Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
A
Andosol-I solar energy plant 184–185
Australian coal production 280–284
B
commercial production 261–262
disadvantages 262–264
EIA data plotted 261–262
FFAs 265–266
long-chain alkane molecules 262–264
methanol 267
methyl ester 264–265
trans-esterification reaction 264
triglyceride-methanol reaction 265–266
USFG 266
water washing 264–265
WVO 264
arable land 270–271
biodiesel production 261–267
clean and renewable energy source 257–258
components 258
energy source in wood 257
environmental impacts 270
ethanol fuel program 258
ethanol production 258–261
fuel economy of ethanol 261
growing food crops 270–271
various forms 258
woody lignin 267–270
description 20
natural gas 21–23
BTU See The British Thermal Unit (BTU)
C
burning hydrocarbons in air 306–307
mono-ethanolamine (MEA) 306–307
oxy-combustion 307
solid absorbents 307
capturing See (Carbon capture methods)
carbon cycle 40–41
13C isotope 46
coal 51–53
critical point 304–305
density of dry ice 306
description 301
earth’s temperature 41–42
electricity without pumping 301
emissions 302–303
emissions and pollution 197
gas phase transport 305
oceans 41–42
pipeline 305–306
seas warm 44
sequestering See (Carbon sequestration)
supercritical 304
triple point 304–305
burning oil, coal and natural gas 302–303
carbon cycle 302–303
greenhouse gas 303
carbonic acid 309
coal beds and saline aquifers 307–308
deep saline aquifers 308–309
EOR project 307
formation and critical temperature 308
liquid CO2 309
mineral salts in formation 309
reservoirs 307–308
solid CO2 (dry ice) 309
pressure-volume diagram 346f
reversible process 347
steps 345
temperature-entropy diagram 346f
total amount of thermal energy 347
average doses 154
Pripyat 153–154
radiation effects 154
radiation exposure 154
radiation-induced increases of leukemia/thyroid cancer 154–155
Soviet nuclear power authorities 152–153
widespread contamination in areas 154
Australian coal production 280–284
Chinese coal production 284–286
clean coal technologies 287–291
definition 273
energy reserves 298
acid rain 51
CO2 emissions 51
H:C ratio 51
monoethanolamine (MEA) 51–52
soot and ash raining 51
health, safety and environmental issues 286–287
imports 298–299
liquids technologies 291–296
underground coal gasification 296–298
the United States coal production 279–280
world coal production See (World coal production)
Wyoming’s electricity 273
CO2 emissions 295
conventional fuel 295–296
indirect 295
synthetic fuel 295–296
flow-rate 218–220
Rock Island Dam 223
storage reservoirs 223–224
air-cooled condenser/dry cooling 173–175
capacity factor 170
Carnot efficiency 175–176
dish-stirling system 170–172
elements 173
heliostat mirrors 173–175
installations 169
370 MW solar tower installation 173–175
parabolic trough 170
Rankine-cycle reheat steam turbine 173–175
receiver efficiency 175
receiver temperature 176–177
SEGS 170
Solar Partners LLC 173–175
solar power tower 172–173
solar receiver 175
thermal power plants 173–175
total installed capacity 169
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards 318–319
Hubbert’s theories 57–58
OPEC 82–83
price and a constant technology environment 87
transportation process 57
gas supply analogy 67–71
world oil market 71–82
world oil production 59–67
CTL processes See Coal to liquids (CTL) processes
D
Deuterium 157–158
E
EGSs See Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs)
“big bang” 2–3
development factors 4–5
Einstein equation 2–3
environmental effects 15
fundamental forces 2–3
heat engines 4
human and animal labor 3–4
hydrocarbon 4
artificial lighting 6
biomass use 8
in China 9–12
coal use 8
diesel’s engines 6–7
hydroelectric power plants 8
jet engines 7
kerosene 6–7
nuclear power 8
Otto cycle engine 6–7
uranium reserves 13
wind and solar sources 8
renewable sources 1
textile machinery 5
unit systems See (Unit systems, energy)
carbon dioxide 336
civil unrest 335–336
coal 339–340
energy policy development 343–344
geothermal 342
hydroelectric power 341
natural gas See (Natural gas)
nuclear power 340
renewable energy 336
Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) 80–82
first law of thermodynamics 27–31
second law of thermodynamics 31–37
American Recovery and Investment Act 246
description 245–246
oil and gas fields 246
circulation test 252
drilling wells 252
fractures 248
high flow rates 247
high-pressure, injection well 251
hydraulic stimulation 249
induced seismicity 253
monitoring acoustic emissions 250
numerical simulation 252
open-hole packer 249
rock-fluid interactions 251
shearing, pre-existing fractures 248
wells 249
U.S. Department of Energy 246
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 246–247
Enriched uranium fuel 142
carbon dioxide See (Carbon dioxide)
coal 51–53
hydrocarbon sources 39
hydroelectric power 55–56
natural gas 53–54
nuclear power 56
oil 53
solar energy 55
wind power 54–55
corn/sugarcane 260
domestic coal/natural gas 260
E85 261
