Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
UNIT I BASICS OF COMPUTER
1. Introduction to Computer
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Digital and Analog Computers
1.3 Characteristics of Computer
1.4 History of Computer
1.5 Generations of Computer
1.5.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes
1.5.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors
1.5.3 Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits
1.5.4 Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors
1.5.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence
1.6 Classification of Computer
1.6.1 Microcomputers
1.6.2 Minicomputers
1.6.3 Mainframe Computers
1.6.4 Supercomputers
1.7 The Computer System
1.7.1 The Input-Process-Output Concept
1.7.2 Components of Computer Hardware
1.8 Application of Computers
Summary
Keywords
Questions
2. The Computer System Hardware
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Central Processing Unit
2.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit
2.2.2 Registers
2.2.3 Control Unit
2.3 Memory Unit
2.3.1 Cache Memory
2.3.2 Primary Memory
2.3.3 Secondary Memory
2.4 Instruction Format
2.5 Instruction Set
2.6 Instruction Cycle
2.7 Microprocessor
2.8 Interconnecting the Units of a Computer
2.8.1 System Bus
2.8.2 Expansion Bus
2.8.3 External Ports
2.9 Performance of a Computer
2.10 Inside a Computer Cabinet
2.10.1 Motherboard
2.10.2 Ports and Interfaces
2.10.3 Expansion Slots
2.10.4 Ribbon Cables
2.10.5 Memory Chips
2.10.6 Storage Devices
2.10.7 Processor
Summary
Keywords
Questions
3. Computer Memory
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Memory Representation
3.3 Memory Hierarchy
3.4 CPU Registers
3.5 Cache Memory
3.6 Primary Memory
3.6.1 Random Access Memory
3.6.2 Read Only Memory
3.7 Secondary Memory
3.8 Access Types of Storage Devices
3.8.1 Sequential Access Devices
3.8.2 Direct Access Devices
3.9 Magnetic Tape
3.10 Magnetic Disk
3.10.1 Floppy Disk
3.10.2 Hard Disk
3.10.3 Zip Disk
3.11 Optical Disk
3.11.1 CD-ROM
3.11.2 DVD-ROM
3.11.3 Recordable Optical Disk
3.12 Magneto-Optical Disk
3.13 Using the Computer Memory
Summary
Keywords
Questions
4. Input and Output Devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Input-Output Unit
4.2.1 Input Unit
4.2.2 Output Unit
4.3 Input Devices
4.4 Human Data Entry Devices
4.4.1 Keyboard
4.4.2 Pointing Devices
4.4.2.1 Mouse
4.4.2.2 TrackBall
4.4.2.3 Joystick
4.4.2.4 Digitizing Tablet
4.4.3 Pick Devices
4.4.3.1 Light Pen
4.4.3.2 Touch Screen
4.5 Source Data Entry Devices
4.5.1 Audio Input Device
4.5.2 Video Input Device
4.5.3 Optical Input Devices
4.5.3.1 Scanner
4.5.3.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
4.5.3.3 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
4.5.3.4 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
4.5.3.5 Barcode Reader
4.6 Output Devices
4.6.1 Hard Copy Devices
4.6.1.1 Printer
4.6.1.2 Plotter
4.6.1.3 Computer Output on Microfilm
4.6.2 Soft Copy Devices
4.6.2.1 Monitor
4.6.2.2 Visual Display Terminal
4.6.2.3 Video Output
4.6.2.4 Audio Response
4.7 I/O Port
4.8 Working of I/O System
Summary
Keywords
Questions
5. Data Representation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Number System
5.2.1 Decimal Number System
5.2.2 Binary Number System
5.2.3 Octal Number System
5.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System
5.3 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
5.3.1 Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
5.3.2 Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
5.3.3 Converting Decimal Integer. Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
5.4 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal
5.5 Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal
5.6 Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary
5.7 Binary Arithmetic
5.7.1 Binary Addition
5.7.2 Binary Subtraction
5.8 Signed and Unsigned Numbers
5.8.1 Complement of Binary Numbers
5.9 Binary Data Representation
5.9.1 Fixed Point Number Representation
5.9.2 Floating Point Number Representation
5.10 Binary Coding Schemes
5.10.1 EBCDIC
5.10.2 ASCII
5.10.3 Unicode
5.11 Logic Gates
Summary
Keywords
Questions
Answers
UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE
6. Interaction of User and Computer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Software
6.3 System Software
6.3.1 Operating System
6.3.2 Device Driver
6.3.3 System Utilities
6.3.4 Programming Languages
6.3.4.1 Machine Language
6.3.4.2 Assembly Language
6.3.4.3 High-level Language
6.3.4.4 Different Generations of Programming Languages
6.3.5 Translator Software
6.3.5.1 Assembler
6.3.5.2 Compiler
6.3.5.3 Interpreter
6.3.6 Linker
6.3.7 Loader
6.4 Application Software
6.5 Software Acquisition
Summary
Keywords
Questions
