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This appendix brings together the most important reference material from throughout the book in one place. Important quantities are listed in Table B.1, along with the standard symbols used to represent them in equations, and the units in which they are measured.

Quantity		Units		Notes
Impedance	(Z)	Ohm	(Ω)	also Resistance (R) and Reactance (X)
Voltage	(V)	Volt	(V)	aka EMF, PD
Current	(I)	Amp	(A)	aka Ampere
Power	(P)	Watt	(W)	also Apparent power (VA)
Charge	(Q)	Coulomb	(C)	also Amp-hour (1Ah = 3,600C)
Frequency	(f)	Hertz	(Hz)	aka Cycles per second (cps)
Capacitance	(C)	Farad	(F)
Inductance	(L)	Henry	(H)	plural Henries

Statements of useful rules and laws are provided in order to facilitate the straightforward analysis of simple electronic circuits and systems. The chapters where each group of equations is introduced are identified in the section headings. The index which follows these appendices can be used to guide the reader to more detailed information on the theory and the application of the individual rules and laws presented.

Primary Quantities

Decibel Equations

(see Chapter 5 – Signal Characteristics)

For power	$dB = 10 \log (\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}})$ $dB = 10 \log (\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}})$	and	$P_{1} = P_{2} \times 10^{(\frac{dB}{10})}$ $P_{1} = P_{2} \times 10^{(\frac{dB}{10})}$
For voltage	$dB = 20 \log (\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}})$ $dB = 20 \log (\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}})$	and	$V_{1} = V_{2} \times 10^{(\frac{dB}{20})}$ $V_{1} = V_{2} \times 10^{(\frac{dB}{20})}$
Reference levels	0dBu = 0.775V	+4dBu = 1.23V
	0dBV = 1.0V	−10dBV = 0.316V

Fundamental Laws

(see Chapter 9 – Basic Circuit Analysis)

Ohm’s law	V = I × R
Watt’s law	$P = I \times V (= I^{2} \times R = \frac{V^{2}}{R})$ $P = I \times V (= I^{2} \times R = \frac{V^{2}}{R})$
Kirchoff’s current law (KCL)	I_in = I_out	Currents into a point equal currents out
Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL)	V_o = 0	Voltage drops around any loop equal zero

Resistor Equations

(see Chapter 12 – Resistors)

RLC Equations

(see Chapter 13 – Capacitors and Inductors)

Capacitors in series	(F)	$C_{series} = \frac{C_{1} \times C_{2}}{C_{1} + C_{2}}$ $C_{series} = \frac{C_{1} \times C_{2}}{C_{1} + C_{2}}$
Capacitors in parallel	(F)	C_parallel = C₁ + C₂
Inductors in series	(H)	L_parallel = L₁ + L₂
Inductors in parallel	(H)	$L_{parallel} = \frac{L_{1} \times L_{2}}{L_{1} + L_{2}}$ $L_{parallel} = \frac{L_{1} \times L_{2}}{L_{1} + L_{2}}$
Capacitor reactance	(Ω)	$X_{C} = \frac{1}{2 π fC}$ $X_{C} = \frac{1}{2 π fC}$
Inductor reactance	(Ω)	X_L = 2πfL
RLC series rule	(Ω)	$\| Z_{series} \| = \sqrt{R^{2} + {(X_{L} - X_{C})}^{2}}$ $\| Z_{series} \| = \sqrt{R^{2} + {(X_{L} - X_{C})}^{2}}$
LC series rule	(Ω)	\|Z_series\| = \|X_L − X_C\|
RLC parallel rule	(Ω)	$\| Z_{parallel} \| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{{(\frac{1}{R})}^{2} + {(\frac{1}{X_{L}} - \frac{1}{X_{C}})}^{2}}}$ $\| Z_{parallel} \| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{{(\frac{1}{R})}^{2} + {(\frac{1}{X_{L}} - \frac{1}{X_{C}})}^{2}}}$
LC parallel rule	(Ω)	$\| Z_{parallel} \| = \| \frac{X_{L} \times X_{C}}{X_{L} - X_{C}} \|$ $\| Z_{parallel} \| = \| \frac{X_{L} \times X_{C}}{X_{L} - X_{C}} \|$
RC time constant	(sec)	τ = RC
RL time constant	(sec)	$τ = \frac{L}{R}$ $τ = \frac{L}{R}$
RC cutoff frequency	(Hz)	$f_{c} = \frac{1}{2 π RC} (= \frac{1}{2 π τ})$ $f_{c} = \frac{1}{2 π RC} (= \frac{1}{2 π τ})$
RL cutoff frequency	(Hz)	$f_{c} = \frac{R}{2 π L} (= \frac{1}{2 π τ})$ $f_{c} = \frac{R}{2 π L} (= \frac{1}{2 π τ})$
LC resonance frequency	(Hz)	$f_{0} = \frac{1}{2 π \sqrt{LC}}$ $f_{0} = \frac{1}{2 π \sqrt{LC}}$
LC characteristic impedance	(Ω)	$Z_{0} = \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}$ $Z_{0} = \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}$

Transformer Equations

(see Chapter 14 – Transformers)

Turns ratio	$k = \frac{N_{sec}}{N_{pri}}$ $k = \frac{N_{sec}}{N_{pri}}$
Power transfer	P_sec = P_pri
Voltage transformation	V_sec = k × V_pri
Current transformation	$I_{sec} = \frac{1}{k} \times I_{pri}$ $I_{sec} = \frac{1}{k} \times I_{pri}$
Impedance transformation	Z_sec = k² × Z_pri

Opamp Equations

(see Chapter 18 – Integrated Circuits)

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Series rule	Rseries = R₁ + R₂
Parallel rule	$R_{parallel} = \frac{R_{1} \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}$ $R_{parallel} = \frac{R_{1} \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}$
Voltage divider rule	$V_{out} = V_{in} \times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}$ $V_{out} = V_{in} \times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}$
	$V_{out} = (V_{a} - V_{b}) \times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}} + V_{b}$ $V_{out} = (V_{a} - V_{b}) \times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}} + V_{b}$

Open-loop transfer function	Voltage follower transfer function

Inverting configuration	Noninverting configuration

Gain equation: $g = - \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}$ $g = - \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}$	Gain equation: $g = 1 + \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}$ $g = 1 + \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}$
Transfer function: V_out = g × V_in	Transfer function: V_out = g × V_in

Table of Contents for
B Quantities and Equations

B | Quantities and Equations

Primary Quantities

Decibel Equations

Fundamental Laws

Resistor Equations

RLC Equations

Transformer Equations

Opamp Equations

Table of Contents for B Quantities and Equations

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Table of Contents for
B Quantities and Equations