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Oracle JRockit

Author Marcus Lagergren , Marcus Hirt
Release Date: 2010/06/01
ISBN: 9781847198068
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Book Description

Develop and manage robust Java applications with Oracle's high-performance Java Virtual Machine

  • Learn about the fundamental building blocks of a JVM, such as code generation and memory management, and utilize this knowledge to develop code you can count on

  • Realize the full potential of Java applications by learning how to apply advanced tuning and analysis

  • Work with the JRockit Mission Control 3.1/4.0 tools suite to debug or profile your Java applications

  • Learn the simplicity and performance benefits of virtualizing Java through JRockit Virtual Edition

  • Written by Marcus Hirt and Marcus Lagergren, founder members of Appeal Virtual Machines, the company that created the Java Virtual Machine: JRockit

    • In Detail

    Oracle JRockit is one of the industry’s highest performing Java Virtual Machines. Java developers are always on the lookout for better ways to analyze application behavior and gain performance. As we all know, this is not as easy as it looks. Welcome to JRockit: The Definitive Guide.

    This book helps you gain in-depth knowledge of Java from the JVM’s point of view. We will explain how to write code that works well with the JVM to gain performance and scalability. Starting with the inner workings of the JRockit JVM and finishing with a thorough walkthrough of the tools in the JRockit Mission Control suite, this book is for anyone who wants to know more about how the JVM executes your Java application and how to profile for better performance.

