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by Jonathan Higgins
Introduction to SNG and ENG Microwave
Cover
Halftitle
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Basic overview of the role of ENG/SNG
A brief history
Definitions
ENG
OB
SNG
Principal elements in covering an event
Camera and sound
Editing
Getting the story back
Going live
Communication with the studio
Talkback
Back to the story
Analogue theory
Analogue basics
Frequency and wavelength
Phase
Modulation principles
The TV picture
Colour information
Capitalizing on the brain’s weaknesses
Frames
Digital
Phase modulation
Terrestrial microwave links
Line of sight
Microwave frequencies
Microwave frequency bands for ENG
Microwave – and the microwave
Fresnel zones
Fade margin
Digital modulation in ENG microwave
COFDM
Compression
Advantages of digital microwave
Digital vs analogue
Transmission and reception chains
Audio channels
Handling of baseband audio – digital vs analogue
Antennas
Polarization
Trucks and masts
Setting up a link
Mid-points
Roofs
Other microwave link platforms
Airship links
Helicopter links
Man-pack links
Radio cameras
Analogue radio-cam links
Digital radio-cam links
Optical links
Infra-red optical video link
Optical laser link
Satellites and orbits
Geostationary orbit principles
Longitude and latitude
Basic satellite communication theory
Uplinks – space segment – downlinks
Basic digital SNG system
Frequency bands of operation
Polarization
Digital compression
Squeezing the juice
Pixels
Principles of compression – digital sampling
Redundancy
Video compression
Spectral redundancy
Spatial redundancy
Temporal redundancy
MPEG
MPEG-2
Profiles and levels
MPEG picture problems
Artefacts
Delay and latency
Audio compression
Psychoacoustics
Audio sampling and masking
Digital modulation in SNG
Error correction
Transmission and symbol rates
Quality and compression
DSNG processing equipment
Encoders
Modulator (modem)
Upconverters
Amplifiers
SNG antennas
Feedhorn polarization
Link budgets
Fade margin
DSNG uplink types
Configuration
Flyaways
Antennas
Flight-cases
Typical flyaway operation
Live position
Studio-remote communications
Commslink
Video editing
Electrical power
The challenges
SNG vehicles
Electrical power generator
Stabilizing jacking system
Level of redundancy
Multiple programme paths
Hybrid SNG/ENG trucks
SNG operations – locating the uplink
Finding your satellite
Co-ordination and line-up procedures
Over-runs
Automation
Automated acquisition of the satellite
GPS
Automation in operation
Advantages and disadvantages of automation
Fully remote operation
Inmarsat and the use of videophones
Inmarsat system
The various types of satphone
Inmarsat Mini-M
Inmarsat GAN
Video-conferencing and videophones
Videophones
Store and Forward
Store and Forward hardware
Inmarsat satphone operation
Inmarsat GAN
Siting the satphone
Safety
Operating
Inmarsat Mini-M
Satellite regulatory issues
Regulation
Spectrum
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
National control and trans-border issues
The control of SNG
National controls
Licences
Frequency clearance
ITU SNG handbook
Satellite operators
Intelsat
SES Global
PanAmSat
Eutelsat
Other operators
Europe
Other regional satellite operators
The use of satellite capacity
Types of capacity
Dedicated and non-dedicated capacity
Short-term leases
Occasional capacity
Inclined orbit
Operating an SNG uplink
Placing a booking for occasional space segment
Multi-and unilateral operations
Pools
Safety
Outline of hazards
Non-ionizing radiation
Dealing with hazards with microwave equipment
The position in the United Kingdom
The position in the United States
Practical steps to minimize risks
Safety zones
Risk to the operator
Operations near airports
Electrical hazards
Rugged extremes
Taking care
The residual current device (RCD)
Operating ENG pneumatic masts
Overhead hazards
Look up!
