INDEX
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Numbers
1/3-octave equalizer, 385
1 Gigabit Ethernet. See Gigabit Ethernet
1 Mbps (Classic) Ethernet, 419
10 Gigabit Ethernet, 419, 422–423
10-log decibel calculation, 134–137
100 Mbps (Fast) Ethernet, 417, 419–420
1080i video standard, HDTV, 341
1080p (or Full HD) video, HDTV, 341
150 rule, text size, 94–95
20-log decibel calculation, 134–135
2.4 GHz frequency, 411
3:1 rule, microphone placement, 168–169
3D (or solid) modeling, 53–54
40/100 Gbps Ethernet, 417–418, 423
4:1:1 sampling, 330
4:2:2 sampling, 330
4:4:4:4 sampling, 330
4K video, 341–342, 344, 348–350
6G-SDI (4K/30 fps), 343
720p video standard, HDTV, 341
8K UHDTV format, 341–342
A
A weighted sound pressure levels, 139, 141, 320
A weighting, SPL meter, 139–143, 238, 509–510
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 332
AACS (Advanced Access Content System) license, 326
abbreviations
architectural drawing, 50–51
decibel, 135–136
absorption
diffusers, and sound, 303
porous absorbers, 309–310
resonant absorbers, 310
sound interaction via, 300–301, 308–309
absorption coefficients, 309
AC (alternating current)
coils, capacitors and resistors in series circuit, 253–255
defined, 249
impedance in, 148–149, 249–250
in magnetic-field coupling, 279
in power distribution systems, 257–259
reactance in, 250
voltmeter, 510
acceptable viewing area, AV design, 99–100
access control, network AV, 492–493
accounting, network AV security, 493
acoustic mass law, 310–311
acoustic S/N ratio, 172
acoustics
review Q & A, 320–321
sound interaction, 300–314
sound production, 296–297
sound propagation, 297–300
sound reception, 314–320
active extenders, 512
ad hoc addresses, multicast addressing, 482
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), 25, 221–222, 231
administration, and multicast reflecting, 483
administratively scoped block, multicast, 482–483
Advanced Access Content System (AACS) license, 326
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 332
affordance, in human-centered interface design, 393
AGC (automatic gain control), DSP, 376
AHJ (authority having jurisdiction)
electrical codes, 256
installation of differing voltage levels, 249
local building codes, 223
regional regulations, 503–504
aisle clearance, for equal access, 221
alien crosstalk (AXT), 408
aligned seating layout, and sightline, 82–83
allied trades, communicating with
areas of collaboration, 186
hierarchy of design consultation, 190–191
industry standards as common language, 190
overview of, 185
review Q & A, 192–193
showing workmanship, 191–192
stakeholders, 186
tracking project, 187–189
alternating current. See AC (alternating current)
aluminum foil shielding, 281–282
ambient light
controlling, 201–202
digital signal processors controlling, 376
predicting projector brightness, 122–123
rear-projection system tolerance for, 106
ambient noise, 319
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 207
American Society of Testing Materials International (ASTM International) standards, 309–310
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 25, 221–222, 231
amplitude, digital signal, 327
analog voltage (voltage ramp generator), 393
analytical decision making, contrast ratio, 117, 520
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
audio system verification, 510
AV and IT industries, 190
InfoComm certifications and, 4–5
NSSN resources for regional codes, 504
retired lumens standards, 113
SPL meter performance, 140
ANSI/ASA S12.60-2010, background noise, 319–320
ANSI/INFOCOMM standards
10:2013, Audiovisual Systems Performance Verification, 34, 397, 500–503, 523
2M-2010, Standard Guide for Audiovisual Systems Design and Coordination Processes, 34, 500–501
3M-2011, Projected Image System Contrast Ratio, 116–118, 201, 519–521
4, Audiovisual Systems Energy Management Standard, 242–243
AV industry performance standards, 190
AoE (audio over Ethernet), VoIP vs., 368
APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing), 443–444
app-enhanced mobile devices, as control panels, 392
Apple Lossless, 332
Application layer (Layer 7), OSI model, 413
applications, CTS-D exam process, 23
approval, program report, 70
architectural and infrastructure drawings
drawing symbols, 48–50
overview of, 53–57
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers), 207
aspect ratio
adjusting display setup, 516–518
calculating, 102–103
HDTV video, 341
selecting display device, 101–102
Ultra HD video, 341–342
ASTM International (American Society of Testing Materials International) standards, 309–310
attack time, audio DSP, 376, 377–379
attentuation, equalization filter classifications, 380
audience area
in AV-enabled rooms, 58–59
side of rear-projection screen facing, 108
visual principles of. See visual principles of design
audience, streaming needs analysis of, 463, 466
audio
acceptable latency for high-fidelity, 472
coverage in audience/presenter areas, 58
determining total program size, 331
digital bandwidth for, 328
sampling rates, 328
audio design
analog vs. digital audio, 366–368
audio transport methods, 368
compressor settings, 376–378
DSP architectures, 369–371
DSP settings, 376
equalization, 380–385
expanders, 379–380
gain settings, 373–374
gate settings, 378–379
limiter settings, 378
overview of, 365–366
setting up system, 372–373
signal monitoring, 371–372
signal-to-noise ratio, 374–375
audio design principles
decibels and, 132–135
distributed layout, 146–148
loudspeaker coverage, 144–146
loudspeaker directivity, 143–144
loudspeaker impedance, 148–149
loudspeaker wiring, 149–151
measuring impedance, 152
microphones. See microphones
Ohm’s law and power equation, 148
overview of, 131
power amplifiers, 154–157
quality. See audio system quality
reference level, 135–137
review Q & A, 179–182
sound pressure level, 137–138
SPL meters, 139–143
transformers, 152–154
audio over Ethernet (AoE), VoIP vs., 368
audio signal generators, 506
audio signals
as AC waveform, 250
handling delay, 383–384
monitoring, 372
audio system quality
intelligibility, 173
loudness, 172
NOM and FSM variables, 177
overview of, 171–172
PAG/NAG calculations, 177–178
PAG/NAG ratio, 174–177
stability, 174
audio system verification tools, 505–511
audio transport methods, 368
audio/video sync, 521–523
Audiovisual Systems Energy Management Standard, ANSI/INFOCOMM, 242–243
Audiovisual Systems Performance Verification, ANSI/INFOCOMM, 34, 397, 500–503, 523
auditing, for networked AV, 497
Australian Building Codes Board, 222–223
authentication, 359–360, 492, 496
authority having jurisdiction. See AHJ (authority having jurisdiction)
authorization, network AV, 493
automatic gain control, 376, 515
automatic microphone mixer, 166
Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (APIPA), 443–444
automation, energy management, 241
AV department manager, 63
AV design, CTS-D certification for, 3–7
AV Design Levels 1 – 3 Online course, InfoComm, 11
AV design package, 51–57
AV Math for Design Online course, InfoComm, 11
AV system drawings, design package, 56–57
AVB/TSN (Audio Video Bridging/Time-Sensitive Networking) standard, 451–453
AVC (H.264 Advanced Video Coding), as MPEG-4 Part 10, 475–476
AXT (alien crosstalk), 408
B
B-frames (bidirectional frames), GOPs, 335
back-focus, adjusting camera, 514
background noise, 317–320, 379
backward compatibility, 359, 419, 421
balanced circuits, 282–285
balanced noise-criterion (NCB), background noise, 317–318
balloon plots, loudspeakers, 143–144
baluns, video system verification, 511–512
bandwidth
analog vs. digital audio, 366
determining total program size, 331
digital audio, 328
digital video, 329–331
HDMI 2.0 increasing, 348
implementing multicast, 478
implementing streaming reflectors and, 483
as key factor in AV design, 326
optical fiber cabling for high, 408
streaming design and network, 463, 468–470, 473
VPNs increasing, 427
basic decision making, contrast ratio for, 117, 519–520
bass traps, diffusers vs., 303
benchmarking, in needs analysis, 65–66
bends, conduit, 292
BER (bit error rate), signal stability, 343
bezels, videowall design, 111
bid response form, front-end documentation, 52
bidirectional pickup pattern, 161
BIM (building information modeling), 54
binocular vision, 76
bit error rate (BER), signal stability, 343
blackout drapes, 201–202
blended devices, network components, 407
blending, videowall design, 112
blip-and-flash test, audio/video sync, 522
block diagrams, 233–234
blocking, in wall mounting, 224
bolts, 226–229
boundary microphones, 158–159
branch circuits, 262–264
