References

Introduction

1. “Expanding the Innovation Horizon,” IBM Global CEO Study 2006 (http://www-1.ibm.com/services/uk/bcs/html/bcs_landing_ceostudy.html); accessed on August 15, 2006.

2. For example, see Nambisan, S. “Designing Virtual Customer Environments for New Product Development: Toward a Theory,” Academy of Management Review (2002), 27(3), 392–413; Nambisan, S. and R. Baron. “Interactions in Virtual Customer Environments: Implications for Product Support and Customer Relationship Management,” Journal of Interactive Marketing, (2007), 21(2), 42–62.

3. See Sawhney, M. and E. Prandelli, “Communities of Creation: Managing Distributed Innovation in Turbulent Markets,” California Management Review (2000) 24–54.

4. Sawhney, M., E. Prandelli, and G. Verona, “The Power of Innomediation,” MIT Sloan Management Review (2003), 44(2), 77–82.

5. Management Tools and Trends Survey, Bain & Co., 2005.

Chapter One

1. “World’s Best Innovators Are ‘Six Times More Successful’ in Getting Better Products to Market Faster, UGS Chairman, CEO and President Tony Affuso Tells Fellow Automotive Industry Leaders” (http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-12-2005/0004166925&EDATE=); accessed on August 15, 2006.

2. The blueprint for such large corporate R&D labs focused on basic scientific research can be traced back to a report titled, “Science, The Endless Frontier” written by Vannevar Bush, science advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt, in the final year of WWII. For an interesting discussion of how corporations have started shifting their focus from “research” to “development” and its implications for their internal “temples of innovation,” see “Out of the Dusty Labs,” The Economist (March 3, 2007), 74–76.

3. Source: FactStat MergerStat (http://www.mergerstat.com/new/indexnew.asp).

4. “World Class Transactions: Insights into Creating Shareholder Value through Mergers and Acquisitions,” KPMG, 2001; “Why Mergers Fail,” Matthias M. Bekier, Anna J. Bogardus, and Timothy Oldham, McKinsey Quarterly, 2001, No. 4; “There’s No Magic in Mergers,” David Henry, Business Week (October 14, 2002) pp. 60.

5. As reported in IBM Global CEO Study 2006; Bain & Co., CEO Survey 2005.

6. “Sony’s Revitalization in the Changing CE World,” Howard Stringer’s remarks, CEATEC, Tokyo, October 4, 2005 (http://www.sony.com/SCA/speeches/051004_stringer.shtml); accessed on August 15, 2006.

7. Quote from Chapter 2 of Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll, The MILENNIUM FULCRUM Edition © 1991.

8. Kraft R&D figures sourced from the presentation made by Jean Spence, executive vice president, Kraft on May 10, 2005, as part of Kraft Investor Day (http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/nys/kft/presentations/kft_050510e.pdf); Also see “At Kraft, A Fresh Big Cheese,” Adrienne Carter, BusinessWeek, June 26, 2006 (http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/jun2006/pi20060626_973843.htm).

9. The term is taken from the Red Queen’s race in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass. The Red Queen effect was originally proposed by the University of Chicago paleontologist, Leigh Van Valen, in 1973 to explain the constant evolutionary arms race between competing species.

10. Dave Bayless is a principal and co-founder of Evergreen IP. To get more details on Dave’s simulation, view his videoblog at http://www.evergreenip.com/presentations/redqueen/redqueen.html; accessed on July 5, 2007.

11. “Kraft Looks Outside the Box for Inspiration,” The Wall Street Journal, June 2, 2006.

12. “Research Stirs Up Merck, Seeks Outside Aid,” The Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2006.

13. Source: Authors’ interview with Tom Cripe on March 30, 2006.

14. “Innovate America,” National Innovation Initiative Report, Council on Competitiveness, Dec. 2004.

15. “IBM GIO 2.0 Report” 2006 (http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/www_innovate.nsf/pages/world.gio.html#).

16. David J. Farber; K. Larson “The Architecture of a Distributed Computer System—An Informal Description,” Technical Report Number 11 (Sept. 1970), University of California, Irvine.