7. Operating System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives of Operating System
7.3 Types of OS
7.4 Functions of OS
7.5 Process Management
7.5.1 CPU Scheduling
7.5.2 Process Synchronization
7.5.3 Deadlock
7.6 Memory Management
7.6.1 Memory Allocation
7.6.2 Virtual Memory
7.7 File Management
7.8 Device Management
7.9 Protection and Security
7.10 User Interface
7.11 Examples of Operating Systems
7.11.1 MS-DOS
7.11.2 Windows Family of OS
7.11.2.1 Brief History of Windows OS
7.11.3 Linux OS
Summary
Keywords
Questions
8. Computer Programming Fundamentals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Program Development Life Cycle
8.3 Algorithm
8.4 Control Structures
8.5 Flowchart
8.5.1 Flowchart Symbols
8.5.2 Preparing a Flowchart
8.6 Pseudo Code
8.6.1 Preparing a Pseudo Code
8.7 Programming Paradigms
8.7.1 Structured Programming
8.7.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
8.7.3 Aspect-Oriented Programming
Summary
Keywords
Questions
9. Data Communication and Computer Network
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Networking
9.3 Data Transmission Media
9.3.1 Twisted Pair
9.3.2 Coaxial Cable
9.3.3 Optical Fiber
9.3.4 Radio Transmission
9.3.5 Microwave Transmission
9.3.6 Satellite Transmission
9.4 Data Transmission Across Media
9.4.1 Transmission Modes
9.4.2 Transmission Speed
9.4.3 Fundamentals of Transmission
9.4.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals
9.4.3.2 Modulation and Demodulation
9.4.3.3 Multiplexing
9.4.3.4 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
9.5 Data Transmission and Data Networking
9.5.1 Switching
9.5.1.1 Circuit Switching
9.5.1.2 Message Switching
9.5.1.3 Packet Switching
9.6 Computer Network
9.6.1 Network Types
9.6.1.1 Local Area Network
9.6.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network
9.6.1.3 Wide Area Network
9.6.2 LAN Topologies
9.6.2.1 Bus Topology
9.6.2.2 Ring Topology
9.6.2.3 Star Topology
9.6.3 Communication Protocol
9.6.4 Network Devices
9.6.4.1 Network Interface Card
9.6.4.2 Repeater
9.6.4.3 Bridge
9.6.4.4 Hub
9.6.4.5 Switch
9.6.4.6 Router
9.6.4.7 Gateway
9.7 Wireless Networking
9.7.1 Bluetooth Technology
9.7.2 Wireless LAN
9.7.3 Wireless WAN
Summary
Keywords
Questions
10. The Internet and Internet Services
10.1 Introduction
10.2 History of Internet
10.3 Internetworking Protocol
10.4 The Internet Architecture
10.5 Managing the Internet
10.6 Connecting to Internet
10.7 Internet Connections
10.7.1 Dial-up Access
10.7.2 Leased Line
10.7.3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
10.7.4 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
10.7.5 Cable Modem
10.8 Internet Address
10.9 Internet Services
10.9.1 World Wide Web (WWW)
10.9.1.1 Web Browser
10.9.1.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
10.9.1.3 Internet Search Engines
10.9.1.4 WWW Development Languages
10.9.2 Electronic Mail
10.9.2.1 E– Address
10.9.2.2 E– Message Format
10.9.2.3 E– Services
10.9.2.4 How E– Works
10.9.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
10.9.3.1 How FTP Works
10.9.4 Terminal Network (Telnet)
10.9.5 News
10.9.6 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
10.10 Uses of Internet
Summary
Keywords
Questions
UNIT III APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY
11. Information Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data, Information and Knowledge
11.3 Characteristics of Information
11.4 Information System (IS)
11.5 Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)
11.6 Need for Efficient Information System
11.7 Categories of Information System
11.8 Operations Support System
11.8.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
11.8.2 Office Automation System (OAS)
11.9 Management Support System
11.9.1 Management Information System (MIS)
11.9.2 Decision Support System (DSS)
11.9.3 Executive Information System (EIS)
11.10 Specialized Information System
11.10.1 Expert Systems
11.10.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
11.10.3 Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce)
11.11 Careers in Information Systems
Summary
Keywords
Questions
12. Fundamentals of Database
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Database
12.2.1 File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach
12.2.2 Characteristics of Database Approach
12.2.3 Data Models, Schema and Instances
12.2.4 High-Level or Conceptual Data Model
12.2.4.1 Entity
12.2.4.2 Attribute
12.2.4.3 Relationship
12.2.4.4 Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model
12.2.5 Representation or Implementation Data Model
12.2.5.1 Relational Database Model
12.2.5.2 Hierarchical Database Model
12.2.5.3 Network Database Model
12.2.6 Low-Level or Physical Data Model
12.3 Database System
12.3.1 Components of Database System
12.3.2 Architecture of Database System
12.4 Database Management System