energy balance 260
fuel economy of 261
indigenous sources 260
price of corn 260
F
conversion U-238 to PU-239 145
description 144
development 145
India 145
Pa-233 146
phenix and superphenix 146
SNR-300 146
Th-232 146
energy forms 30
hydroelectric power 30
nuclear reactions 30
wind energy 30
work and heat 28–29
Fischer-Tropsch process 267–268
G
economics and technology 70
GTL and CTL technology 70–71
LNG market 69–70
peak oil theory See (Peak oil theory)
Gas to Liquids (GTL) technology 70–71
GDP See Gross domestic product (GDP)
application 244–245
categories 239
drilling wells 238
Earth’s layers 237–238
EGSs See (Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs))
closed-loop systems 255
Geysers project 255
Glass Mountain project 255
fuel-based energy sources 237
Geysers dry steam See (Geysers dry steam geothermal power plant)
hot water and steam reservoirs 238
Iceland, hot water and steam 238
Geysers power plant 243
thermodynamics 241–243
renewable energy source 237
energy source 243
evaporative water-cooling process 243–244
history 243
location 243
Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project 243–244
wells 243
Banks Lake 225
Columbia Basin Project 224–225
power output 225–227
reversible pumps 225
H
Heliostats 172–173
Hubbert’s model for world coal production 355–356
Hubbert’s peak oil theory See also Peak oil theory
agricultural projects 230
anadromous fish populations 228–229
China 215
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act 230
Columbia River hydroelectric system 218–224
description 215
electrical grid, power use 216–218
electric power production 216
fish hatcheries 229
the Grand Coulee dam 224–227
Bath County Pumped Storage Station 232
generating capacity 234
John W. Keys III Pump-Generating Plan 234
owners 232–234
Reversible Francis-type pump-generators 234
store energy 230
Tennessee River 231–232
world pumped storage-generating capacity 230–231
“run-of-the-river” dams 228
turbine power capacity 216
atmospheric methane levels 56
environmental impact 55–56
age of oil 317–318
alkali metal hydrides 325
Allis-Chalmers Company 315
Apollo program 318
atmospheric pressure 321
Bacon’s technology 315
Bush Administration’s program, hydrogen vehicles 318–319
carbon fiber 321
chemical plants and petroleum refineries 330
coal 320
commercial fuel-cells 316–317
definition 316–317
description 313
diesel and gasoline engine 321
distributed generation 316–317
economy 316–329
electricity 320
electric vehicles 330
and energy carrier 319–320
and energy source 319–320
energy storage tank 325
fossil fuel 320–321
fuel distribution 325–326
fuel transportation 330
General Electric Company (GE) 314–315
Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell 314–315
Haber process 319–320
ICE/electricity in fuel cells 313–314
laws of thermodynamics 321–324
looming oil shortages 316–317
methane 320
non-OPEC oil producing countries 316–317
opportunities, costs, barriers and R&D 326–327
ortho and para molecules 325
phosphoricacid fuel cell 314–315
physical properties 321–324
principal research 327–328
Rifkin’s book 317–318
storage and distribution 319
syngas 320
transported by pipeline 326
UTC power 315
I
In-Situ Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) 80
electrical power schematic 290f
the FutureGen project 291
zero-emissions 289–291
International Standards Organization (ISO) 20
K
L
and bagasse 267–268
syngas pathway 267–268
temperature of living space 267–268
accident 95–96
facilities approved for construction in North America 97f
Japan’s power company consumption 98f
liquefaction 95
Qatar’s exports 99
safety 95
tankers 95
transport 95
unloading and re-vaporization facilities 96–97
LNG See Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
M
Methanol pathway 267–268
Molecular laser isotope separation 142
N
application 339
cap-and-trade scenarios 338
energy policy 337–338
environmental impacts 53–54
Exxon projects 339
ceramic proppants 125
shale formations 126
slick-water fracture fluid 125–126
hydrocarbons 338–339
lawmakers 337
capital costs for GTL projects 131–132
Exxon’s chemical method 129–130
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis 127–128
gas to liquids (GTL) 127
Mobil’s MTG process 131
Mossgas Plant 132
MTG project 132
Rentech Inc. process 131
Sasol Advanced Synthol (SAS) reactor 129
Sasol’s synthetic fuel project 128–129
the Shell Bintulu plant 132
Shell GTL plant 132
shell middle distillate synthesis (SMDS) route 129
Syntroleum process 130
LNG See (Liquefied natural gas (LNG))
the Offshore Technology Conference in Houston 338
average annual price 115
balance between supply and demand 120
Gulf of Mexico production 121
hike in 2005 118–119
long-term fixed price contracts 115–116
supply interruption 119–120
52-week moving average of supply and demand 120–121
production in US See (U.S. natural gas production)
fires and explosions in Australia 114–115
seasonal demand 110
“take or pay” provisions 111–112
underground reservoirs 110–111