branches, 151
bridges, AVB/TSN, 452
briefing phase, AV design, 36
brightness
adjusting contrast and, 518–519
calculating required projector, 123–124
human eye perception of, 196
predicting projector, 120–123
broadcast IP addresses, 435–436
broadcast messages, 424
broadcast TV, 330
BTU (British thermal units), heat load, 234–235
budget, 69–70
building information modeling, 54
building information modeling (BIM), 54
buzz. See also interference prevention/noise defense, 278–279
C
C-weighting, SPL meter, 139, 141
C weighting, SPL meter, 509
cabling
analog vs. digital audio, 366–368
AV conduit for, 287–292
as capacitor, 252
digital video cliff effect and, 342–343
troubleshooting EDID, 357
verifying video signal path, 511
for video signal types. See video signal types
caching server, unicast streams, 476
CAD (computer-aided design) drawings, 54–55
calculator, exam, 13–14
capacitance value (farads), 251
capacitive reactance property, 251
cardioid (unidirectional) pickup pattern, 161, 170–171
casework, detail drawings for, 54–55
Cat cabling, 407–408, 419, 421–422
CBR (constant bit rate), MP3 encoding, 333
CCT (correlated color temperature), 197–199, 204, 214
cd/m or nit (candelas per square meter), luminance, 196
CEC (Consumer Electronics Control), HDMI, 346, 347
centralized configuration, CPUs, 395
certifications, CTS-D, 4–5
Certified Technology Specialist (CTS) certification, 4–5, 7
Certified Technology Specialist-Design (CTS-D). See CTS-D (Certified Technology Specialist-Design)
Certified Technology Specialist-Installation (CTS-I), 4–5
chairs, AV design, 84–86
character height, text size, 94–95
checkerboard pattern, measuring contrast ratio, 115
CIA triad, security, 488–489
CIDR notation, IPv6 masks, 433
circuit breakers, 270, 273–274
circuit-switched networks, 402–403
circuits
balanced, 282–283
calculating number of, 264–266
circuit theory, 248–253
Ohm’s law and electrical circuits, 249–250
specifying AV, 262–263
specifying branch circuit loads, 263–264
system grounding, 269–271
circulation space, 86
Class D IP addressing, multicast, 477, 481–483
classes
DiffServ, 471
local IP address, 434–435
client-server configuration, CPUs, 395–396
clients
determining security posture from, 490
enabling APIPA on, 443–444
examples of network, 403
needs analysis of, 62–63
as network component, 404–405
cliff effect, digital video, 342–343
clipping, light balance and, 213–214
clock channels, HDMI utilizing TMDS, 345
closed-ended questions, in needs analysis, 64–65
closeout verification, 503
clothing, presenter, 157–158, 170
cloud-based control system, 390
CMR (common-mode rejection), 283–284
CMRR (common-mode rejection ratio), 283–284
CobraNet, 454–455
codecs, content compression, 332–333
codes and regulations
electrical power, 256
overview of, 220–223
regional, 503–504
color
interior design coordination, 55
recognizing in visual fields, 77–78
sampling formula for video, 330
in videowall design, 110
color rendering index (CRI), 199, 202, 204
color temperature, 197–199, 214, 513
column lines (grid system), drawing symbols for, 48–49
combination shields, 281
comfort, audience/presenter areas, 58–59
committee, building by, 64
common carrier WAN topology, 427
common mode noise, 283–285
common-mode rejection (CMR), 283–284
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), 283–284
common-mode signals, 283
communicating design intent
AV design package, 51–57
basics of AV-enabled rooms, 57–60
building blocks of AV design, 35
conducting needs analysis, 64–68
exam domains/tasks, 34
needs analysis, 60–64
overview of, 33–34
phases of AV design project, 34–38
program report, 68–70
programming, 60
reading construction drawings. See construction drawings
review Q & A, 71–73
companders (downward expanders), 379
compression, content, 328, 332–334, 475
compressor settings, DSP, 376–378
computer-aided design (CAD) drawings, 54–55
computer-driven control system, 390
computers, sampling formula for, 330
concept of operations, and security, 490
conceptual design phase, 36, 37
condenser microphones, 160
conductive material, as circuit component, 248
conductors
creating magnetic fields, 253–255
in electric-field coupling, 280
equipment-grounding, 272–273
isolated-ground, 275–276
in magnetic-field coupling, 279
system-grounding, 271
unbalanced circuitry, 285
confidentiality, security objective, 488–489
Conformité Européenne, 267
connection-oriented transport protocol, 446–448
connection points, AV-enabled rooms, 58, 59
connectionless-oriented transport protocol, 446–447
connections, network, 402–403
connectors
optical fiber cables, 409
pin 1 problem, 286
troubleshooting EDID, 357
verifying video signal path, 511
constant bit rate (CBR), MP3 encoding, 333
constant voltage, power amplifiers, 156
constraints, in human-centered interface design, 393
construction
materials. See materials
meetings, 35
phase in AV design project, 37–38
for sound reception, 316–317
for speech privacy, 312–313
construction drawings
architectural abbreviations for, 50–51
architectural symbols for, 48–51
in construction phase, 37–38
converting dimensions on scaled drawings, 40–42
overview of, 39
plan view drawings, 42–44
reflected ceiling plans, 44–45
scaled drawings, 39–40
consumer audio, transport methods, 368
Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), HDMI, 346, 347
contact closure, as control point, 393
content compression, 328, 332–334
content outline, exam, 9–11
Content Scrambling System (CSS), DVD players, 465
content sources, streaming needs analysis, 464–465
content, streaming needs analysis questions, 466–467
continuous power measurement, 241
contract representative, needs analysis, 63
contrast ratio
adjusting display setup, 518–519
full-motion video, 520–521
overview of, 115–118
projected images, 519–520
rear-projection systems and, 106
control and projection areas, 59–60
control functions script, 397
control panels, 392
control processing units (CPUs), 390–391, 395–396
control system processor, 390
control systems
central processing units in, 390–391
control interfaces in, 391–392
control points connecting to, 393–394
design process, 395–397
designing for equal access, 221
human-centered interface design in, 392–393
overriding with lighting presets, 212
overview of, 389
review Q & A, 397–399
types of, 390
cooling, in control and projection areas, 60
cooling racks, 236–237
coolness of light. See color temperature
coordination, in construction phase, 38
copper-braided shielding, 281–282
copyrighted content, streaming needs analysis, 464–465
cords, managing power, 268–269
correlated color temperature (CCT), 197–199, 204, 214
countermeasures, risk, 494
coverage patterns, loudspeakers, 143–144, 146–148
coverage patterns, microphones, 167–169
coverage, specifying shield, 281
CPU-to-CPU control systems, 391
CPUs (control processing units), 390–391, 395–396
CRI (color rendering index), 199, 202, 204
crosshatch pattern, adjusting display setup, 516–517
crossover filters, 254–255, 381
crosstalk, 233
CSS (Content Scrambling System), DVD players, 465
CTS (Certified Technology Specialist) certification, 4–5, 7
CTS-D Candidate Handbook, 6–7, 11–12
CTS-D (Certified Technology Specialist-Design)
benefits of, 4–5
eligibility criteria for exam, 7
InfoComm certifications/standards, 3–4
overview of, 3
work done by AV designer, 5–6
CTS-D exam
about, 25
content outline, 6
dismissal or removal from, 26
domains and tasks in, 10
during, 25–26
eligibility criteria, 7
getting to testing center, 23–24
hazardous weather/local emergencies and, 27
identification requirements, 24
items restricted from exam room, 24–25
math strategies, 13–23
preparation strategies, 11–13
retesting, 27–28
review Q & A, 28–30
scope of, 9–10
scoring, 27
special accommodations, 27
taking, 23
CTS-I (Certified Technology Specialist-Installation), 4–5
current, 17–19, 21–23, 249–250, 279–280
customer
needs analysis of, 63
sign-off of, 528–529
training, 527–528
D
daisy-chains, avoiding power strip, 267
Dante, 455–456
data collection, energy management, 241–242
data-grade cables, digital video cliff effect, 343
data importance, security posture, 490
Data Link layer (Layer 2) OSI model, 412–413
Data Link layer protocols
AVB/TSN, 451–453
Cobranet, 454–455
Dante, 455–456
EtherSound, 453–454
HDBaseT, 456–457
overview of, 450
for professional AV, 450–451
Q-Sys, 456
dBs (decibels)
overview of, 132–135
power amplifiers, 154–157
reasons to use, 133
reference level and, 135–137
reverberation time, 307–308
signal-to-noise ratio, 374–375
sound intensity, 299–300