    Table of Contents

    1. Oracle JRockit
      1. Oracle JRockit
      2. Credits
      3. Foreword
      4. About the Authors
      5. Acknowledgement
      6. About the Reviewers
      7. Preface
        1. What this book covers
        2. What you need for this book
        3. Who this book is for
        4. Conventions
        5. Reader feedback
        6. Customer support
          1. Errata
          2. Piracy
          3. Questions
      8. 1. Getting Started
        1. Obtaining the JRockit JVM
        2. Migrating to JRockit
          1. Command-line options
            1. System properties
            2. Standardized options
            3. Non-standard options
              1. VM flags
          2. Changes in behavior
        3. A note on JRockit versioning
        4. Getting help
        5. Summary
      9. 2. Adaptive Code Generation
        1. Platform independence
        2. The Java Virtual Machine
          1. Stack machine
          2. Bytecode format
            1. Operations and operands
            2. The constant pool
        3. Code generation strategies
          1. Pure bytecode interpretation
          2. Static compilation
          3. Total JIT compilation
          4. Mixed mode interpretation
        4. Adaptive code generation
          1. Determining "hotness"
            1. Invocation counters
            2. Software-based thread sampling
            3. Hardware-based sampling
          2. Optimizing a changing program
        5. Inside the JIT compiler
          1. Working with bytecode
            1. Bytecode obfuscation
          2. Bytecode "optimizers"
            1. Abstract syntax trees
          3. Where to optimize
        6. The JRockit code pipeline
          1. Why JRockit has no bytecode interpreter
          2. Bootstrapping
          3. Runtime code generation
            1. Trampolines
            2. Code generation requests
            3. Optimization requests
            4. On-stack replacement
            5. Bookkeeping
              1. Object information for GC
              2. Source code and variable information
              3. Assumptions made about the generated code
          4. A walkthrough of method generation in JRockit
            1. The JRockit IR format
              1. Data flow
              2. Control flow
              3. A word about exceptions
            2. JIT compilation
              1. Generating HIR
              2. MIR
              3. LIR
              4. Register allocation
              5. Native code emission
            3. Generating optimized code
              1. A general overview
              2. How does the optimizer work?
        7. Controlling code generation in JRockit
          1. Command-line flags and directive files
            1. Command-line flags
              1. Logging
              2. Turning off optimizations
              3. Changing the number of code generation threads
            2. Directive files
        8. Summary
      10. 3. Adaptive Memory Management
        1. The concept of automatic memory management
          1. Adaptive memory management
          2. Advantages of automatic memory management
          3. Disadvantages of automatic memory management
        2. Fundamental heap management
          1. Allocating and releasing objects
          2. Fragmentation and compaction
        3. Garbage collection algorithms
          1. Reference counting
          2. Tracing techniques
            1. Mark and sweep
            2. Stop and copy
          3. Stopping the world
            1. Conservative versus exact collectors
            2. Livemaps
          4. Generational garbage collection
            1. Multi generation nurseries
            2. Write barriers
          5. Throughput versus low latency
            1. Optimizing for throughput
            2. Optimizing for low latency
          6. Garbage collection in JRockit
            1. Old collections
            2. Nursery collections
            3. Permanent generations
            4. Compaction
        4. Speeding it up and making it scale
          1. Thread local allocation
          2. Larger heaps
            1. 32-Bits and the 4-GB Barrier
            2. The 64-bit world
              1. Compressed references
          3. Cache friendliness
            1. Prefetching
            2. Data placement
          4. NUMA
          5. Large pages
          6. Adaptability
        5. Near-real-time garbage collection
          1. Hard and soft real-time
          2. JRockit Real Time
            1. Does the soft real-time approach work?
            2. How does it work?
        6. The Java memory API
          1. Finalizers
          2. References
            1. Weak references
            2. Soft references
            3. Phantom references
          3. Differences in JVM behavior
        7. Pitfalls and false optimizations
          1. Java is not C++
        8. Controlling JRockit memory management
          1. Basic switches
            1. Outputting GC data
            2. Set initial and maximum heap size
            3. Controlling what to optimize for
            4. Specifying a garbage collection strategy
          2. Compressed references
          3. Advanced switches
        9. Summary
      11. 4. Threads and Synchronization
        1. Fundamental concepts
          1. Hard to debug
          2. Difficult to optimize
            1. Latency analysis
        2. Java API