supplies 337
vehicle fleet 338
gas producers 92t
gas reserve life (years) 94t
gas reserves 93t
atomic bomb 135–136
Chernobyl disaster 152–155
Einstein’s theory 135–136
electricity 138
Enrico Fermi’s group 135–136
fast breeder reactors 144–146
fission process 135–136
fusion process 135
fusion reactors 155–159
light and heavy elements 135
1960–1975 period in countries 138
power plant safety 151–152
radioactive waste 138
structure of atom 135–136
TMI-2 152
U-235 atoms 136–138
uranium atoms 135–136
uranium fuel cycle 141–144
uranium reserves and sources 146–150
water absorbs heat 136–138
wind and solar power 138
cold fusion claims 159
D-D reaction 158–159
description 155–157
deuterium 157
deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction 157–159
heavy water 157
helium atom 157
hydrogen bomb 155–157
ITER 159
JET 159
magnetic torus 159
palladium electrode 159
tritium 157–158
O
Oil, environmental impacts 53
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 82–83
P
bell-shaped curve 59–61
description 59–60
Hubbert model 67
U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) 62–65
world economic crisis 62–65
BP Annual Statistical Review 62–65
Phenix 146
Bell cells 166–167
contact layer 167–168
double-junction and triple-junction cells 169
installation 163–164
p-n junction 167
polycrystalline solar cells 168
principle of photoelectric effect 164–166
radioactivity 166
selenium and copper oxide semiconductors 166–167
semiconductors and junction 164–166
single crystal silicon 168
NOAA 204–208
British units system, ft-lbf/s 24–26
calculation 26
gallon of gasoline 26
horsepower (hp) 24–26
rate of energy conversion 24–26
SI units system, watts 24–26
R
Rankine cycle 35
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 210
S
Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project 243–244
SCO See Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)
Carnot’s theorem 35
consequences 32–33
entropy parameter 37
heat transfer methods 31–32
Rankine cycle 35
refrigerator 35
statements 32
Stirling cycle 36
theoretical efficiency, heat engine 32
transfer of energy 31
SNR-300 146
CSP See (Concentrated solar power (CSP))
development 161
dual axis system 178
economics 183–185
electricity generated, PV system 178
energy source, electricity generation 163
environmental impacts 55
fixed angle systems 178
insolation 161–162
Mojave Desert 161
nuclear power and geothermal energy 161
SEGS CSP plants 164
total solar energy 162–163
U.S. NREL 178
Stirling cycle 36
Superphenix 146
Syngas pathway 267–268
Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO) 80–82
T
Towler principle 2
U
The United States coal production 279–280
BTU 20
calories, food 20–21
coal-fired/nuclear-powered electric plant 20
electron-volt (eV) 21
energy reserves 18
force 17
International Steam Table (IT) calorie 20
ISO 20
natural gas 21–23
Newton’s second law 17
thermal calories 20
work 17–18
atomic vapor laser isotope separation 142
atomic weight 141–142
conversion of yellowcake into UF6 gas 142
gas centrifuge process 142
isotopes 141–142
laser technology 142
molecular laser isotope separation 142
production of nuclear fuel 142
reactor core 142–144
U-235 141–142
U3O8 141–142
UO2 powder 142
yellowcake 141–142
Australian-origin and Canadian-origin 146–147
capacity and reserves 148–149
mining method 147
price 147
production 148–149
types 147
U3O8 147
U.S. Energy Information Administration 147
U.S. nuclear power reactors 146–147
Wyoming led 147
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 246–247
USGS See U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
63 BCF per day 100
W
carbon dioxide emissions and pollution 197
description 187
land use issues 198–201
wind turbine See (Wind turbine)
crop dusting 200
damaging, peat causes 200–201
1-GW (1000-MW) 198
installation of tower sites in wooded areas 198–199
20-MW steel winds project 200
wind prone area 198–199
environmental impacts 54–55
physics and engineering 189–197
Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow 190–191
Betz limit 190–191
birds, bats and flying wildlife 210–211
capacity factor 194
density of air 191
energy reliability 212–214
energy storage 214
first law of thermodynamics 190
health and esthetics 211–212
kinetic energy 189–190
kinetic energy into electrical energy 189
manufacturers 197
Portsmouth Abbey operates 201–209
safety 211
turbine efficiency 190–191
China 275
conservative approach 279
cumulative production 275
domestic production 275
future world coal production 277
peak coal production 279
plot of equation 278f
probit and logit transforms 276
United Kingdom 276–277
the United States 274
value for Qmax 277–279
Canadian oil sands 71
continuous oil reservoirs 73–74
EIA report, 2011 73
ERCB 80–82
horizontal drilling and fracture stimulation methods 74
North Dakota’s oil production 74
onshore unconventional oil production 71
SAGD 80
SCO 80–82
unconventional oil and NGLs 82
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