If a continuous field is a Measure, a new window opens asking you to choose an aggregation or All values (no aggregation). The following screenshot is an example of adding Profit to a Filter:

After clicking on Next, Tableau opens the continuous filters window. In this window, you have four options:

• Range of values: Select the minimum and maximum value, everything outside is excluded
• At least: Select the minimum value, everything lower is excluded 
• At most: Select the maximum value, everything higher is excluded 
• Special: You can filter only the null or only the non-null values

Here's an example of a Filter on Quantity to keep only orders with at least ten items:

Let's see what happens when using a discrete field on filters.