sound pressure, 299–301
sound pressure level, 507–510
dBs per octave, equalization filters, 380–381
DC (direct current) circuit, 148, 249–250
DCI 4K (Digital Cinema Initiatives 4K), 341
DDC (Display Data Channel), HDMI, 345–347
DDNS (dynamic DNS), 445–446
DDWG (Digital Display Working Group), 345
decision making, contrast ratio for, 519–520
decryption, 413
default gateway, 438–440
default passwords, changing, 495–496
deliverables, and work breakdown structure, 187–188
dense mode, PIM, 480–481
dependencies, Gantt charts identifying, 189
design
coordination and review meetings, 35
hierarchy of consultation in, 190–191
package. See AV design package
phase in AV design project, 36–37
detail flags, architectural symbols for, 50
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 440–445
dialogue, fostering in needs analysis, 64
dielectric, capacitor, 251
dielectric strength, 280
differential amplifier, balanced circuits, 283
differential mode noise, 273
digital audio, 366–368
Digital Cinema Initiatives 4K (DCI 4K), 341
Digital Display Working Group (DDWG), 345
digital microphones, 366–367
digital-only token (DOT), troubleshooting HDCP, 361
digital rights management. See DRM (digital rights management)
digital signage, using VLANs, 425
digital signal processors. See DSPs (digital signal processors)
digital signals
analog/digital bandwidth formulas, 326
analog giving way to, 326
content compression and encoding, 332–335
digital audio bandwidth, 328
digital video bandwidth, 329–331
monitoring, 372
overview of, 325
review Q & A, 335–337
total required bandwidth, 331
understanding, 326–327
digital video design
cliff effect, 342–343
digital rights management, 358–361
digital video basics, 340–343
EDID. See EDID (Extended Display Identification Data)
HDTV, 341
overview of, 339–340
review Q & A, 362–364
Ultra HD or UHD, 341–342
digital video design, signal types
DisplayPort, 348
DVI and HDMI, 345–348
MHL, 350–351
overview of, 343
SDI, 344
Thunderbolt, 349–350
TMDS, 344–345
USB 3.1 and USB Type-C, 348–349
Digital Visual Interface (DVI), 343, 345–348, 466
dimensions, converting scaled drawing, 40–42
dimmers, lighting, 210, 212, 214
direct connection audio, power amplifier for, 156
direct-display systems, 103
direct (or specular) reflections, 301–302
direct sound, 314
direct-to-reflected sound ratio, audio intelligibility, 173
directional loudspeaker, 177
directional microphones. See also lavalier (lapel) microphones, 163, 170–171
directionality, microphone polar response, 161–162
directive questions, needs analysis, 65
directivity, loudspeaker, 143–144
directory servers, password security, 496
disabilities. See ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)
Disabilities Act, Australia, 221
Disabilities Discrimination Act, UK, 221
disability glare, task-light levels, 125–126
dismissal, from CTS-D exam, 26
Display Data Channel (DDC), HDMI, 345–347
display devices
adjusting project setup, 516–518
EDID and, 358
HDMI connection for, 344
display devices, selecting
aspect ratio, 101–102
display types, 103
front projection, 103–106
overview of, 100–101
rear projection, 106–109
screen diagonal calculation, 102–103
video resolution, 101
videowalls, 109–112
display environment, 112–115
display setup, 516–518
Display Stream Compression (DSC), superMHL, 350–351
DisplayID, 354
DisplayPort, 326, 343, 348–349
distributed audio, 156–157
distributed databases, DNS, 444
distributed layout, loudspeakers, 146–148
distributed processing configuration, CPUs, 396
distribution panel board, power onsite, 262
distribution systems, 257–260
DNS (Domain Name System), 444–446
documentation
at closeout, 524–526
of customer’s sound pressure needs, 138
of luminaires, 205–206
needs analysis reviewing existing, 65
performance verification standard, 500–501
in phases of AV design project, 35–38
showing workmanship, 191–192
specifying AV circuits, 263
static IP address assignments, 440
tracking project, 187–189
Dolby TrueHD, lossless compression, 332
Domain Name System (DNS), 444–446
domain names, DNS, 445
dot-decimal notation, IPv4, 430
DOT (digital-only token), troubleshooting HDCP, 361
downward expanders (companders), 379
drag-and-drop GUI, flexible-architecture DSP, 369
drawings
architectural abbreviations in, 50–51
in construction phase, 37–38
in design phase, 36–37
overview of, 42
plan view, 42–44
reading construction. See construction drawings
of record, at closeout, 524
reflected ceiling plans, 44–45
DRM (digital rights management)
HDCP and, 358–361
overview of, 358
SDI lacking support for, 343
streaming copyrighted content, 465
streaming needs analysis, 464
drop, front-projection screens with extra, 105
DSC (Display Stream Compression), superMHL, 350–351
DSPs (digital signal processors)
architectures, 369–371
audio/video sync and, 523
compressor settings, 376–378
equalization function of, 380–385
expanders, 379–380
gain settings, 373–374
gate settings, 378–379
limiters settings, 378
setting up system, 372–373
signal-to-noise ratio, 374–375
terms, 376
dual-bus architecture, USB 3.1, 349
Dual Link HD-SDI (1080p), 343
dual-mode design, DisplayPort, 348
ducts, noise from, 238
duty cycle, 235
DVI (Digital Visual Interface), 343, 345–348, 466
dynamic addresses, 438–439
dynamic DNS (DDNS), 445–446
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 440–445
dynamic microphones, 160–161
dynamic ports, 450
dynamic range, and companders, 379
E
ear-worn microphones, 170
earthing. See grounding (earthing)
ease of movement, 59
edge-to-center coverage, loudspeakers, 147–148
edge-to-edge coverage, loudspeakers, 147
EDID (Extended Display Identification Data)
correcting audio/video sync, 523
creating strategy for, 354–355
DisplayID as next generation of, 354
and displays, 358
HDMI interface pin for, 347
overview of, 351–354
resolving issues with, 357
truth tables, 355–356
education, in energy management, 243
efficacy, measuring lamp, 200, 202–203
efficiency, calculating, 203, 235
EGCs (equipment grounding conductors)
in circuits for AV system, 266
electric-field shielding and, 281–282
ground faults and, 273–274
ground loops and, 282
grounding equipment racks and, 278
isolated-ground receptacles as, 277
egress, shielding preventing, 280
EIA/CEA-861-B standards, HDMI meeting, 346
electret microphones, 158, 161
electric-field coupling, in interference, 279–280
electric-field shielding, 281–282
electrical distribution systems, 257–260
electrical infrastructure, specifying
AV circuits, 262–266
AV conduit, 287–292
balanced circuits, 282–283
circuit theory, 248–253
coils and magnetic induction, 253–255
differential/common-mode signals, 283–284
electrical distribution systems, 257–260
electrical power, 255–256
ground loops, 282
grounding (earthing), 269–275
interference prevention/noise defense, 278–282
isolated ground, 275–278
overview of, 247
Pin 1 problem, 286–287
power onsite, 261–262
power strips and cords, 267–269
review Q & A, 293–294
transformers, 284–285
unbalanced interface, 285
electrical metallic tubing (EMT), 266, 288
electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT), 288
electrical power required (EPR), 155
electrical service onsite, 261–262
electrical signal level, microphone sensitivity, 164
electromagnetic interference. See EMI (electromagnetic interference)
electronic S/N ratio, audio systems, 172
electronic whiteboards, 87
elevation drawings, reading, 44, 46
elevation flags, drawing symbols for, 49–50
eligibility criteria, CTS-D exam process, 23
emergency lighting, in AV spaces, 215–216
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
optical fiber cabling immune to, 408
plastic conduit not protecting from, 288
shielding not protecting from all sources of, 281
signal separation in rack design and, 233
STP Cat 6a cable for, 408
troubleshooting EDID, 357
EMM (energy management manager), 241
EMP (energy management plan), 241
EMT (electrical metallic tubing), 266, 288
emulator, EDID, 355
encapsulation, 446
encoding, in content compression, 332–335
encryption
digital audio and video. See HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
at Layer 6 of OSI model, 413
for networked AV, 497
endpoints, streaming needs analysis, 463
energy codes, luminaires, 207
energy management, 241–243
energy management manager (EMM), 241
energy management plan (EMP), 241
Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings 90.1, ASHRAE, 207
ENT (electrical nonmetallic tubing), 288
EPR (electrical power required), 155
EQs (equalizers), 380
equal access, designing for, 221–222
