenames, 375, 513
peripheral technology
FireWire, 822
USB (Universal Serial Bus), 818–820
Perl, 5
permissions. See also file-system permissions; Sharing & Permissions pane
changing for folders, 200
examining as other users, 366–370
for nonsystem volumes, 363–364
personal firewall. See also firewall
photos
importing, 10
privacy settings, 238
Photos Editing app extension, 581–582
Pictures folder, 198
PID (Process Identification), monitoring, 594, 612
PIN, providing for Find My Mac, 234
Ping tool, Network Utility, 699–701, 707–709
Play tab, App Store, 470
PNG (Portable Network Graphics), 5
POP (Post Office Protocol), 724
Port Scan tool, Network Utility, 699, 744–745, 757–758
ports, resource, 767
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface), 5
POSIX-style permissions, 350
POST (power-on self-test), 883
PPD (PostScript Printer Description), 838
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 652
PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet), 651. See also Ethernet
PRAM, resetting, 695
preboot volume, APFS, 300
preference files, viewing and editing, 605–607
PreferencePanes, 401
preferences. See also corrupted preferences; System Preferences
agent, 615
disabling and restoring, 615–617
troubleshooting, 602–607, 613–618
Preferred Networks list, Wi-Fi networks, 690–692
Preview Markup toolbar, 578–579
Preview Pane extension, 586
Preview pane, Finder, 516, 518–521
preview preferences, creating and locating, 613–618
previewing file contents, 9
print issues, troubleshooting, 862–864
Print keyboard shortcut, 854
printer queues, managing, 859–861, 874–875
Printer Sharing, 772
printers and scanners. See also scanners
local networks, 841
using, 829
printing
privacy enhancements, 11, 54. See also Security & Privacy settings
privacy settings
Accessibility, 238
Advertising, 240
Analytics, 240
Automation, 239
Calendars, 238
Camera, 238
Contacts, 238
Full Disk Access, 239
MDM (mobile device management), 236
Microphone, 238
Photos, 238
Reminders, 238
private IP addresses, 629
private service, attempting connection, 683
process list, sorting, 595
processes
monitoring with Activity Monitor, 592–596
productivity apps, 477
profiles, using, 78
protected memory, 576
proxy settings, configuring, 670–671
purchased apps, managing, 479–480. See also apps
Purgeable items, finding out about, 307
pwd (print working directory) command, 106, 117–119
Python, 5
Q
quarantine. See file quarantine
question mark (?) wildcard character, 111
Quick Actions
creating with Automator, 587–591
using to perform tasks, 525–526
Quick Look preview
plug-ins, 523
viewing files, 555
quitting apps, 597–598, 608–612
quotation marks ("), using, 107
R
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), 298
Read & Write permissions, 350, 352–354
read access, 359
Read Only permission, 350, 352–353
read/write volume formats, 299
recovering
data from nonstarting system, 319–320
recovery key, resetting login passwords, 271–272
Recovery mode, repairing partitions and volumes, 331–332. See also macOS Recovery
recovery volume, APFS, 301
recursive commands, CLI (command-line interface), 111–112. See also commands
redirect operator (>>), 109–110
Reduce Clutter, 554
reformatting, disks, 139–141, 324–326
registration of apps, 516
reinstallation, 20, 130, 136, 511. See also installing
relative path names, 106
Remind Me Tomorrow, 84
Reminders
privacy settings, 238
Remote Apple Events, 773
remote computers, controlling, 780
Remote Login, 773
Remote Management, 773
remote management, 53
remounting volumes, 305
removing
files from Time Machine backup, 451–452
firmware passwords, 294
installed software, 494
items from iCloud Drive, 546–547
permission entries, 362
repairing. See also First Aid
aliases, 386
partitions and volumes, 326–332
reports, viewing with Console, 599–602, 619–622
Reset Password assistant, 272–273
resetpassword command, 131
resetting
iCloud Keychain, 276
passwords in macOS Recovery, 281–283
user passwords as administrator, 284–286
resource domains, 402–403. See also system resources
resource forks, 422
resource passwords, 218
Restart, clicking, 32
restarting
apps, 596
process, 898
restoring
deleted user accounts, 211–216
files from Time Machine backup, 452–454
files with Finder, 454
files with Migration Assistant, 455
files with Time Machine, 463–466
Mac computers with macOS Recovery, 456–457
passwords, 345
versions, 534
Resume versus Auto Save, 537
resuming
after quitting, 538
RFB (Remote Frame Buffer) protocol, 717
rmdir (remove directory) command, 112, 124
root access, switching shell to, 114
root folders (/), 199, 394, 400
Rotate Left tool, 527
Rotate Right tool, 526
rotating images or movies, 525
routers
addresses, 627
RTF (Rich Text Format), 5
Ruby, 5
S
Safari web browser
AutoFill settings, 223
configuring, 719
Help topics, 16
managing keychain items, 222–224
opening, 12
safe boot, 900–901, 907, 910–912. See also booter initialization
Safe mode, 900–901, 907, 910–912
Safe Sleep, 892
sandboxed apps, 403–404, 482, 603. See also apps