          1. The synchronized keyword
          2. The java.lang.Thread class
          3. The java.util.concurrent package
          4. Semaphores
          5. The volatile keyword
        3. Implementing threads and synchronization in Java
          1. The Java Memory Model
            1. Early problems and ambiguities
              1. Immutability
            2. JSR-133
          2. Implementing synchronization
            1. Primitives
            2. Locks
              1. Thin locks
              2. Fat locks
              3. A word on fairness
              4. The lock word in JRockit
          3. The Java bytecode implementation
            1. Lock pairing
          4. Implementing threads
            1. Green threads
              1. N x M threads
            2. OS threads
              1. Thread pooling
        4. Optimizing threads and synchronization
          1. Lock inflation and lock deflation
          2. Recursive locking
          3. Lock fusion
          4. Lazy unlocking
            1. Implementation
            2. Object banning
            3. Class banning
            4. Results
        5. Pitfalls and false optimizations
          1. Thread.stop, Thread.resume and Thread.suspend
          2. Double checked locking
        6. JRockit flags
          1. Examining locks and lazy unlocking
            1. Lock details from -Xverbose:locks
            2. Controlling lazy unlocking with — XX:UseLazyUnlocking
          2. Using SIGQUIT or Ctrl-Break for Stack Traces
          3. Lock profiling
            1. Enabling lock profiling with -XX:UseLockProfiling
              1. JRCMD
          4. Setting thread stack size using -Xss
          5. Controlling lock heuristics
        7. Summary
      12. 5. Benchmarking and Tuning
        1. Reasons for benchmarking
          1. Performance goals
          2. Performance regression testing
          3. Easier problem domains to optimize
          4. Commercial success
        2. What to think of when creating a benchmark
          1. Measuring outside the system
          2. Measuring several times
          3. Micro benchmarks
            1. Micro benchmarks and on-stack replacement
            2. Micro benchmarks and startup time
          4. Give the benchmark a chance to warm-up
        3. Deciding what to measure
          1. Throughput
          2. Throughput with response time and latency
          3. Scalability
          4. Power consumption
          5. Other issues
        4. Industry-standard benchmarks
          1. The SPEC benchmarks
            1. The SPECjvm suite
            2. The SPECjAppServer / SPECjEnterprise2010 suite
            3. The SPECjbb suite
          2. SipStone
          3. The DaCapo benchmarks
          4. Real world applications
        5. The dangers of benchmarking
        6. Tuning
          1. Out of the box behavior
          2. What to tune for
            1. Tuning memory management
              1. Heap sizes
              2. The GC algorithm
              3. Compaction
              4. Tweaking System.gc
              5. Nursery size
              6. GC strategies
              7. Thread local area size and large objects
              8. Number of GC threads
              9. NUMA and CPU affinity
            2. Tuning code generation
              1. Call profiling
              2. Changing the number of optimization threads
              3. Turning off code optimizations
            3. Tuning locks and threads
              1. Lazy unlocking
              2. Enforcing thread priorities
              3. Thresholds for inflation and deflation
            4. Generic tuning
              1. Compressed references
              2. Large pages
        7. Common bottlenecks and how to avoid them
          1. The -XXaggressive flag
          2. Too many finalizers
          3. Too many reference objects
          4. Object pooling
          5. Bad algorithms and data structures
            1. Classic textbook issues
            2. Unwanted intrinsic properties
          6. Misuse of System.gc
          7. Too many threads
          8. One contended lock is the global bottleneck
          9. Unnecessary exceptions
          10. Large objects
          11. Native memory versus heap memory
        8. Wait/notify and fat locks
          1. Wrong heap size
          2. Too much live data
          3. Java is not a silver bullet
        9. Summary
      13. 6. JRockit Mission Control
        1. Background
          1. Sampling-based profiling versus exact profiling
          2. A different animal to different people
        2. Mission Control overview
          1. Mission Control server-side components
          2. Mission Control client-side components
          3. Terminology
          4. Running the standalone version of Mission Control
          5. Running JRockit Mission Control inside Eclipse
          6. Starting JRockit for remote management
            1. The JRockit Discovery Protocol
          7. Running in a secure environment
          8. Troubleshooting connections
            1. Hostname resolution issues
        3. The Experimental Update Site
        4. Debugging JRockit Mission Control
        5. Summary
      14. 7. The Management Console
        1. A JMX Management Console
        2. Using the console
          1. General
            1. The Overview
          2. MBeans
            1. MBean Browser
            2. Triggers
          3. Runtime