17. Foster, Ian; Carl Kesselman. The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-475-8.

18. Exhibit A for this is perhaps project SETI—the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. The general objective of SETI is to detect the existence of “intelligent” transmissions from distant planets. This is not a trivial task and requires significant computing power to analyze the vast amount of telescopic data gathered. The SETI@Home, launched by U.C.–Berkeley in May 1999, involves utilizing the power of home computers linked to the Internet to analyze such radio telescopic data and contribute toward the SETI goals. Any individual can participate in this project by downloading and running the SETI@Home software package, which then runs signal analysis on a “work unit” of data recorded from the central 2.5 MHz wide band of the SERENDIP IV instrument. The analysis results are automatically reported back to UC–Berkeley. More than 5.4 million computer users in more than 225 countries have signed up for SETI@Home and have collectively contributed more than 24 billion hours of computer processing time (current statistics on SETI retrieved from http://seticlassic.ssl.berkeley.edu/totals.html on July 5, 2007).

19. Network-Centric Warfare (NCW) is also called Network-Centric Operations (NCO) in some military quarters. In the U.K., it is referred to as Network Enabled Capability. Vice Admiral Arthur Cebrowski of the U.S. Navy is often referred to as the “Godfather” of the network-centric warfare concept. Other notable contributors to the development of this concept include Dr. David S. Alberts, who proposed the universal command and communications theory by integrating the concepts of information superiority and network-centric warfare, and John J. Garstka of the Office of Force Transformation in the United States Department of Defense (U.S. DoD).

20. “Network Centric Warfare,” DoD Report to U.S. Congress, July 27, 2001 (report available at http://www.dod.mil/nii/NCW/).

21. See Network Centric Warfare David Albert, John Garstka, and Frederick Stein, CCRP, 2nd Edition, 1999.

22. “The Future of Supply Chain Management: Network-centric Operations and the Supply Chain,” Terry Tucker, Supply & Demand Chain Executive 2004 (http://sdcexec.com/article_arch.asp?article_id=7285).

23. For a detailed description of Cisco’s experience and the concept of NVO, see Net Ready by Amir Hartman and John Sifonis, McGraw Hill, 1999.

24. “The Networked Virtual Organization: A Business Model for Today’s Uncertain Environment” John Sifonis, iQ Magazine, March/April 2003.

25. Several Web sites and blogs exist on the topic of network-centric advocacy. One of the better ones is http://www.network-centricadvocacy.net/.

26. “Network-Centric Advocacy,” Marty Kearns, retrieved on August 20, 2006 from http://activist.blogs.com/networkcentricadvocacypaper.pdf.

27. Wheeler, David A. “More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux’s Size” (July 29, 2002): (http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html), retrieved on August 16, 2006.

28. “Internet Encyclopedias Go Head to Head,” Nature, 438 (December 15, 2005): 900–901.

29. “Online Newspaper Shakes Up Korean Politics,” Howard French, The New York Times, March 6, 2003.

30. Sawhney M., E. Prandelli, and G. Verona. “The Power of Innomediation,” MIT Sloan Management Review (2003), 44(2), 77–82.

31. Huston, L. and N. Sakkab. “Connect and Develop: Inside P&G’s New Model for Innovation,” Harvard Business Review (March 2006).

32. IBM Global CEO Study 2006.

33. Let Go to Grow, Linda Sanford and Dave Taylor, Prentice Hall, 2005.

Chapter Two

1. See http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml.

2. See “Communities of Creation: Managing Distributed Innovation in Turbulent Markets,” M. Sawhney and E. Prandelli, California Management Review (Summer 2000): 4294, 24–54.

3. See the “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm,” Y. Benkler, Yale Law Journal, 112 (Winter 2002–2003). Also see The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler, MIT Press (2006).

4. Visit http://wearesmarter.org for more details on this project.

5. A more formal definition of the Open Source has been offered by the Open Source Initiative (see http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.php).

6. Sawhney & Prandelli, 2000, pp. 28.

7. The term Open Source has been attributed to Christine Peterson of the Foresight Institute. For more information on the story behind it, visit “History of the OSI” at http://www.opensource.org/docs/history.php.

8. Visit http://www.opensource.org/.

9. Source: http://www.Sourceforge.net (as of September 2006).

10. For an extensive list of these Open Source applications, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source.

11. The definition comes from James Moore’s 1996 book, The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems, Harper Business. His earlier related HBR article was “Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition,” Harvard Business Review (1993).

12. See “Constellation Strategy: Managing Alliance Groups,” by Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin, Ivey Business Journal (May 2003). Also see Gomes-Casseres, B., “Competitive Advantage in Alliance Constellations,” Strategic Organization, Vol 1 (3) (August 2003): pp. 327–335.