Save As
versus Duplicate, 532
keyboard shortcut, 437
saving. See also Auto Save
scanners, 773, 829. See also printers and scanners
Scheme pop-up menu, 45
screen capture, keyboard shortcut, 28
screen saver mode
passwords, 891
waking Mac computers from, 230
Screen Sharing, 772, 780–788, 791, 802–805
Screenshot utility, 9
search security, 430
searching
with Spotlight, 424
secrets, managing in keychains, 220–224
Secure Boot, 278–280. See also booter initialization
securing new items, 359
Security & Privacy settings. See also Apple T2 security chip; passwords; privacy enhancements; Startup Security Utility
KEXTs (kernel extensions), 244
security code, iCloud Keychain, 225–227
security enhancements, 11. See also Apple ID
security-sensitivity settings, User-Approved MDM, 228–229
Serial Number, recording, 36, 38
servers, connecting to, 92, 738–739
Service button, 24
service issues, troubleshooting, 694
Service Order, network service interfaces, 656, 679–683
Setup Assistant
appearance, 70
Dark Mode, 70
Light Mode, 70
network settings, 53
region, 52
VoiceOver, 53
setup options, configuring, 61
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), 773
Shape Style tool, 526
shapes
drawing, 526
sketching, 526
Share Menu app extensions, 582
Shared folder, 358
shared services, 772–774, 800–801
sharing. See also File Sharing
Sharing & Permissions pane, 349, 355, 360. See also permissions
sharing-only accounts, 170
shell, switching to root access, 114
Shift key. See keyboard shortcuts
shortcuts. See file systems; keyboard shortcuts
Show All Disks, 47
shutdown
commands, 891
and restart, 898
troubleshooting, 907
signature, creating, 526
signing in with Apple ID, 55–59
Single-User mode, 902
SIP (System Integrity Protection)
administrator accounts, 166
and sudo, 114
user account attributes, 174
Siri virtual assistant
Suggestions & Privacy, 436
Sketch tool, 526
slide shows, opening items in, 522
Slow keys, 75
S.M.A.R.T (self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology) status, 308
SMB 3 (Server Message Block version 3), 733
SMB shares
connecting to manually, 764–765
SMB/CIFS (Server Message Block/Common Internet File System), 5, 718, 735, 738, 748
SMC (System Management Controller), 333, 903
SMS (Short Message Service), 225
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 5, 724
software, enabling, 492. See also installed software
software updates. See also Automatic Software Updates; third-party software; updates
downloading from Internet, 154–155
preferences for automatic updates, 149–151
using, 28
sound files. See audio files
special characters, CLI (command-line interface), 107
specifications
link, 24
Speech pane, Accessibility preferences, 74
Spotlight
plug-ins, 429
searching for documents, 441–442
searching with, 424
Suggestions, 430
using with Installer log, 49
square brackets ([]) wildcard characters, 111
SSED (solid-state encabulation device), 463–464
SSH (Secure Shell), 103, 733, 773
SSID (service set identifier), 633, 637
stacks
standard accounts, 167, 183–185
starting up
from MBR (Master Boot Record), 139
Recovery or install disk, 43–44
volume, 36
startup disk
choosing, 130
erasing, 20
verifying, 137
Startup Security Utility, 131, 276–280. See also booter initialization; Security & Privacy settings
static network location, creating, 675–677. See also network locations
Stealth mode, testing, 812–814
Sticky Keys, using, 75
Stocks app, 11
storage. See also iCloud Drive; iCloud storage; local storage
button, 24
category, selecting, 36
devices, 829
file systems, 297
optimization features, 307
strong passwords, using, 266. See also passwords
su (super user/substitute user) command, 113
subnet masks, 627
sudo (substitute user do) command, 114
Support button, 24
SUSv3 (Single UNIX Specification v3), 5
Swap Used statistic, 596
Swift programming language, 4–5
Switch Control, Accessibility preferences, 76–77
synchronization, verifying, 291
system activity, viewing, 619
System folder
contents, 400
System Information
monitoring apps, 592
system initialization, 881–888, 902–906
system login window options, managing, 179–180
System Preferences
choosing looks, 65
Extensions preferences, 526
resource hierarchy, 402
system processes, viewing usage, 612–613
System Profiler, 25
System Reports, 600
system resources, 401–403, 405. See also resource domains
system startup. See startup
system volume, APFS, 300
T
T2 Security Chip, 65
Tab key completion, CLI (command-line interface), 107–108, 114
tag and comment metadata, using, 437–441
target disk mode
examining files manually, 330
repairing partitions and disks, 326–330
tasks, performing with Quick Actions, 525–526
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 628
TCP 22 standards, 773
TCP ports
Calendar and Reminders, 727
Contacts, 729
file-sharing services, 733
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 734
Mail, 724
Messages, 730
Remote Apple Events, 773
Safari, 729
TCP/IP networking, 628–630, 652, 694
TCP/IP routes, verifying, 703