            1. System
            2. Memory
            3. Threads
          4. Advanced
            1. Method Profiler
            2. Exception Count
            3. Diagnostic Commands
          5. Other
            1. JConsole
        3. Extending the JRockit Mission Control Console
        4. Summary
      15. 8. The Runtime Analyzer
        1. The need for feedback
          1. Recording
        2. Analyzing JRA recordings
          1. General
            1. Overview
            2. Recording
            3. System
          2. Memory
            1. Overview
            2. GCs
            3. GC Statistics
            4. Allocation
            5. Heap Contents
            6. Object Statistics
          3. Code
            1. Overview
            2. Hot Methods
            3. Optimizations
          4. Thread/Locks
            1. Overview
            2. Threads
            3. Java Locks
            4. JVM Locks
            5. Thread Dumps
          5. Latency
            1. Overview
            2. Log
            3. Graph
            4. Threads
            5. Traces
            6. Histogram
          6. Using the Operative Set
        3. Troubleshooting
        4. Summary
      16. 9. The Flight Recorder
        1. The evolved Runtime Analyzer
          1. A word on events
          2. The recording engine
          3. Startup options
            1. Starting time-limited recordings
        2. Flight Recorder in JRockit Mission Control
          1. Advanced Flight Recorder Wizard concepts
        3. Differences to JRA
          1. The range selector
          2. The Operative Set
          3. The relational key
          4. What's in a Latency?
          5. Exception profiling
          6. Memory
        4. Adding custom events
        5. Extending the Flight Recorder client
        6. Summary
      17. 10. The Memory Leak Detector
        1. A Java memory leak
          1. Memory leaks in static languages
          2. Memory leaks in garbage collected languages
        2. Detecting a Java memory leak
        3. Memleak technology
        4. Tracking down the leak
          1. A look at classloader-related information
        5. Interactive memory leak hunting
        6. The general purpose heap analyzer
        7. Allocation traces
        8. Troubleshooting Memleak
        9. Summary
      18. 11. JRCMD
        1. Introduction
        2. Overriding SIGQUIT
          1. Special commands
        3. Limitations of JRCMD
        4. JRCMD command reference
          1. check_flightrecording (R28)
          2. checkjrarecording (R27)
          3. command_line
          4. dump_flightrecording (R28)
          5. heap_diagnostics (R28)
          6. hprofdump (R28)
          7. kill_management_server
          8. list_vmflags (R28)
          9. lockprofile_print
          10. lockprofile_reset
          11. memleakserver
          12. oom_diagnostics (R27)
          13. print_class_summary
          14. print_codegen_list
          15. print_memusage (R27)
          16. print_memusage (R28)
          17. print_object_summary
          18. print_properties
          19. print_threads
          20. print_utf8pool
          21. print_vm_state
          22. run_optfile (R27)
          23. run_optfile (R28)
          24. runfinalization
          25. runsystemgc
          26. set_vmflag (R28)
          27. start_flightrecording (R28)
          28. start_management_server
          29. startjrarecording (R27)
          30. stop_flightrecording (R28)
          31. timestamp
          32. verbosity
          33. version
        5. Summary
      19. 12. Using the JRockit Management APIs
        1. JMAPI
          1. JMAPI examples
        2. JMXMAPI
          1. The JRockit internal performance counters
          2. An example — building a remote version of JRCMD
        3. Summary
      20. 13. JRockit Virtual Edition
        1. Introduction to virtualization
          1. Full virtualization
          2. Paravirtualization
          3. Other virtualization keywords
          4. Hypervisors
            1. Hosted hypervisors
            2. Native hypervisors
            3. Hypervisors in the market
          5. Advantages of virtualization
          6. Disadvantages of virtualization
        2. Virtualizing Java
          1. Introducing JRockit Virtual Edition
            1. The JRockit VE kernel
          2. The virtual machine image concept and management frameworks
          3. Benefits of JRockit VE
            1. Performance and better resource utilization
              1. Getting rid of "Triple virtualization"
              2. Memory footprint
            2. Manageability
            3. Simplicity and security
          4. Constraints and limitations of JRockit VE
        3. A look ahead—can virtual be faster than real?
          1. Quality of hot code samples
          2. Adaptive heap resizing
          3. Inter-thread page protection
            1. Improved garbage collection
            2. Concurrent compaction
        4. Summary
      21. A. Bibliography
      22. B. Glossary
        1. Abstract syntax tree
        2. Access file
        3. Adaptive code generation
        4. Adaptive memory management
        5. Agent
        6. Ahead-of-time compilation
        7. Allocation profiling
        8. AST
        9. Atomic instructions
        10. Automatic memory management
        11. Balloon driver
        12. Basic block
        13. Benchmark driver