12.4.1 Data Independence
12.4.2 Data Dictionary
12.4.3 Database Administrator (DBA)
12.4.4 Database Languages
12.4.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)
12.4.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
12.5 Database System Architectures
12.5.1 Centralized DBMS Architecture
12.5.2 Client-Server Architecture
12.5.3 Distributed Databases
12.6 Database Applications
Summary
Keywords
Questions
13. Multimedia
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Multimedia: Definition
13.3 Characteristics of Multimedia System
13.4 Elements of Multimedia
13.4.1 Text
13.4.2 Graphics
13.4.2.1 Bitmap Graphics
13.4.2.2 Vector Graphics
13.4.3 Audio
13.4.3.1 Audio from a CD to Web
13.4.4 Video
13.4.4.1 Video on Internet
13.4.5 Animation
13.5 Multimedia System
13.5.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System
13.6 Multimedia Applications
13.6.1 In Education
13.6.2 In Entertainment
13.6.3 In Training
13.6.4 In Business
13.6.5 Virtual Reality
Summary
Keywords
Questions
14. Computer Security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Security Threat and Security Attack
14.3 Malicious Software
14.3.1 Virus
14.3.2 Worms
14.3.3 Trojan Horses
14.3.4 Javascripts, Java Applets and ActiveX Controls
14.4 Hacking
14.4.1 Packet Sniffing
14.4.2 Password Cracking
14.4.3 E– Hacking
14.5 Security Services
14.6 Security Mechanisms
14.7 Cryptography
14.7.1 Secret Key Cryptography
14.7.2 Public-Key Cryptography
14.7.3 Hash Functions
14.8 Digital Signature
14.9 Firewall
14.9.1 Types of Firewall
14.9.1.1 Packet Filter Firewall
14.9.1.2 Circuit Filter Firewall
14.9.1.3 Application-Level Gateway
14.10 Users Identification and Authentication
14.10.1 User Name and Password
14.10.2 Smart Card
14.10.3 Biometric Techniques
14.11 Other Security Measures
14.12 Security Awareness
14.13 Security Policy
14.13.1 Formulating a Security Policy
Summary
Keywords
Questions
UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS
15. Windows XP
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Features of Windows XP
15.3 The Desktop
15.3.1 The Task Bar
15.3.2 The Icons and Shortcuts
15.4 Structure of Windows
15.5 Windows XP Explorer
15.5.1 The Start
15.5.2 The Window
15.5.3 The View
15.5.4 Selecting Files
15.5.5 Working with Folders
15.5.6 Files and Folders Properties
15.6 The Search
15.7 The Recycle Bin
15.8 Configuring the Screen
15.9 Configuring the Mouse
15.10 Adding or Removing Programs
15.11 Adding New Hardware
15.12 System Tools
15.13 The Scandisk
15.14 Windows XP Media Player
15.15 Windows XP Help
15.16 Windows Vista
15.17 Windows 7
Questions
16. MS-Word 2007
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Starting MS-Word
16.3 MS-Word Screen and Its Components
16.4 The Office Button
16.5 The Ribbon
16.5.1 The Home Tab
16.5.2 The Insert Tab
16.5.3 The Page Layout Tab
16.5.4 The References Tab
16.5.5 The Mailings Tab
16.5.6 The Review Tab
16.5.7 The View Tab
16.5.8 The Help
16.6 Solved Examples
Exercises
17. MS-Excel 2007
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Start MS-Excel
17.3 Basics of Spreadsheet
17.4 MS-Excel Screen and Its Components
17.5 The Office Button
17.6 The Ribbon
17.6.1 The Home Tab
17.6.2 The Insert Tab
17.6.3 The Page Layout Tab
17.6.4 The Formulas Tab
17.6.5 The Data Tab
17.6.6 The Review Tab
17.6.7 The View Tab
17.6.8 The Help
17.7 Solved Examples
Exercises
18. MS-PowerPoint 2007
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basics of PowerPoint
18.3 Start MS-PowerPoint
18.4 MS-PowerPoint Screen and Its Components
18.5 The Office Button
18.6 The Ribbon
18.6.1 The Home Tab
18.6.2 The Insert Tab
18.6.3 The Design Tab
18.6.4 The Animations Tab
18.6.5 The Slide Show Tab
18.6.6 The Review Tab
18.6.7 The View Tab
18.6.8 The Help
18.7 An Example
Exercises
19. MS-Access 2007
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Database Terminology
19.3 Start MS-Access
19.4 MS-Access Screen and Its Components
19.5 The Office Button
19.6 The Ribbon
19.6.1 The Home Tab
19.6.2 The Create Tab
19.6.3 The External Data Tab
19.6.4 The Database Tools Tab
19.6.5 The Help
19.7 Solved Example
Exercises
20. Network and Internet Connections
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Start Network Connections
20.3 Create a New Connection
20.4 Manage a Network Connection
20.5 Network Setup
20.6 Windows Firewall
20.7 Sharing of Files
20.8 Wireless Network Setup
20.9 Connect using Virtual Private Network (VPN)
20.10 Set Up a Wired Network
20.11 Automatic Wireless Network Connections
20.12 Set up Internet Properties—Internet Options
20.13 Choose an Internet Connection
21. Using LaTeX
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Create LaTeX Document
21.3 Components of a LaTeX Document
21.4 LaTeX Commands
21.5 Solved Examples
Exercises
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
