Additional General References¹

Actual web addresses are not included in the location as these can change. The reader is advised to do a Google search as these organizations may have more than one website or subsite.

Also for additional (and in some cases, the same in different words) theory on gas turbines: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/turbines/refshelf/handbook/TableofContents.html

Most major corporations and even smaller companies now direct their information flow with mass email. Getting on a distribution list is very easy, so one needs to pick the vital companies or industries with care. The selection of “those who’ve got the best information” may also vary, so I will not outline a specific list, but suggest that keywords in this subsection can point the way. At this point in the gas turbine’s and the power generation industry’s history, there may be no more important development than what is likely to evolve into a carbon economy in many countries and eventually a global carbon economy.

One of the key information sources for keeping up with coal and coal related projects, are the sites run by the IEA and the ETN. This agency has branches all over the world, including the USA and they all share information. Special attention needs to be paid to the change in the gas turbine fuels industry. In the first edition of this book, I did point out that the field was widening with gas turbines able to burn fuels like residual oil, biomass, paper liquor, flue gas from making steel and a host of other materials (with appropriate design modifications). Now, despite the fracking activity globally which has driven down the price of natural gas, the biggest player globally, especially in coal rich countries, may continue to be coal.

In the energy field, there has been considerably more research done on coal gasification since the first edition of this book was published in 2007. Different grades of coal will have different impurities that have to be “cleared for use” or removed before the coal gas can be used as gas turbine fuel. If the impurities are dealt with appropriately, then the gas burns cleanly, as methane would.

The other area that has received considerably more attention in the gas turbine field is that of carbon sequestration and storage (CSS). Formerly an item that was given attention by the Scandinavians (the Statoil projects have been left in this edition) because of their emissions taxes, it is now an item of interest globally. The USA is proceeding with the construction of FutureGen and this bodes well for the CSS industry in the USA. The Chinese are working with several partners, including the USA on CSS.

This way the reader can get current information on new branches or country representatives.

Some Specific References

Pressure and Stress

See the following table for pressure and stress conversions.

Temperature

Unit Conversions

Conversion shown is to convert a quantity from units after the = sign to units before it.

$\text{C}=\text{K}-273.15$

$\text{F}=1.8\times \text{K}-459.67$

$\text{R}=1.8\times \text{K}$

$\text{K}=\text{C}+273.15$

$\text{C}=\left(\text{R}-491.67\right)/1.8$

$\text{F}=\text{R}-459.67$

$\text{R}=1.8\times \left(\text{C}+273.15\right)$

$\text{K}=\left(\text{F}+459.67\right)/1.8$

$\text{C}\left(\text{F}-32\right)/1.8$

$\text{F}=1.8\times \text{C}+32$

$\text{R}=\text{F}+459.67$

$\text{K}=\text{R/I}\text{.}8$

C Celsius

F Fahrenheit

K Kelvin

R Rankine