13. Gomes-Casseres, B., “Group Versus Group: How Alliance Networks Compete,” Harvard Business Review (July–August 1994): pp. 62–74.

14. For an excellent review of this strategy, see Gawer and Cusumano’s book, Platform Leadership, HBS Press (2003).

15. See O’Reilly’s article at http://tim.oreilly.com/articles/paradigmshift_0504.html.

16. For a discussion of the era of ferment and technology cycles, see “Technological Discontinues and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change,” P. Anderson and M. Tushman, Administrative Science Quarterly (1990): 35, 604–633.

17. Authors’ interview with Irving Wladawsky-Berger on April 7, 2006.

18. See http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/12/14/HNnovellibm_1.html; also see Yochai Benkler’s book, The Wealth of Networks, where on pp. 47, he gives a graph of IBM’s revenue growth from open source–related services.

19. Sawhney, M., Verona, G., and E. Prandelli, “Collaborating to Create: The Internet as a Platform for Customer Engagement in Product Innovation,” Journal of Interactive Marketing (2005): 4–17.

20. “Staples Turns to Inventors for New Product Ideas,” William Bulkeley, The Wall Street Journal (July 13, 2006; B1).

21. Interview with Jevin Eagle, senior vice president, Staples Brands (June 2006).

22. Authors’ interview with Dr. Robert Finocchiaro, technical director, 3M (on July 26, 2006).

Chapter Three

1. Visit the project Web site at http://www.aswarmofangels.com/.

2. See the Wikipedia entry on Current TV for more details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_TV.

3. “Uncle Al Wants You,” East Bay Express (Jan. 26, 2005): http://www.eastbayexpress.com/issues/2005-01-26/news/feature.html.

4. Visit http://www.current.tv/.

5. “Hack This Film,” Jason Silverman, Wired (January 2006): http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.01/play.html?pg=2.

6. See the article “MOD Films” on the Creative Commons Web site: http://creativecommons.org/video/mod-films.

7. http://modfilms.com/.

8. Morley, E. and A. Silver, “A Film Director’s Approach to Managing Creativity,” Harvard Business Review (March–April 1977): 59–70.

9. For a more recent article on business lessons from Hollywood, see “Hollywood: A Business Model for the Future?” Charles Grantham, SIGCPR Conference (2000) ACM.

10. http://www.echochamberproject.com/.

11. This is definitely a very limited and brief conceptualization of the core/periphery network. For more rigorous definition and discussion of the implications, see “Models of Core/Periphery Structure,” S. Borgatti and M. Everett, Social Networks 1999, 21, 375–395.

12. As noted in, “Measure for Measure: Exploring the Mysteries of Conducting,” Justin Davidson, The New Yorker (Aug. 21, 2006): pp. 60–69.

13. “Orchestra: A Users Manual” by Andrew Hugill, http://www.mti.dmu.ac.uk/~ahugill/manual/. Also see the Wikipedia entry for Orchestra: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra.

14. See “Call and Response in Music” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_and_response_%28music%29.

15. See the entry for jam in the Online Etymology Dictionary at http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=jam&searchmode=none.

16. Mod (or, to use its full name, Modernism or sometimes Modism)—a lifestyle-based movement—reached its peak in the early to mid-1960s. People who followed this lifestyle were known as Mods, and were mainly found in Southern England. Consider, for example, the TV series, The Mod Squad, which appeared in the late ’60s. The 1979 film Quadrophenia, based on the 1973 album of the same name by The Who, celebrated the Mod movement and partly inspired a Mod revival in the U.K. during the late 1970s. For more on this movement, read Mod, a Very British Phenomenon by Terry Rawlings, (2000) Omnibus Press.

Chapter Four

1. See “The Keystone Advantage” M. Iansiti and R Levien, Harvard Business School Press (2004): pp. 94.

2. See “The Power of Innomediation” Sawhney, M., E. Prandelli, and G. Verona. MIT Sloan Management Review (Winter 2003): 77–82.

3. For these and other examples regarding IDEO’s role as technology broker, see Andrew Hargadon’s book, How Breakthroughs Happen, HBS Press (2003).

4. See “A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms,” Candace Jones, William Hesterly, and Stephen Borgatti, Academy of Management Review 22(4) (1997): 911–945. In addition to this, there is a significant amount of research done in the management area on the broad topic of network governance.

5. Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L. Information Ecology: Mastering the Information and Knowledge Environment (1997): New York: Oxford University Press. Also see M. Alavi. “Managing Organizational Knowledge” in Framing the Domains of IT Management (2000): Pinnaflex Educational Resources, Cincinnati, OH.

