Table of Contents

PART 1. GENERAL PHYSICS PHENOMENA

Chapter 1. Physics of Dielectrics

1.1. Definitions

1.2. Different types of polarization

1.3. Macroscopic aspects of the polarization

1.4. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Physics of Charged Dielectrics: Mobility and Charge Trapping

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Localization of a charge in an “ideally perfect” and pure polarizable medium

2.3. Localization and trapping of carriers in a real material

2.4. Detrapping

2.5. Bibliography

Chapter 3. Conduction Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling of Transport in Organic Insulators: Trends and Perspectives

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Molecular modeling applied to polymers

3.3. Macroscopic models

3.4. Trends and perspectives

3.5. Conclusions

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Dielectric Relaxation in Polymeric Materials

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Dynamics of polarization mechanisms

4.3. Orientation polarization in the time domain

4.4. Orientation polarization in the frequency domain

4.5. Temperature dependence

4.6. Relaxation modes of amorphous polymers

4.7. Relaxation modes of semi-crystalline polymers

4.8. Conclusion

4.9. Bibliography

Chapter 5. Electrification

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Electrification of solid bodies by separation/contact

5.3. Electrification of solid particles

5.4. Conclusion

5.5. Bibliography

PART 2. PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS – AGEING

Chapter 6. Space Charges: Definition, History, Measurement

6.1. Introduction

6.2. History

6.3. Space charge measurement methods in solid insulators

6.4. Trends and perspectives

6.5. Bibliography

Chapter 7. Dielectric Materials under Electron Irradiation in a Scanning Electron Microscope

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Fundamental aspects of electron irradiation of solids

7.3. Physics of insulators

7.4. Applications: measurement of the trapped charge or the surface potential

7.5. Conclusion

7.6. Bibliography

Chapter 8. Precursory Phenomena and Dielectric Breakdown of Solids

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Electrical breakdown

8.3. Precursory phenomena

8.4. Conclusion

8.5. Bibliography

Chapter 9. Models for Ageing of Electrical Insulation: Trends and Perspectives

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Kinetic approach according to Zhurkov

9.3. Thermodynamic approach according to Crine

9.4. Microscopic approach according to Dissado–Mazzanti–Montanari

9.5. Conclusions and perspectives

9.6. Bibliography

PART 3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS AND MEASUREMENT

Chapter 10. Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Standard experiments

10.3. Basic electrostatic equations

10.4. Dipolar polarization

10.5. Intrinsic conduction

10.6. Space charge, injection and charge transport

10.7. Which model for which material?

10.8. Bibliography

Chapter 11. Pulsed Electroacoustic Method: Evolution and Development Perspectives for Space Charge Measurement

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Principle of the method

11.3. Performance of the method

11.4. Diverse measurement systems

11.5. Development perspectives and conclusions

11.6. Bibliography

Chapter 12. FLIMM and FLAMM Methods: Localization of 3-D Space Charges at the Micrometer Scale

12.1. Introduction

12.2. The FLIMM method

12.3. The FLAMM method

12.4. Modeling of the thermal gradient

12.5. Mathematical deconvolution

12.6. Results

12.7. Conclusion

12.8. Bibliography

Chapter 13. Space Charge Measurement by the Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse Technique

13.1. Introduction

13.2. History

13.3. Establishment of fundamental equations for the determination of space charge distribution

13.4. Experimental setup

13.5. Performances and limitations

13.6. Examples of use of the method

13.7. Use of the LIPP method for surface charge measurement

13.8. Perspectives

13.9. Bibliography

Chapter 14. The Thermal Step Method for Space Charge Measurements

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Principle of the thermal step method (TSM)

14.3. Numerical resolution methods

14.4. Experimental set-up

14.5. Applications

14.6. Conclusion

14.7. Bibliography

Chapter 15. Physico-Chemical Characterization Techniques of Dielectrics

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Domains of application

15.3. The materials themselves

15.4. Conclusion

15.5. Bibliography

Chapter 16. Insulating Oils for Transformers

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Generalities

16.3. Mineral oils

16.4. Synthetic esters or pentaerythritol ester

16.5. Silicone oils or PDMS

16.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons or PCB

16.7. Natural esters or vegetable oils

16.8. Security of employment of insulating oils

16.9. Conclusion and perspectives

16.10. Bibliography

Chapter 17. Electrorheological Fluids

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Electrorheology

17.3. Mechanisms and modeling of the electrorheological effect

17.4. The conduction model

17.5. Giant electrorheological effect

17.6. Conclusion

17.7. Bibliography

Chapter 18. Electrolytic Capacitors

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Generalities

18.3. Electrolytic capacitors

18.4. Aluminum liquid electrolytic capacitors

18.5.(Solid electrolyte) tantalum electrolytic capacitors

18.6. Models and characteristics

18.7. Failures of electrolytic capacitors

18.8. Conclusion and perspectives

18.9. Bibliography

Chapter 19. Ion Exchange Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Homogenous cation-exchange membranes

19.3. Heterogenous ion exchange membranes

19.4. Polymer/acid membranes

19.5. Characterization of membranes

19.6. Experimental characterization of ion exchange membranes

19.7. Determination of membrane morphology using the SEM technique

19.8. Thermal stability

19.9. Acknowledgements

19.10. Bibliography

Chapter 20. Semiconducting Organic Materials for Electroluminescent Devices and Photovoltaic Conversion

20.1. Brief history

20.2. Origin of conduction in organic semiconductors

20.3. Electrical and optical characteristics of organic semiconductors

20.4. Application to electroluminescent devices

20.5. Application to photovoltaic conversion

20.6. The processing of organic semiconductors

20.7. Conclusion

20.8. Bibliography

Chapter 21. Dielectric Coatings for the Thermal Control of Geostationary Satellites: Trends and Problems

21.1. Introduction

21.2. Space environment

21.3. The thermal control of space vehicles

21.4. Electrostatic phenomena in materials

21.5. Conclusion

21.6. Bibliography

Chapter 22. Recycling of Plastic Materials

22.1. Introduction

22.2. Plastic materials

22.3. Plastic residues

22.4. Bibliography

Chapter 23. Piezoelectric Polymers and their Applications

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Piezoelectric polymeric materials

23.3. Electro-active properties of piezoelectric polymers

23.4. Piezoelectricity applications

23.5. Transducers

23.6. Conclusion

23.7. Bibliography

Chapter 24. Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry: Examples of Applications, Constraints and Perspectives

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Equipment

24.3. Power transformer insulation

24.4. Perspectives

24.5. Conclusion

24.6. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index