equal loudness contours, sound pressure level, 137–138
equalization, audio design, 380–385
equalizers (EQs), 380
equipment
in audience/presenter areas, 58–59
branch circuits running to wired, 262
in control/projection areas, 59
grounding, 271–272
grounding conductors. See EGCs (equipment grounding conductors)
lectern design, 87
manuals, best practices, 526
mounting, 223–228
rear-projection, 106
equipment racks
block diagrams, 233–234
cooling, 236–237
ergonomics, 231
grounding, 278
heat load, 234–235
heat load from power amplifiers, 235–236
signal separation, 233
sizes of, 229–230
styles of, 229
ergonomics in AV design
eye height of viewers, 81–82
floor layouts, 83–84
furniture, 84–87
human dimensions and visual field, 76–79
human sightlines, 80–81
overview of, 75–76
rack design, 231
review Q & A, 88–89
seating layouts, 82–83
sightlines, 79–80
ES-100 (EtherSound), 453–454
ES-Giga (EtherSound), 453–454
estimates, AV budget, 69
Ethernet
10 Gigabit, 422–423
10 Mbps, 419
40/100 Gbps, 423
CobraNet requirements, 454
as control point, 394
Dante requirements, 455
Fast, 419–420
Gigabit, 421–422
isolating LAN devices, 424
overview of, 417–419
Q-Sys, 456
EtherSound, 453–454
executive summary, in program reports, 68
expanders, DSP, 379–380
experience, CTS-D exam and, 7, 11
Extended Display Identification Data. See EDID (Extended Display Identification Data)
extended star topology, LANs, 417
eye height of viewers, sightlines, 81–82
eye patterns, viewing digital signals, 327
eye rotation, in vertical visual field, 78
F
f-stop (focal ratio), 122, 515
facility drawings, AV design package, 56
facility managers, 63
fans, noise from, 237
farads (capacitance value), 251
farthest viewing distance, 95–97
Fast (100 Mbps) Ethernet, 417, 419–420
fasteners (or mounting hardware), 227–229
fc (footcandles), 113–115
feedback stability margin (FSM), audio, 177
feeders, power onsite, 262
field theory, and interference, 279
fill, conduit, 289–292
fill light, 213
filters
equalization, 380–385
in SPL readings, 143
final acceptance verification, 503
fire safety, 220–221, 238, 240
firestop, 240
firewalls, VPNs often built into, 427
fish pole, shotgun microphones, 160
fixed-architecture DSP, 370
fixed architecture processors, 370
fixed, multifunction (hybrid) processors, 370–371
fixed racks, 229
fL (footlamberts), luminance, 196
flat floors, sightlines and, 83–84
Fletcher-Munson equal loudness contour, 137
flex (flexible metal conduit), 288
flexibility, shield, 281
flexible-architecture DSP, 369–370
flip charts, 87
floor-mounted equipment, 223–224
floor space, rear-projection screens, 107, 109
flutter echoes, sound reflection from, 303
focus, adjusting camera, 514
folding power cords, 268–269
fonts, text size, 95
footcandles (fc), 113–115
footlamberts (fL), luminance, 196
foreground lighting, iris settings on camera, 514
formats
digital signal, 327
HDTV video, 341
MPEG streaming video, 475
streaming needs analysis of, 464
TMDS, 345
Ultra HD (UHD) video, 341–342
frame size, VPN overhead and, 427
frames
rear-projection screen, 109
videowall design and bezels, 111
framing image, adjusting camera, 516
frequency
acoustic mass law and, 311
capacitors and, 252
equalization and, 380–385
impedance dependency on, 250
loudspeaker coverage patterns and, 143
loudspeaker impedance and, 148–149
microphone frequency response, 163
shielding limited to certain range of, 281
sound absorber effectiveness dependent on, 309–310
sound pressure level and sound, 137–138
sound transmission class rates and, 312
in SPL weighting, 140–141
wavelength value formula, 297–298
Fresnel lens, 107
front-end documentation, construction contract, 52–53
front projection, 103–106
front-projection screens, 119
FSM (feedback stability margin), audio, 177
full-duplex mode, Gigabit Ethernet in, 421, 422
Full HD (1080p) video, HDTV, 341
full-motion video, contrast ratio for, 117, 520–521
Fundamentals of Lighting for Videoconferencing, IES, 201–202, 210, 214
G
gain
adjusting camera for automatic, 515
audio design settings, 373–374
audio signal generators testing, 511
automatic DSP control of, 376
calculating decibel change, 134–135
before feedback, 174
microphone pre-amp, 165–166
sharing, 167
Gantt chart, 188–189
gate settings, DSPs, 378–379
gated sharing, 167
gateways, 406–407
geometry pattern, adjusting display setup, 516–518
Gigabit Ethernet, 421–423, 453
glare, lighting videoconferences, 212–213
global IP addresses, 434
GLOP block, multicast addressing, 482–483
glossary, for exam preparation, 11
golden room ratios, 306–307
good viewing areas, 99–100
gooseneck microphones, 158–159
GoP (groups of pictures), 334
governance structure, in security posture, 491
grades, bolt, 228
graphic equalizers, 380, 384–385
grid system (column lines), drawing symbols, 48–49
ground faults, 273–275
ground loops, 282
grounding (earthing)
dangers of three-to-two prong adapters, 275
equipment grounding, 271–273
equipment racks, 278
established terms for working with, 255–256
ground faults, 273–274
isolated ground, 275–277
overview of, 269
system grounding, 269–271
groups of pictures (GoP), 334
H
H.264, lossless compression, 332
H.265, MPEG-H, 476
Haas effect, 383–384
habitual-learning control system, 390
handheld microphones, 157, 170
handheld remotes, as control panels, 392
handshakes
EDID, 352–354
HDCP, 359–360
TCP, 447
hardware, mounting, 227–229
harmonic distortion, 173
hazardous weather, and CTS-D exam, 27
HD (high-definition) video, 101–102, 466
HD-SDI (720p, 1080i), 343
HDBaseT, 456–457
HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
DDC channel transmitting data for DRM, 346, 347
digital rights management and, 339, 358–359
DisplayPort copy protection, 348
MHL 3 and superMHL supporting, 350
streaming copyrighted content, 465–466
HDMI Ethernet Audio Control (HEAC), 348
HDMI Ethernet channel (HEC), 347–348
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
AACS license agreement and, 326
DisplayPort and, 348
DVI and, 345–346
extenders, 512
higher-quality cables for, 343
in home entertainment equipment, 343
issues when including, 512
lip-sync feature, 523
overview of, 346–348
streaming copyrighted content, 466
Thunderbolt compatibility with, 350
TMDS utilized by, 345
transmitting 4K video, 342
USB-C connector supporting, 349
video signal, 345–348
HDTV (High Definition TV) video standards, 341
HEAC (HDMI Ethernet Audio Control), 348
head microphones (headmics), 157–158
headroom requirements, 155, 222
Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom, 220
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, 488
heat load, 234–237
HEC (HDMI Ethernet channel), 347–348
hertz (HZ), current frequency in, 249
HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), and MPEG-H, 476
hexadecimal words, IPv6, 432–433
hierarchy of design consultation, 190–191
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection. See HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
high-definition (HD) video, 101–102, 466
High-Definition Multimedia Interface. See HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
High Definition TV (HDTV) video standards, 341
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and MPEG-H, 476
high-pass filter, 381
high Q filter, 380
hiss, eliminating, 381
hole spacing, rack-mounts, 230–231
horizontal offset, projector positioning, 118
horizontal visual field, in ergonomics, 77–79
host address, multicast streaming, 477
host identifier bits, IP addresses, 430
host layers, OSI model, 412
hot-plug detect, HDMI, 347
hot spotting, projector brightness, 121
hub and spoke WAN topology, 426
hum. See also interference prevention/noise defense, 278–279
human-centered interface design, 392–393
human dimensions, and visual field, 76–79
human eye, 196
human-factors engineering, 75
hypercardioid pickup pattern, 161
HZ (hertz), current frequency in, 249
I
I = current (amps), calculations, 17–19, 21–23
I-frames (interframes), GOPs, 334
IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority), 433–436, 450, 481–483
IBC (International Building Code), ICC, 222–223
ICC (International Code Council), 222, 256
ICT (image constraint token), 361
identification requirements, CTS-D exam, 24
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), 4, 140, 190, 510
IECC (International Energy Conservation Code), 207
IEEE standards
1100-2005, powering/grounding terms, 255–256
802.11 (wireless connections), 409–411
802.3 (Ethernet), 419
802.3ae (10 Gigabit Ethernet), 422–423
802.3ba (40/100 Gbps Ethernet), 423
802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet), 421–422