6. For more details on Intel’s compliance workshop, see Platform Leadership by A. Gawer and M. Cusumano, HBS Press (2002): pp. 57–60.

7. See Inkpen, Andrew. “Learning, knowledge management and strategic alliances: So many studies, so many unanswered questions.” In Cooperative Strategies and Alliances, Contractor FJ, Lorange P (eds). 2002. Pergamon: London; 267-289.

8. For a more detailed description of IP and its history, see “Intellectual Property—The Ground Rules” by James Conley and David Orozco, Kellogg School of Management Technical Note 7-305-501 (August 2005).

9. See The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property by Ove Grandstrand, Edward Elgar Publishing, MA (2000).

10. For more on Clark Foams and the surfboard industry, read “Black Monday: Will Surfing Ever Be the Same?” The New Yorker (August 21, 2006): 36–43.

11. http://creativecommons.org/.

Chapter Five

1. The base plane (787-8) can carry 200 passengers on routes up to 8,300 nautical miles while the larger version (787-9) can carry 250 passengers on routes up to 8,500 nautical miles. A shorter-range version (787-3) with carrying capacity of up to 300 seats will be optimized for routes of around 3,500 nautical miles.

2. The first order for the 787 was placed by All Nippon Airways—for 50 787s. The order, valued at around $6 billion, is the single largest launch order ever in Boeing’s 88-year history. As of October 2006, 29 customers have placed orders for a total of 420 airplanes (of which 377 are firm orders worth around $52 billion).

3. Boeing and its partners conducted extensive research for two years prior to the official project launch in 2004 to investigate potential materials and to demonstrate the effectiveness of composite manufacturing technology. The new materials and design is also supposed to allow the quietest takeoffs and landings in its class, thereby providing an added environmental benefit.

4. Both engines are designed to provide the 55,000 to 80,500 pounds of required thrust. The improved engine design would itself contribute around 8% of the increased efficiency gains attributed to the 787.

5. “Boeing, Boeing, Gone?” by William Sweetman, Popular Science (June 2004): pp. 97.

6. “A Smart Bet,” Boeing Frontiers (June 2003).

7. “Sharing the Dream,” Boeing Frontiers (August 2006).

8. As quoted in “Boeing’s Diffusion of Commercial Aircraft Design and Manufacturing Technology to Japan,” by David Pritchard and Alan MacPherson, SUNY Buffalo, (March 2005): www.custac.buffalo.edu/docs/OccasionalPaper30.pdf.

9. Source: “Customers Get an Update from Boeing,” Yvonne Leach, Boeing Frontiers (February 2005).

10. “Just Plane Genius,” BusinessWeek (April 17, 2006).

11. “Firm, Toned, and Taut,” Lori Gunter, Boeing Frontiers (November 2005).

12. See Dominic Gates “Boeing 787: Parts from around the world will be swiftly integrated,” The Seattle Times, September 11, 2005.

13. Pritchard & MacPherson (2005).

14. Fingleton, E. “Boeing, Boeing, Gone: Outsourced to Death,” American Conservative (January 24, 2005).

15. E-mail interview with Scott Strode, vice president of airplane development and production, Boeing (March 2007).

16. Boeing’s slogan for the 2016 vision is “People working together as a global enterprise for aerospace leadership.” Boeing explicitly acknowledges in this vision its role as large-scale systems integrator as a core competence. See www.boeing.com/vision.

17. Ibid.

18. “Boeing: New Jet, New Way of Doing Business,” CIO Insight (March 6, 2006).

19. “The Evolution of Creation,” Debby Arkell, Boeing Frontiers (March 2005).

20. “Boeing’s Diffusion of Commercial Aircraft Design and Manufacturing Technology to Japan,” David Pritchard and Alan MacPherson, State University of New York, Buffalo (March 2005).

21. “Sharing the Dream,” Boeing Frontiers (August 2006).

22. “Wings Around the World,” Adam Morgan, Boeing Frontiers (March 2006).

23. “The Evolution of Creation,” Debby Arkell, Boeing Frontiers (March 2005).

24. “Outsourcing U.S. Commercial Aircraft Technology and Innovation,” David Pritchard and Alan MacPherson, State University of New York, Buffalo (April 2004).

25. “Wayward Airbus,” BusinessWeek (October 23, 2006).