TCP/IP settings
confirming, 661
technical specifications, 22
Terminal
erasing files in, 314
UNIX privileges, 350
using with CLI, 102, 114–115, 131
terms and conditions, 59
test, entering, 526
text
highlighting, 526
resizing, 16
text files
Text Style tool, 526
TextEdit, using, 561
third-party software, installing, 486–488. See also software updates
threads, monitoring, 593
Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C), 317–318, 649, 821
Thunderbolt Bridge, 649
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), 5
tilde (~), using with home folders, 394–395
Time Machine
APFS (Apple File System), 303
configuring exclusions, 458–459
local backups, 445
NAS (network-attached storage), 446
preferences, 449
recovering lost files, 462–466
selecting backup volume, 459–461
starting macOS Recovery from, 129
time zone, setting, 62
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 791
TLS connection
Mail, 724
Safari web browser, 719
Today View app extensions, 583–586
touch (modification date) command, 112
Traceroute tool, Network Utility, 699, 702–703
trackpad preferences, adjusting, 88–89
Transfer Information utility, 54
trimming movies or audio files, 525
troubleshooting
app resources, 607
booter initialization, 904
DHCP service issues, 698
DNS service issues, 698, 702, 709–710
file-sharing services, 748
kernel initialization, 905
launchd initialization, 905–906
logout, 907
network issues, 694–698, 765–768
network services, 743–748, 764–768, 800–801
shutdown, 907
system initialization, 902–906
system resources, 405
webpages, 746
TTL (time-to-live) fields, networks, 703
two-factor authentication, 56–58
Tx Rate, Wi-Fi connectivity issues, 695
U
UDF (Universal Disk Format), 5
UDP ports
NFS (Network File System), 733
Remote Apple Events, 773
SMB (Server Message Block), 718
Universal Clipboard, 23
UNIX privileges, 350
unmount, explained, 304
unreadable disks, formatting, 311–312. See also disks
updates. See also Automatic Software Updates; software updates
availability notification, 84
firmware, 885
installing manually, 152
receiving notifications, 146–147
updating
installed software, 493
upgrades
explained, 20
keyboard shortcut, 128
starting, 21
URL (network identifier), specifying, 737
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
cellular network adapters, 650
USB-C (Thunderbolt 3), 317–318, 649, 819–820
user accounts. See also local user account types; parental controls
creating and verifying, 214–215
hiding, 166
User Guide, 15
user login items, managing, 178–179. See also login shell
user privacy. See privacy settings
User Reports, 601
user sessions, 888–890, 906–907
users
adding with Setup Assistant, 173–174
monitoring, 594
Users & Groups preferences, 171–172
UUID (Universally Unique ID), 176
V
versions
and Auto Save, 528–531, 559–562
determining, 23
vi (visual) command, 113
video devices, 830
View as List keyboard shortcut, 440
View menu, System Preferences, 68
viewing
columns, 393
file-system permissions, 347
installed apps, 510
system activity, 619
virtual display, connecting, 805–807
virtual network services, 651. See also network services
VLANs (virtual local area networks), 651. See also LANs (local area networks)
VM (virtual memory) volume, APFS, 301
VNC (Virtual Network Computing) service, 717, 780–781
voice, selecting for Siri, 436
Voice Memos app, 11
VoiceOver, enabling, 53
volume formats, file systems, 298–300, 325
volumes. See also backup volume
ejecting in use, 306
file systems, 298
mounting, 305
navigating to, 109
remounting, 305
selecting, 47
VPN (virtual private network)
connectivity, checking, 687–688
W
wake commands, 891
web server (HTTP), testing, 767
WebDAV (Web Distributed Access and Versioning), 5, 729, 733, 739
webpages
reloading, 194
troubleshooting, 746
websites
APFS (Apple File System), 302
Apple Legal, 59
Apple T2 chip, 280
Apple Tech Specs, 38
Directory Utility User Guide, 164
iCloud, 232
MDM restrictions, 168
privacy enhancements, 54
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 635
What’s New in macOS, 12
wheel group, root account, 171
Whois tool, Network Utility, 699
Wi-Fi. See also 802.11 wireless; Wireless Ethernet
advanced configuration, 688–692
creating ad hoc, 638
hidden, 637
Preferred Networks list, 690–692
support, 649
Tx Rate, 695
Wi-Fi PAN, 650
Wi-Fi-Only location, creating, 688–690
wildcard characters, CLI (command-line interface), 111
WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service), 652, 669, 718–719
wireless connection, verifying, 641–642. See also connectivity standards
wireless devices, pairing with Bluetooth, 823–826
Wireless Diagnostics, using, 695–698
Wireless Ethernet, 652. See also Ethernet; Wi-Fi networks
Work tab, App Store, 470
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 635
Write Only (Drop Box) permission, 350
X
-x option, using at command line, 111
Xcode, 606
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 605–606
Xsan file system, 5
Z
Zero Configuration Networking standards, 717