AVB/TSN, 451–452
IES (Illuminating Engineering Society), 201–202, 210, 214
IETF standard, RFC 3297, APIPA, 443–444
IgCC (International Green Construction Code), 256
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), 477, 479
IIC (impact insulation class), 313–314
illuminance (incident) meter, 112–114, 197
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), 201–202, 210, 214
image constraint token (ICT), 361
image height formula, 96–97
image specifications, 92–100
image width, 98–100
IMC (intermediate metal conduit), 288
impact insulation class (IIC), 313–314
impedance
in AC circuits, 148
in audio circuits, 250
equipment-grounding conductors and low, 273
loudspeaker, 148–149
measuring in loudspeaker circuit, 152
Ohm’s law and power formulas approximating, 249–250
specifying power amplifiers, 156
understanding, 250
wiring loudspeakers, 149–151
incandescent lights, 199, 202, 210
incident (or illuminance) meter, 112–114, 197
inductors (coils), 252–255
InfoComm International, CTS-D certifications/standards, 3–4
InfoComm, online exam preparation, 11
InfoFrames, HDMI sinks, 346
infrastructure, program reports, 68
ingestion points, streaming needs analysis, 464
ingress, shielding preventing, 280
inner duct, plastic conduit, 288
input equalization, 380
insertion loss, isolation transformers, 153
installation needs, 38, 44, 47
instrument microphones, 157–158
integration process, sound reception, 314–316
integrity, security objective, 488–489
intelligibility, audio system quality, 173
intensity, sound, 298–299
interfaces, control panel, 391–393
interference prevention/noise defense
balanced circuits and, 282–283
differential and common-mode signals, 283–284
electric-field coupling, 279–280
ground loops, 282
magnetic-field coupling, 279
overview of, 278–279
pin 1 problem and, 286
shielding, 280–282
specifying AV conduit, 287–292
specifying transformers, 284–285
unbalanced interfaces and, 285
using isolated-ground system, 275–277
interframe compression, 334
interframes (I-frames), GOPs, 334
interior design coordination, with architectural/infrastructure drawings, 55
interlaced scanning, HDTV, 341
intermediate metal conduit (IMC), 288
internal speed-test server, network latency, 472
International Building Code (IBC), ICC, 222–223
International Code Council (ICC), 222, 256
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 4, 140, 190, 510
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), 207
International Green Construction Code (IgCC), 256
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 4, 190, 228, 504
international power distribution systems, 259–260
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), 433–436, 450, 481–483
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 477, 479
Internet Protocol (IP). See IP (Internet Protocol)
Internet Protocol television (IPTV), 461, 466, 480
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), 430–436
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), 432–436
internetwork control block, multicast, 482
interoperability, Ethernet technologies, 419
intraframe compression, digital AV, 333–334
IP address assignment
APIPA, 443–444
DHCP and, 440–442
DNS, 444–446
dynamic addresses, 439
overview of, 438–439
Reserve DHCP, 442–443
static addresses, 439–440
IP addresses
assigning IP address with, 438
assigning static addresses, 439–440
defined, 429
DNS mapping names to, 444–446
IPv4, 430–431
IPv6, 432–433
overview of, 430
types of, 433–436
using Reserve DHCP, 442–443
WANs using, 425
IP (Internet Protocol), 394, 429–430
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), 428
IPTV (Internet Protocol television), 461, 466, 480
iris settings, camera, 514, 515
irregular material, reflectance value of, 215
ISO-27000 compliance, 488
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 4, 190, 228, 504
isolation transformers, 153
items restricted from exam room, 24–25
J
JPEG 2000, lossless compression, 332
JTA (job task analysis), 6, 9–12
junction box, for conduit bends, 292
K
K (kelvin), color temperature, 197–198
key light, videoconferences, 213
L
lamp and ballast data, 204
LANs (local area networks)
CPUs communicating with, 390
creating WANs from, 425
isolating devices, 424
multicast streams sent over, 477
overview of, 416
protocol-independent multicast over, 480
routers marking border between WANs and, 406
sending data with Ethernet, 417–423
streaming design and network topology, 467–468
topologies, 417
VLANs, 424–425
VPNs and, 427
latency
CobraNet, 454–455
Dante, 455
delay vs., 383
EtherSound, 454
Q-Sys, 456
lavalier (lapel) microphones, 157–158, 169–171
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, 427–428
LC (Lucent) connector, optical fiber cables, 409
lecterns, furniture ergonomics, 86–87
lenses, projector, 107, 109, 122
levels, MPEG-4, 475–476
licensing issues, streaming copyrighted content, 465
life safety protection, 240
balance, 213–214
contrast ratio, 115–118
measuring, 112–115
occupancy sensors, 242
system black, 115
task lighting. See task lighting
light sources
camera adjustments for, 513–516
grouping luminaires based on, 203
verifying video, 513
lighting specifications
basics, 196–200
creating zoning plan, 207–210
documenting luminaires, 205–207
emergency, 215–216
energy consumption, 200
lighting control, 210–212
lighting the space, 200–207
overview of, 195–196
review Q & A, 216–217
for videoconference, 212–215
limiters settings, DSP, 378
line conductors, 263
line of sight, AV ergonomics, 77–79
linear scales, 132–133
link-local addressing, APIPA, 443
link-local block, 482
links, 7, 407–411
Listed flexible metal conduit, 272
listening ear level, loudspeakers, 144–146
load balancing, DNS, 445–446
local area networks. See LANs (local area networks)
local emergencies, CTS-D exam, 27
local IP addresses, 434–435
local network control block, 482
localhost, 436
logarithmic scales, 132–133
logic network diagram, 189
logical addresses, WANs, 425
logical topology, 414–415
loopback address, 436
loss, calculating decibel change, 134–135
lossless compression, 332–333
lossy compression, 332–333
loudness curve, 141–142
loudness, system quality and, 172
loudspeakers
as analog devices, 366
audio design for. See audio design
coverage, 144–146
directivity, 143–144
distributed layout options, 146–148
documenting luminaires and, 207
impedance, 148–149
manipulating voltage with transformers, 152–154
measuring impedance, 152
specifying power amplifier, 154–157
treating impedance as resistance when calculating, 250
wiring, 149–151
low latency, SDI video, 343
low-pass filter, 381
low Q filter, bandpass filter as, 381
low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS), DisplayPort, 348
Lucent (LC) connector, optical fiber cables, 409
luminaires
choosing, 202–203
designing for coverage, 203–205
documenting, 205–206
lamps vs., 201
zoning plan for, 207–210
luminance, 114–115, 125–126, 196
luminance (spot) meters, 112, 197
LVDS (low-voltage differential signaling), DisplayPort, 348
M
MAC addresses
in IP address assignment, 438–440
at Layer 2 of OSI model, 412
NICs associated with, 405
as physical address of LANs, 416
using Reserve DHCP, 442–443
magnetic-field coupling, interference, 279
magnetic induction, 253–255
magnetic lines of flux, 279
magnetic shielding, 280
maintenance logs, fixed AV systems, 527
managed switches, 405–406, 424, 477
mapping, human-centered interface design, 393
masking system, front projection, 105
master technical power panel, 262
master-to-master control systems, 391
match lines, drawing symbols for, 48–49
matching levels, microphone sensitivity, 165
materials
audience/presenter areas, 58
mounting hardware, 227–229
rear-projection screen, 107, 109
reflectance values of various surfaces, 214–215
for return air plenum, 238
sound privacy, 312–313
sound reception, 316–317
Wi-Fi disadvantages, 411
math strategies, CTS-D exam
overview of, 11–15
matte white projection screen, 104
maximum transmission unit (MTU), transport protocols, 446
measurement microphones, 510
mechanical considerations. See structural and mechanical considerations
media layers, OSI model, 412
mesh topology, LANs, 417
mesh WAN topology, 427
metric scale system, 40–42
MHL (Mobile High-Definition Link), video signal, 350–351
microphones
as analog devices, 366
audio design for. See audio design
construction, 160–161
frequency response, 163
lectern design specifications, 87
measurement, 510
mixing and routing, 166–167
placement of, 167–169
polar plot, 161–162
polar response, 161
pre-amp gain, 165–166
reinforcing presenter, 169–171