26. EADS (2003 European Aeronatuci Defence and Space Company) EADS N.V. Financial Year 2002: www.financial.eads.net/docredozuk4.pdf.

27. CIO insight article.

28. Gartner report, 2006.

29. “Salesforce.com’s New Gamble,” CNET (July 26, 2005).

30. “Salesforce.com Buys into Google AdWords,” CNET (August 21, 2006).

31. Author’s interview with Adam Gross, vice president of developer marketing, Salesforce.com (November 2006).

32. “Envox Phonelink Now Available on Salesforce.com’s AppExchange,” CRM Today (October 11, 2006).

33. Author’s interview with Adam Gross, vice president of developer marketing, Salesforce.com (November 2006).

34. “Salesforce.com Strives for the On-Demand Apex,” Dan Farber, ZDnet (October 8, 2006).

35. “Salesforce.com Cooks Up On-Demand Programming Language,” Stacey Cowley, CRN (October 9 2006): http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/breakingnews.jhtml?articleId=193105561&cid=CRNBreakingNews.

36. “Salesforce Strives for the On-Demand Apex,” ZDNet (October 9, 2006).

37. “Salesforce.com Launches AppExchange Incubator,” CRM Today (October 10, 2006): http://www.crm2day.com/news/crm/120085.php.

38. For a detailed case study of Intel and Microsoft’s platform strategies, see Platform Leadership by Annabelle Gawer and Michael Cusumano, HBS Press (2003).

Chapter Six

1. See the P&G Connect+Develop Web site: http://pg.t2h.yet2.com/t2h/page/homepage.

2. See the P&G Web site: http://submitmyideatopg.com/submitmyidea/.

3. See “The Power of Innomediation,” Sawhney, M., E. Prandelli, and G. Verona. MIT Sloan Management Review (Winter 2003); and “Connect and Develop,” Huston, L and N. Sakkab. Harvard Business Review (March 2006).

4. Authors’ interview with Debra Park, Dial Corporation on March 24, 2006.

5. “Inventing Better Outlet for Inventors,” Scott Kirsner, Boston Globe (October 17, 2005).

6. See http://ww2.wpp.com/Press/2006/20060906_1.html.

7. Visit PDG at http://www.pdgevaluations.com/index.php.

8. Intellectual Ventures: http://www.intellectualventures.com/default.aspx.

9. “IV Moves from Myth to Reality,” Victoria Slind-Flor, Intellectual Asset Management (August/September 2006), Issues 19, 29–34.

10. Ibid.

11. Interview with Stephan J Mallenbaum, Jones Day, NY (March 6, 2006).

12. Interview with John Funk on March 1, 2006.

13. Interview with David Duncan in June 2006.

Chapter Seven

1. Source: November 2005 Netcraft Web Server Survey.

2. Touiller, O., Olliaro PL. “Drug Development Output from 1975 to 1996: What Proportions for Tropical Diseases?” International Journal of Infectious Diseases (1999) 3: 61–63.

3. WHO World Health Report, 2004.

4. “Can Open Source R&D Reinvigorate Drug Research?” Bernard Munos, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (September 5, 2006): 723–729.

5. Ibid.

6. William Jorgensen, “The Many Roles of Computation in Drug Discovery,” Science (2004): 1813:1818.

7. Visit www.openscience.org.

8. Authors’ interview with Andrej Sali, Stephen Maurer, and Arti Rai in November/December 2006.

9. Visit http://thesynapticleap.org.

10. Author’s interview with Ginger Taylor on November 15, 2006.

11. Source: International HapMap site at http://www.hapmap.org/.

12. “Open and Collaborative Research: A New Model for Biomedicine,” Arti Rai, Intellectual Property Rights in Frontier Industries: Biotech and Software (AEI-Brookings Press, 2005): http://eprints.law.duke.edu/archive/000000882/.

13. Copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

14. “Avatar-Based Marketing,” Paul Hemp, Harvard Business Review (June 2006).

15. Visit http://www.myvirtualband.com/.

16. Visit http://bioitalliance.org/.

17. “Redmond Forms Biotech Alliance,” Red Herring (April 4, 2006).

Chapter Eight

1. http://steampowered.com/status/game_stats.html.

2. Zvi Rosen, “Mod, Man, and Law: A Reexamination of the Law of Computer Game Modifications,” Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property (2005).

3. http://www.opensparc.net/opensparc-charter.html.