        14. Biased locking
        15. Bytecode
        16. Bytecode interpretation
        17. Call profiling
        18. Card
        19. Card Table
        20. CAS
        21. Class block
        22. Class garbage collection
        23. Client-side template
        24. Cloud
        25. Code generation queue
        26. Color
        27. Compaction
        28. Compare and swap
        29. Compressed references
        30. Concurrent garbage collection
        31. Conservative garbage collection
        32. Constant pool
        33. Continuous JRA
        34. Control flow graph
        35. CPU profiling
        36. Critical section
        37. Dead code
        38. Deadlock
        39. Deadlock detection
        40. Design mode
        41. Deterministic garbage collection
        42. Diagnostic command
        43. Double-checked locking
        44. Driver
        45. Editor
        46. Escape analysis
        47. Event
        48. Event attribute
        49. Event field
        50. Event settings
        51. Event type
        52. Exact garbage collection
        53. Exact profiling
        54. Extension point
        55. Fairness
        56. Fat lock
        57. Fragmentation
        58. Free list
        59. Full virtualization
        60. GC heuristic
        61. GC pause ratio
        62. GC strategy
        63. Generation
        64. Generational garbage collection
        65. Graph coloring
        66. Graph fusion
        67. Green threads
        68. Guard page
        69. Guest
        70. Hard real-time
        71. Hardware prefetching
        72. Heap
        73. HIR
        74. Hosted hypervisor
        75. Hypervisor
        76. Inlining
        77. Intermediate representation
        78. Internal pointer
        79. IR
        80. Invocation counters
        81. Java bytecode
        82. Java Memory Model
        83. JFR
        84. JIT compilation
        85. JMAPI
        86. JMX
        87. JMXMAPI
        88. JRA
        89. JRCMD
        90. JRMC
        91. JRockit
        92. JRockit Flight Recorder
        93. JRockit Memory Leak Detector
        94. JRockit Mission Control
        95. JRockit Runtime Analyzer
        96. JSR
        97. JSR-133
        98. JSR-174
        99. JSR-292
        100. JVM Browser
        101. Keystore
        102. Lane
        103. Large pages
        104. Latency
        105. Latency threshold
        106. Lazy unlocking
        107. LIR
        108. Livelock
        109. Livemap
        110. Live object
        111. Live set
        112. Live Set + Fragmentation
        113. Lock deflation
        114. Lock fusion
        115. Lock inflation
        116. Lock pairing
        117. Lock token
        118. Lock word
        119. Mark and sweep
        120. Master password
        121. MBean
        122. MBean server
        123. MD5
        124. Memleak
        125. Memory Model
        126. Method garbage collection
        127. Micro benchmark
        128. MIR
        129. Mixed mode interpretation
        130. Monitor
        131. Name mangling
        132. Native code
        133. Native hypervisor
        134. Native memory
        135. Native threads
        136. Non-contiguous heaps
        137. NxM threads
        138. NUMA
        139. Nursery
        140. Obfuscation
        141. Object header
        142. Object pooling
        143. Old space
        144. On-stack replacement
        145. Operative set
        146. Optimization queue
        147. Out of the box behavior
        148. Overprovisioning
        149. OS threads
        150. Page protection
        151. Parallel garbage collection
        152. Paravirtualization
        153. Password file
        154. PDE
        155. Perspective
        156. Phantom References
        157. Prefetching
        158. Producer
        159. Promotion
        160. RCP
        161. Read barrier
        162. Real-time
        163. Recording agent
        164. Recording engine
        165. Recursive lock
        166. Reference compression
        167. Reference counting
        168. Reference decompression
        169. Register allocation
        170. Relational key
        171. Rich client platform
        172. Role
        173. Rollforwarding
        174. Root set
        175. Run mode
        176. Safepoint
        177. Samples
        178. Sample-based profiling
        179. Semaphore
        180. Server-side template
        181. Soft real-time
        182. Soft references
        183. Software prefetching
        184. Spilling
        185. Spinlock
        186. SSA form
        187. Static compilation
        188. Stop and copy
        189. Stopping the world
        190. Strong references
        191. SWT
        192. Synthetic attribute
        193. Tab group
        194. Tab group toolbar
        195. Thin lock
        196. Thread local allocation
        197. Thread local area
        198. Thread local heap
        199. Thread pooling
        200. Thread sampling
        201. Throughput
        202. TLA
        203. Tracing garbage collection
        204. Trampoline
        205. Trigger action
        206. Trigger condition
        207. Trigger constraint
        208. Trigger rule
        209. Truststore
        210. Virtualization
        211. Virtual machine image
        212. Volatile fields
        213. Warm up round
        214. Weak reference
        215. Write barrier
        216. Young space
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