sensitivity, 164–165
signal levels, 163–164
types of, 157–160
milestones, 188–189
millwork, detail drawings for custom, 54–55
Mini DisplayPort, 350
mirror systems, rear-projection screen, 109
mitigation planning, 494–497
mixing, microphone, 166–167
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery), 479
Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL), video signal, 350–351
mobility issues, lectern design, 87
monitoring, control and projection areas, 60
monocular vision, 76
Motion JPEG, intraframe compression in, 333–334
mounting
considerations for, 223–229
front-projection screens, 105
gooseneck and boundary microphones, 158–159
grouping luminaires based on style of, 203
MP3 (digital audio compression), 332, 333
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 334, 475–476
MPLS (Multi-protocol Label Switching), 428
MTU (maximum transmission unit), transport protocols, 446
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD), 479
multicast streaming, 477–483
multimeters, 510
multimode optical fiber cabling, 409
N
NAG (needed acoustic gain), 174–178
name-to-address resolution, DNS, 444–446
NAT (network address translation), 435
National Electric Code (NEC), 222–223, 256, 274, 504
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 220, 222, 256
NC (noise criteria), background noise, 317–318
NCB (balanced noise-criterion), background noise, 317–318
nearest viewing distance, 98
NEC (National Electric Code), 222–223, 256, 274, 504
needs analysis
conducting, 64–68
control system design, 395
identifying security requirements in, 489
overview of, 60–64
in program phase, 36
in streaming design, 462–467
network backbone, Gigabit Ethernet as, 421–422
network-based QoS (NQoS), 470
network identifier bits, IP addresses, 430
network interface cards (NICs), 405, 418, 421
Network layer (Layer 3) OSI mode, 413
Network layer protocols
Internet Protocol, 429–433
IP address assignment, 438–446
subnetting, 436–438
types of IP addresses, 433–436
network policies, 492
networked AV application security
identifying requirements, 489–493
mitigation planning, 494–497
overview of, 487
review Q & A, 497–498
risk assessment, 493–494
security objectives, 488–489
networking for AV
blended devices, 407
components, 403–411
Data Link layer protocols, 450–457
Network layer protocols. See Network layer protocols
OSI model, 411–414
overview of, 401–402
review Q & A, 458–460
Transport layer protocols, 446–450
understanding networks, 402–403
networking for AV, network types/topologies
Ethernet, 417–424
isolating local area network devices, 424
local area networks, 416–417
overview of, 414–416
virtual local area networks, 424–425
virtual private networks, 427–429
wide area networks, 425–427
networks
as control points, 394
multicast-enabled, 477
neutral conductors, 263
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), 220, 222, 256
NICs (network interface cards), 405, 418, 421
noise
classes, 317–318
defense against. See interference prevention/noise defense
high-pass filters and, 381
HVAC, 237–238
light balance in videoconferences and, 214
measuring, 140
rear-projection system advantages, 106
shielding CAT 6 cables, 408
signal separation in rack designs defense against, 233
noise criteria (NC), background noise, 317–318
noise reduction coefficient (NRC) values, sound absorbers, 309
noise reduction filters, equalization, 382–383
NOM (number of open microphones), 166–167, 177
nonrepudiation, network security, 493
nontechnical end users, 63
O
occupancy sensors, rooms, 242
OFE (owner-furnished equipment), and projector brightness, 124–125
off thinking, energy management, 242–243
ohms. See resistance (ohms)
omnidirectional pickup pattern, 161, 170–171
one-to-many transmission model, multicast streaming, 477
onsite electrical service, flow of, 261–262
operational documentation, at closeout, 524–526
operational security, networks, 492
opinion of probable cost, AV budgets, 69
optical fiber cabling, networks, 408–409
optical screen material, rear-projection screens, 107
optotypes, Snellen eye chart, 93–94
order of operations, AV math formulas, 14–15
oscilloscope, audio system verification, 511
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, 411–414
output equalization, 380
overhead-mounted equipment, 224–225
owner-furnished equipment (OFE), and projector brightness, 124–125
owner team, needs analysis of, 62
P
P-frames (predictive frames), GOPs, 335
P = power (watts) calculations, 19–22, 134–135, 155, 235
package, AV design, 51–57
packaging, IP, 429
packet-switched networks, 403
packets, 413
PAG (potential acoustic gain), 174–178
panelboards, system grounding, 269–271
parallel circuits, 251, 254–255
parallel loudspeaker circuits, wiring, 150–151
parametric equalizers, 380
partial mesh topology, LANs, 417
partial overlap coverage, loudspeakers, 147
particle displacement, sound, 297, 300
pass filters, equalization, 381
passive extenders, 512
passive viewing, contrast ratio for, 117, 519
passwords, secure, 495–496
patterns, distributed loudspeaker, 146–148
PDUs (power distribution units), 267, 278
peak program meter (PPM), 371–372
PEMDAS acronym, 14
performance verification, 397, 500–502
permeability, 281
phantom power, microphones, 160–161
phases, AV design project, 34–38, 48–49
Physical layer (Layer 1) OSI model, 412–413
physical security, 492
physical topology, 414
pickup patterns (polar response), microphone, 161
piezo tweeter, audio system verification, 505–506
PIM (protocol-independent multicast), 477, 480–481, 483
pin 1 problem, 286
pins, HDMI interface, 346–347
pipes
controlling HVAC noise, 238
mounting equipment, 228–229
PISCR (Projected Image System Contrast Ratio), 115–118
pixel resolutions, digital video bandwidth, 329
placement, microphone, 167–169
plan view drawings, reading, 42–44
Planckian locus, 197–198
plastic conduit, 288
point-to-point streaming, unicast for, 476
points of failure, networks, 416
polar-pattern information, loudspeakers, 143–146
polar plots, microphone, 161–162, 170–171
polar response (pickup patterns), microphone, 161
policies, streaming network, 472–473
polished material, reflectance values of, 215
pool, DHCP address, 441–442
porous absorbers, acoustics, 309–310
portable racks, 229
positioning, projectors, 118–120
post-construction meetings, 35
post-integration verification, 502
potential acoustic gain (PAG), 174–178
power. See also electrical infrastructure, specifying; P = power (watts) calculations
cords, 268–269
distribution systems, 257–260
flow of onsite, 261–262
measuring sound intensity, 298
Ohm’s law and, 249–250
requirements, 60
power amplifiers, 154–157, 233, 235–236
power distribution units (PDUs), 267, 278
power factor, devices, 241–242
power strips (relocatable power taps), 267–269, 278, 282
PPM (peak program meter), 371–372
pre-amp gain, microphones, 165–166
pre-bid meetings, 35
pre-construction meetings, 35
pre-integration verification, 502
predictive frames (P-frames), GOPs, 335
preparation strategies, CTS-D exam, 11–13, 26
Presentation layer (Layer 6), OSI model, 413
presenters, designing for, 158, 169–171, 221–222
pressure-zone microphones (PZMs), 158
pressurization cooling method, equipment racks, 236
primary winding, transformers, 152
AVB/TSN topologies, 452–453
in streaming tasks, 463
privacy of speech, 312
private IP addresses, 434–435
private networks, multicast streams over, 477
procurement, construction phase, 38
products, work breakdown structure tracking, 187–188
professional audio, transport methods for, 368
profiles
AVC, 476
MPEG-4, 475–476
program meetings, needs analysis, 66–67
program phase, AV design project, 36
programming, architectural, 60–70
programming, control system, 397
progressive scanning, HDTV 720p video, 341
project constraints, and security posture, 491
project implementation activities
audio system verification, 505–511
audio/video sync, 521–523
conducting system closeout, 523–526
customer sign-off, 528–529
customer training, 527–528
overview of, 499–500
performance verification standard, 500–502
projector verification, 519–521
regional regulations, 503–504
review Q & A, 529–531
system verification process, 502–503
troubleshooting, 527
verification tools, 504–505
verifying video sources, 513–519
video system verification, 511–513
Projected Image System Contrast Ratio, ANSI/INFOCOMM, 116–118, 201, 519–521
Projected Image System Contrast Ratio (PISCR), 115–118
projection areas, in AV-enabled rooms, 59–60
projection systems
display environment, 109–112
front projection, 103–106