4. Authors’ interview with David Weaver, Architecture Technologies Group, Sun Microsystems, in December 2006.

5. http://www.opensparc.net/opensparc-guiding-principles.html.

6. http://www.opensparc.net/ca_policy.html.

7. http://www.opensolaris.org/os/.

8. “Enterprise Open Source” by Simon Phipps (November 2006): Line56.com (http://www.line56.com/articles/default.asp?ArticleID=8034).

9. Visit Mappr at http://mappr.com/.

10. Visit the ProgrammableWeb (http://programmableweb.com/mashups) for a listing of all mashups.

11. “Mix, Match, and Mutate,” Business Week (July 25, 2005): http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_30/b3944108_mz063.htm.

Chapter Nine

1. Authors’ interview with Irving Wladawsky-Berger on April 7, 2006.

Chapter Ten

1. “Connect and Develop: P&G’s New Innovation Model” by Larry Huston and Nabil Sakkab, Harvard Business Review (March 2006): 84(3).

2. Authors’ interview with Tom Cripe, March 3, 2006.

3. Based on authors’ interview with Dr. Robert Finnocchiaro, 3M, on July 26, 2006.

4. “Research Stirs up Merck, Seeks Outside Aid,” The Wall Street Journal (June 7, 2006).

5. Authors’ interview with Kodak executives—Gary Einhaus (Director of Research Labs); Kim Pugliese, (Head of External Alliance Group), and Richard Marken (Director of External Relations)—in June 2006.

6. Weed’s law is attributed to Jeff Weedman, vice president of EBD at P&G.

7. Nambisan, S. “Information Systems as a Reference Discipline for New Product Development,” MIS Quarterly, 27(1), 1–18.

8. “Northrop Gunman CIO Talks Collaborative CAD and Data Management,” Manufacturing Business Technology (February 2005): 23(20), pp. 38.

9. Also see “Building Collaborative Innovation Capability,” by Morgan Swink, Research Technology Management (March 2006): 49(2), pp. 37–47.

Chapter Eleven

1. See The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century, Thomas L. Friedman (2005).

2. http://www.trendwatching.com/trends/MASS_CLASS.htm.

3. Source: www.nasscom.in.

4. http://www.nationalacademies.org/.

5. “The Rise of the Multi-Polar World,” Accenture Report (2007): (http://www.accenture.com/Global/Research_and_Insights/Policy_And_Corporate_Affairs/ExecutiveSummary.htm).

6. See Jeb Brugmann and C.K. Prahalad. “Co-creating business’s new social compact,” Harvard Business Review (February 2007): 80–90.

7. http://government.hp.com/content_detail.asp?contentid=363&agencyid=0&mtxs=home-pub&mtxb=B1&mtxl=L1.

8. “Wipro Plugs R&D Service into Innovation Networks,” Navi Radjou, Forrester Research (July 2005). Also visit http://www.wipro.com/pes/index.htm.

9. “How Accenture One-Upped Bangalore,” Business Week (April 23, 2007).

10. http://www.siroindia.com/.

11. For example, Jeb Brugmann and C.K. Prahalad. “Co-creating Business’s New Social Compact,” Harvard Business Review (February 2007): 80–90. Also see C. K. Prahalad’s book, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Prentice Hall (2005).

12. “Innovation Ships Out,” CIO Magazine (January 15, 2005).

13. “The Revenge of the Generic,” Business Week (December 27, 2006) and personal interview with Michael Winnick, co-founder of Gravity Tank.

14. “Innovation: Is Global the Way Forward?” Insead & Booz Allen Hamilton Study, 2006.

15. Source: NASSCOM (www.nasscom.in).

16. One of India’s leading economists, Jairam Ramesh, coined the term “Chindia” and wrote a book on the potential cooperation between India and China. See Making Sense of Chindia: Reflections on China and India, India Research Press, New Delhi (2005). Business Week later made this term more popular globally by launching a special issue on this topic (issue dated August 22, 2005).

17. “The BRICs Dream,” Goldman Sachs Report 2006; http://www2.goldmansachs.com/insight/research/reports/report32.html.

Chapter Twelve

1. “The Incredible Story of Tata Motors and the Rs. 1-Lakh Car,” Robyn Meredith, Forbes (March 30, 2007).

2. Based on a presentation made by David Yaun at the Kellogg Innovation Network meeting, Almaden, CA (March 2007).

3. Also see, “Moving Technologies from Lab to Market,” Stephen Markham, Research-Technology Management (Nov/Dec 2002): 31–42.