Anatomy of an ENG accident
The pressure of time
Mast safety alarms
Manual handling
Cable safety
Working at heights
Down below
Weather and time of day
Driving of vehicles
Tiredness
Operating in hostile environments
The immediate response
Risk to personnel
The team
Train for survival
Accepting the risk
Getting in to the war zone
Locating the uplink
Pool arrangements
Logistics
Critical factors
Chartering
Excess baggage
Freighting
Carriage of systems on aircraft
On the horizon
Glossary of terms
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Copyright
Next
Next Chapter
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Basic overview of the role of ENG/SNG
A brief history
Definitions
ENG
OB
SNG
Principal elements in covering an event
Camera and sound
Editing
Getting the story back
Going live
Typical transmission chain
Communication with the studio
Talkback
Mix-Minus
Back to the story
Analogue theory
Analogue basics
Frequency and wavelength
Phase
Modulation principles
AM
FM
The TV picture
Colour information
Capitalizing on the brain’s weaknesses
Frames
Digital
Phase modulation
Terrestrial microwave links
Line of sight
Microwave frequencies
Microwave frequency bands for ENG
Microwave – and the microwave
Fresnel zones
Fade margin
Digital modulation in ENG microwave
COFDM
Compression
Advantages of digital microwave
Digital vs analogue
Transmission and reception chains
Audio channels
Handling of baseband audio – digital vs analogue
Antennas
Polarization
Parabolic antennas
Helix (rod) antennas
Omnidirectional antennas
Flat plate antennas
Trucks and masts
Setting up a link
Mid-points
Roofs
Other microwave link platforms
Airship links
Helicopter links
Man-pack links
Radio cameras
Analogue radio-cam links
Digital radio-cam links
Optical links
Infra-red optical video link
Optical laser link
Satellites and orbits
Geostationary orbit principles
Longitude and latitude
Basic satellite communication theory
Uplinks – space segment – downlinks
Basic digital SNG system
Frequency bands of operation
C-band
Ku-band
Dual band
Polarization
Digital compression
Squeezing the juice
Pixels
Principles of compression – digital sampling
Redundancy
Video compression
Spectral redundancy
Spatial redundancy
Temporal redundancy
MPEG
MPEG-2
Profiles and levels
4:2:0 and 4:2:2
DVB and MPEG-2
MPEG picture problems
Artefacts
Delay and latency
Audio compression
Psychoacoustics
Audio sampling and masking
Digital modulation in SNG
Error correction
Transmission and symbol rates
Quality and compression
DSNG processing equipment
Encoders
Modulator (modem)
Upconverters
Amplifiers
SNG antennas
Feedhorn polarization
Link budgets
Fade margin
DSNG uplink types
Configuration
Flyaways
Antennas
Flight-cases
Typical flyaway operation
Live position
Studio-remote communications
Commslink
Video editing
Electrical power
The challenges
SNG vehicles
Electrical power generator
Stabilizing jacking system
Level of redundancy
Multiple programme paths
Hybrid SNG/ENG trucks
SNG operations – locating the uplink
Finding your satellite
Co-ordination and line-up procedures
Over-runs
Automation
Automated acquisition of the satellite
GPS
Automation in operation
Advantages and disadvantages of automation
Fully remote operation
Inmarsat and the use of videophones
Inmarsat system
The various types of satphone
Inmarsat Mini-M
Inmarsat GAN
Video-conferencing and videophones
Videophones
Store and Forward
Store and Forward hardware
Inmarsat satphone operation
Inmarsat GAN
Siting the satphone
Safety
Operating
Inmarsat Mini-M
Satellite regulatory issues
Regulation
Spectrum
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
National control and trans-border issues
The control of SNG
National controls
Licences
Frequency clearance
ITU SNG handbook
Satellite operators
Intelsat
SES Global
PanAmSat
Eutelsat
Other operators
Europe
Other regional satellite operators
The use of satellite capacity
Types of capacity
Dedicated and non-dedicated capacity
Short-term leases
Occasional capacity
Inclined orbit
Operating an SNG uplink
Placing a booking for occasional space segment
Multi-and unilateral operations
Pools
Safety
Outline of hazards
Non-ionizing radiation
Dealing with hazards with microwave equipment
The position in the United Kingdom
The position in the United States
Practical steps to minimize risks
Safety zones
Risk to the operator
Operations near airports
Electrical hazards
Rugged extremes
Taking care
The residual current device (RCD)
Operating ENG pneumatic masts
Overhead hazards
Look up!
Anatomy of an ENG accident
The pressure of time
Mast safety alarms
Manual handling
Cable safety
Working at heights
Down below
Weather and time of day
Driving of vehicles
Tiredness
Operating in hostile environments
The immediate response
Risk to personnel
The team
Train for survival
Accepting the risk
Getting in to the war zone
Locating the uplink
Pool arrangements
Logistics
Critical factors
Chartering
Excess baggage
Freighting
Carriage of systems on aircraft
On the horizon
Glossary of terms
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