measuring OFE brightness, 124–125
positioning, 118–120
predicting brightness, 120–124
Projected Image System Contrast Ratio, 116–118
projector positioning, 118–120
rear projection, 106–109
verification of, 519–521
projects, tracking, 187–189
property class numbers, bolts, 228
protocol-independent multicast (PIM), 477, 480–481, 483
protocols, streaming, 474–475
PSTN (public switched telephone network), 402
pullout, load limits and, 226–227
punch list, closeout, 526
purchasing agents, needs analysis of, 63
Pythagorean theorem, for screen diagonal, 102–103
PZMs (pressure-zone microphones), 158
Q
Q-Sys, 456
QoS (quality of service), streaming design, 468–469, 470–473
quality. See audio system quality
quotes, AV budget, 69
R
R values, color rendering index, 199
rack units (RUs), 229–230, 233
racks. See equipment racks
radio frequency interference (RFI), 281, 357, 408, 410
radio frequency (RF), as control point, 394
ratio settings, audio design, 377–378
RC (room criteria), background noise, 317–318
reactance, in AC circuits, 250
reading with clues, farthest viewing distance, 96
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP), 474
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 474
rear-mount rails, in racks, 233
rear projection screens, 106–109, 223–224
receiver (victim or receptor) of interference, 279
receptacles, isolated-ground, 276–277
reception, sound, 314–320
recognition acuity, 92–93
reference levels (zero references), decibels, 135–137, 164
reflectance values, of various surfaces, 215
reflected ceiling plans, 44–45, 206–207, 238–240
reflected light measurements, 114
reflection, light, 214–215
reflection, sound, 300–303, 314–317
refresh rate, digital video, 340
regulations,
as first reference in design consultation, 190–191
regional, 503–504
release time settings, audio design, 376–379
reliability, managing in UDP, 447–448
relocatable power taps (power strips), 267–269, 278, 282
relocatable power taps (RPTs), 267
removal, from CTS-D exam, 26
rendezvous point (RP), PIM sparse mode, 480
reports, writing program, 67–68
request for qualifications (RFQ), front-end documentation, 52
requirements, security, 489–493
Reserve DHCP, 442–443
resistance (ohms)
circuit theory and, 248–250
in DC circuits, 148
formulas for calculating, 17, 18, 21–23
resolution
display device video, 101
DisplayPort, 348
streaming needs for content sources, 464
Ultra HD (or UHD), 341–342
visual acuity vs., 92–93
resolving IP addresses, DNS, 444
resonant absorbers, acoustics, 310
resource records (RRs), DNS, 445
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 468–470
response, SPL meters, 139
response time, SPL meters, 510
retesting, CTS-D exam, 27–28
return air plenum, for breathable air, 238
reverberation, in larger rooms, 307–308
reverberation time (RT), acoustics, 307–308
reverse wrap, front-projection screens, 105
RF (radio frequency), as control point, 394
RFI (radio frequency interference), 281, 357, 408, 410
RFQ (request for qualifications), front-end documentation, 52
rigid metal conduit (RMC), 288
rigid nonmetallic tubing, plastic conduit, 288
risk profile, 491
risk registers, 494
RMC (rigid metal conduit), 288
RMS (root mean square) value, multimeters, 510
roles, creating multiple user, 496
room criteria (RC), background noise, 317–318
room modes, 303–307
rooms, basics of AV-enabled, 57–60
root mean square (RMS) value, multimeters, 510
routers
implementing multicast, 477, 479–481
as network component, 406
nodes on WANs as, 426
RP (rendezvous point), PIM sparse mode, 480
RPTs (relocatable power taps), 267
RRs (resource records), DNS, 445
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 468–470
RT (reverberation time), acoustics, 307–308
RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol), 474
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), 474
RUs (rack units), 229–230, 233
S
S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio, 172
SAA (sound absorption average) values, 309
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), 228
safe working load (SWL), AV equipment, 225–226
safety
emergency lighting, 215–216
grounding and. See grounding (earthing)
power strip standards for, 267
three-to-two prong adapters and, 275
sampling rates, 328, 330–331, 333
Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance, 488
SC (subscriber) connector, optical fiber cables, 409
scalability, and multicast reflecting, 483
scale rulers, 40
scaled drawings, 39–42
scattered (or diffused) reflections, sound, 301–302
scenes, lighting, 211–212
schematic design phase, 37
Schroeder frequency, room modes, 304
scientific calculator, in CTS-D exam, 13–14
scope, CTS-D exam, 9–10
scope of work, 68
scoring, CTS-D exam, 27
screen diagonal, calculating, 102–103
SD-SDI (480i, 576i), 343
SD (standard-definition) video, aspect ratio, 101–102
SDI (Serial Digital Interface), video standards, 344
SDP/SAP block, multicast addressing, 482
SDP (Session Description Protocol), streaming systems, 474
seating layouts, AV ergonomics, 82–83
secondary winding, transformers, 152
section cut flags, drawing symbols for, 50
section drawings, reading, 44, 47
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 428
security. See also networked AV application security
NAT enhancing, 435
optical fiber cabling and, 408
subnetting to improve, 437
VPNs and, 427
Wi-Fi disadvantages, 411
security posture, network AV, 490–492
segmentation, 446
sensitivity
loudspeaker, 155–156
serial communication, as control point, 394
Serial Digital Interface (SDI), 344
series circuit, 251–254
series loudspeaker circuit, 149–150
series/parallel loudspeaker circuit, 151
service drop, power onsite, 261
service entrance, power onsite, 261
service-level agreement (SLA), 462, 469, 472
service panel (switchboard), power onsite, 262
service providers, OSI model, 412
service (SRV) records, DNS, 445
Session Description Protocol (SDP), 474
Session layer (Layer 5), OSI model, 413
shared AV resources, WANs, 427
shared secret, HDCP authentication, 359
shear, load limits and, 225–226
shelving filter, 381
shielding, 280–282
shop drawings, construction phase, 37–38
shotgun microphones, 159–160
shutter, adjusting camera, 515
sightlines
audience/presenter areas, 58–59
ergonomics in AV design, 79–80
floor layout, 83–84
front-projection systems, 119
rear-projection systems, 106
signal EQ with drivers, 513
signal extenders, 343, 511–513
signal generators, 516–518
signal levels, microphones, 163–164
signal loss over distance, cables, 252
signal monitoring, 371–372
signal path, rack installation, 233–234
signal separation, rack design, 233
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 371, 374–375
signifiers, human-centered interface design, 393
simple Ohm’s law formula wheel, 17, 20–21
simple power formula wheel, 19–21
sine waves, audio signal generators, 511
single-mode optical fiber cabling, 408
single-phase systems, 257–260
site environment, in needs analysis, 65
SLA (service-level agreement), 462, 469, 472
slide-out (built-in) racks, 229
sliding window, TCP, 447
sloped floors, sightlines and, 83–84
SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers), 518
Snellen eye chart, 93–94
software documentation, best practices, 526
sound
absorption, 308–310
audience area, 59
control and projection areas, 60
interaction, overview, 300–301
precedence, 383–384
production, 296–297
propagation, 297–300
reception, 314–320
reflections, 301–303
reverberation, 307–308
room modes, 303–307
transmission, 310–314
sound pressure level. See SPL (sound pressure level)
Sound System Engineering, Third Edition, 319–320
sound transmission class (STC) rates, speech frequencies, 312–313
sound waves, sound propagation and, 297
source inputs, videowall design, 111
source of interference, 279
source-specific multicast block, 482
source-specific multicast (SSM), 479
space planning, in program reports, 68
spacing criterion data, lighting coverage, 203–205
sparse mode, PIM, 480–481
special accommodations, CTS-D exam, 27
speech-only audio systems, 382
SPL (sound pressure level)
of background noise, 140
of HVAC system, 238
loud enough in audio system, 172
of microphone pre-amp, 165–166
of microphone sensitivity, 164
overview of, 137–138
of power amplifiers, 154–155
of signal-to-noise ratio, 375
spot (or luminance) meters, 112, 197
SRV (service) records, DNS, 445
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 428
SSM (source-specific multicast), 479
ST (straight-tip) connector, optical fiber cables, 409
staggered seating arrangement, AV ergonomics, 83
stakeholders, 64–65, 186, 491–493
standard-definition (SD) video, aspect ratio, 101–102
Standard Guide for Audiovisual Systems Design and Coordination Processes, ANSI/INFOCOMM, 34, 500–501
standing waves, and room modes, 303–304
star topology, LANs, 417
states, digital signal, 326
static addresses, 438, 439–440, 442
STC (sound transmission class) rates, speech frequencies, 312–313
step-down transformers, 153–154
step-up transformers, 153
steradian, 114
STP Cat 6a cable, 408
straight-tip (ST) connector, optical fiber cables, 409
streaming design
designing system, 474–476
lossy compression for media, 332
multicast, 477–483
needs analysis for, 462–466
needs analysis questions, 466–467
network environment and, 467–469
overview of, 461–462
quality of service and, 470–473
review Q & A, 484–485
UDP for audio/video, 449
unicast, 476–479
streaming video reflectors (relays), multicast, 483
structural and mechanical considerations
codes and regulations, 220–223
energy management, 241–243
fire and life safety, 240
HVAC, 237–240
mounting, 223–229
overview of, 219
racks, 229–237
review Q & A, 243–245
stubs, conduit, 288–289
subjective tests, audio/video sync, 522
submittal drawings, construction phase, 37–38
subnet masks
defined, 430–433
subnetting and, 436–440
subpanels, power onsite, 262
suffixes, decibel, 136
supercardioid pickup pattern, 161
superMHL standard, 350
surface-mount microphones, 158
survey, exam, 25
switchboard (service panel), power onsite, 262
SWL (safe working load), AV equipment, 225–226
symbols, architectural drawing, 48–50, 77, 252
synchronization, audio/video, 521–523
system closeout, 523–526
system descriptions, program reports, 68
system diagrams, AV design, 56–57
system grounding, 269–271
system ports, 450
systems integration verification, 502
systems verification process, 502–503
T
taps, loudspeaker, 154
task lighting, 60, 125–126, 201
tasks
labeling lighting scenes by, 211
lighting zones based on, 208–209
streaming needs analysis of, 462–463, 466
tracking project, 187–189
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 447–450, 476
technical end users, 63
technology programming meetings, 35
temperature, and speed of sound, 297
tensile strength, load limit, 226
termination points, analog and, 366
test patterns, 516–519
testing
appointment for CTS-D exam, 23
AV systems regularly, 527
center for CTS-D exam, 23–24
devices, with loopback address, 436
exam practice, 11
text size, 92–95
THD (total harmonic distortion), 173
The Law of Conservation of Energy, and sound interaction, 300
The TI-30XS MultiView calculator, in exam, 13–14
thin servers, 404–405
threats, assessing risk of, 493–494
three-phase systems, 257–260
three-to-two prong adapters, dangers of, 275
threshold settings, audio design, 376–379
throw distance, 118–120
Thunderbolt, 349–350
TIA/EIA-568 standard, 407–408
tiered floors, sightlines and, 83–84
tight-notch filters, 382
TMDS (transition-minimized differential signaling), 344–345
tone control, bandpass filter for, 381
topologies, network
AVB/TSN, 452–453
CobraNet, 454–455
Dante, 454–455
defined, 414
LANs, 417
learning from, 415–416
physical vs. logical, 414–415
Q-Sys, 456
WANs, 426–427
total harmonic distortion (THD), 173
touch-screen control panels, 391–392
tracking projects, 187–189
traffic shaping, 470
training, in energy management, 243
transformers
analog, for split signals, 366
coils and magnetic induction in, 253
as defense against noise, 284–285
loudspeakers and, 152–154
transient adaptation, task-light levels, 125–126
transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS), 344–345
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 447–450, 476
transmission, sound, 300–301, 310–314, 380
Transport layer (Layer 4), OSI model, 413
Transport layer protocols, 446–450
tri-amplified systems, crossover filters for, 381–382
troubleshooting
best practices, 527
data transfer with OSI model, 412
EDID, 357
HDCP, 361
project implementation, 527
truth tables, EDID, 355–356
tutorial, exam, 25
twisted-pair cabling, 284, 407–408
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 447–450, 474–477
UHD/UltraHD (ultra high-definition video), 341–342, 344
UHDTV format, 4K, 341–342
unassigned address ranges, multicast, 482
unbalanced interfaces, 285
Underwriter Laboratories, 267–269
unicast streaming, 476–479
unidirectional (cardioid) pickup pattern, 161, 170–171
unmanaged switches, 405
U.S. customary scale system, 40–42
USB, versions of, 348–350
user ports, 450
users
accounts/multiple roles for, 496
mobility in rear-projection system, 106
UTP Cat 6a cable, 408
V
V. See voltage (volts)
valid IDs, CTS-D exam requirements, 24
variable bit rate (VBR), MP3 encoding, 333
veiling reflections, 213
verification
audio system, 505–511
performance standard, 500–502
projector, 519–521
system, 502–503
tools for, 504–505
video sources, 513–519
video system, 511–513
versatility, of presentation area, 59
vertical lenticular lens, rear-projection screens, 107
vertical offset, projector positioning, 118
vertical visual field, 78–79
VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association), 348, 352, 354
VGA (Video Graphics Array), 326, 348–350
vibration, controlling HVAC, 238
video
acceptable latency for streaming desktop, 472
audio/video sync, 521–523
determining total program size, 331
digital video bandwidth, 329–331
high-quality streaming, 475–476
links for all references in this book, 7
lossless compression in security, 332
resolution, 101–102
system verification, 511–513
Video Graphics Array (VGA), 326, 348–350
video on demand, streaming media, 461
video signal types
DisplayPort, 348
DVI and HDMI, 345–348
Mobile High-Definition Link, 350–351
overview of, 343
Serial Digital Interface, 344
Thunderbolt, 349–350
transition-minimized differential signaling, 344–345
USB 3.1/USB Type-C, 348–349
video signals, 342–343, 511, 516–518
video, sources verification
camera adjustments, 513–516
chroma level settings, 518
contrast settings, 518–521
display setup, 516–518
overview of, 513
videoconferences
acceptable latency for, 472
camera adjustments, 513–516
codecs using interframe compression, 334
viewing angles, 98–100, 102, 104, 107
viewing distance, 92–100
viewing range, 99–100
virtual private networks (VPNs), 427–428
visual acuity, 92–95
visual display, energy management, 241
visual field, 76–79
visual perception, humans, 196
visual principles of design
ANSI/INFOCOMM 3M-2011 standard, 116–118
display device selection, 100–103
display environment, 112–116
display types, 103
farthest viewing distance, 95–97
front projection, 103–106
image specifications, 92
nearest viewing distance, 98
overview of, 91–92
projector brightness, 120–125
projector positioning, 118–120
rear projection, 106–109
review Q & A, 127–129
task-light levels, 125–126
text size, 92–95
videowalls, 109–112
viewing range, 99–100
visuals, audience area, 59
VLANs (virtual local area networks), 424–425, 495
VoIP (voice over IP), 368
voltage ramp generator, 393
voltage (volts)
calculating decibel change, 134–135
calculating with simple Ohm’s wheel, 17
current and, 17–18
loudspeaker taps and, 154
in magnetic-field coupling, 279
manipulating with transformers, 152–154
Ohm’s law calculation, 21–23, 249–250
source, as circuit component, 248
VPNs (virtual private networks), 427–428
VU (volume unit) meter, signal monitoring, 371–372
vulnerabilities, assessing risk, 493–494
W
wall finish, videoconferencing space, 214–215
wall-mounted equipment, 224, 229
wall outlets, power onsite, 262
wall wash, light balance, 213
WANs (wide area networks)
determining latency, 472
IP functions for, 429–430
overview of, 425–427
protocol-independent multicast over, 480
streaming design and, 467–468
VPNs creating virtual, 427
warmth of light. See color temperature
watts. See also P = power (watts) calculations, 155, 235, 298
WBS (work breakdown structure), 187–188
weight. See also mounting, 231–233
weighting, SPL meter, 139, 141–142, 508–510
white balance, adjusting camera for, 515–516
white light, ratings for, 197
whiteboards, 87
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), 409–411
wide Q filter, 380
winding, transformers, 152
wired control panels, 392
wireless connections, 409–411
WLL (working load limit), AV equipment, 225–226
word recognition, in horizontal visual field, 77
work breakdown structure (WBS), 187–188
workmanship, 191–192
workshop drawings, construction phase, 37–38
workstation, in presentation area, 58
Z
Z weighting, SPL meter, 139, 141, 509
ZigBee, as control point, 394
zoning plan, for luminaires, 207–210