Characteristics of Copperweld Conductors
Nominal Conductor Size |
Number and size of Wires |
Outside Diameter (in.) |
Area of Conductor Circular Mile |
Rated Breaking Load (lb) Strength |
Geometric Mean Radius at 60 Cycles and Average Currents (ft) |
Approx. Current Carrying Capacitya (amps) at 60 Cycles |
ra Resistance (Ω/Conductor/mi) at 25°C (77°F) Small Currents |
ra Resistance (Ω/Conductor/mi) at 75°C (157°F) Current Approx. 75% of Capacityb |
Xa Inductive Reactance (Ω/Conductor/mi) 1 ft Spacing Average Currents |
X'a Capacity Reactance (MΩ · mi/Conductor) 1 ft Spacing |
||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High |
Extra High |
Weight (Ib/mi) |
DC |
25 Cycles |
50 Cycles |
60 Cycles |
DC |
25 Cycles |
50 Cycles |
60 Cycles |
25 Cycles |
50 Cycles |
60 Cycles |
25 Cycles |
50 Cycles |
60 Cycles |
||||||||||||
30% conductivity |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7/8a |
19 No. 5 |
0.910 |
628,900 |
55,570 |
66,910 |
9344 |
0.00758 |
620 |
0.306 |
0.316 |
0.328 |
0.331 |
0.363 |
0.419 |
0.476 |
0.499 |
0.261 |
0.493 |
0.592 |
0.233 |
0.1165 |
0.0971 |
||||||
18/16a |
19 No. 6 |
0.810 |
498,800 |
45,830 |
55,530 |
7410 |
0.00675 |
540 |
0.386 |
0.396 |
0.406 |
0.411 |
0.458 |
0.518 |
0.580 |
0.605 |
0.267 |
0.505 |
0.605 |
0.241 |
0.1206 |
0.1006 |
||||||
23/32a |
19 No. 7 |
0.721 |
395,500 |
37,740 |
45,850 |
5877 |
0.00501 |
470 |
0.486 |
0.495 |
0.506 |
0.511 |
0.577 |
0.643 |
0.710 |
0.737 |
0.273 |
0.517 |
0.621 |
0.250 |
0.1248 |
0.1040 |
||||||
21/32a |
19 No. 8 |
0.642 |
313,700 |
31,040 |
37,690 |
4560 |
0.00535 |
410 |
0.613 |
0.623 |
0.633 |
0.638 |
0.728 |
0.799 |
0.872 |
0.902 |
0.279 |
0.529 |
0.635 |
0.258 |
0.1289 |
0.1074 |
||||||
9/16a |
19 No. 9 |
0.572 |
248,800 |
25,500 |
30,610 |
3698 |
0.00477 |
350 |
0.773 |
0.783 |
0.793 |
0.798 |
0.917 |
0.995 |
1.076 |
1.106 |
0.285 |
0.541 |
0.649 |
0.266 |
0.1330 |
0.1109 |
||||||
5/8a |
7 No. 4 |
0.613 |
292,200 |
24,780 |
29,430 |
4324 |
0.00511 |
410 |
0.656 |
0.664 |
0.672 |
0.676 |
0.778 |
0.824 |
0.870 |
0.887 |
0.281 |
0.533 |
0.640 |
0.261 |
0.1306 |
0.1088 |
||||||
9/16a |
7 No. 5 |
0.546 |
231,700 |
20,470 |
24,650 |
3429 |
0.00455 |
350 |
0.827 |
0.836 |
0.843 |
0.847 |
0.981 |
1.030 |
1.080 |
1.090 |
0.287 |
0.545 |
0.654 |
0.269 |
0.1347 |
0.1122 |
||||||
1/2a |
7 No. 6 |
0.485 |
183,800 |
16,890 |
20,460 |
2719 |
0.00405 |
310 |
1.042 |
1.050 |
1.058 |
1.062 |
1.237 |
1.290 |
1.343 |
1.354 |
0.293 |
0.557 |
0.668 |
0.278 |
0.1388 |
0.1157 |
||||||
7/16a |
7 No. 7 |
0.433 |
145,700 |
13,910 |
15,890 |
2157 |
0.00351 |
270 |
1.315 |
1.323 |
1.331 |
1.335 |
1.550 |
1.617 |
1.675 |
1.897 |
0.299 |
0.569 |
0.683 |
0.286 |
0.1420 |
0.1191 |
||||||
3/8a |
7 No. 8 |
0.385 |
115,600 |
11,440 |
13,890 |
1710 |
0.00321 |
230 |
1.658 |
1.656 |
1.574 |
1.578 |
1.957 |
2.03 |
2.09 |
2.12 |
0.305 |
0.581 |
0.597 |
0.294 |
0.1471 |
0.1226 |
||||||
11/32a |
7 No. 9 |
0.343 |
91,650 |
9,393 |
11,280 |
1356 |
0.00286 |
200 |
2.09 |
2.10 |
2.11 |
2.11 |
2.48 |
2.55 |
2.81 |
2.64 |
0.311 |
0.592 |
0.711 |
0.303 |
0.1512 |
0.1260 |
||||||
9/16a |
7 No. 10 |
0.306 |
72,680 |
7,758 |
9,196 |
1076 |
0.00255 |
170 |
2.64 |
2.64 |
2.65 |
2.66 |
3.13 |
3.20 |
3.27 |
3.30 |
0.316 |
0.804 |
0.725 |
0.311 |
0.1553 |
0.1294 |
||||||
3 No. 5 |
3 No. 5 |
0.392 |
99,310 |
9,262 |
11,860 |
1467 |
0.00457 |
220 |
1.926 |
1.931 |
1.936 |
1.938 |
2.29 |
2.31 |
2.34 |
2.35 |
0.289 |
0.545 |
0.654 |
0.293 |
0.1465 |
0.1221 |
||||||
3 No. 6 |
3 No. 6 |
0.349 |
78,750 |
7,639 |
9,754 |
1163 |
0.00407 |
190 |
2.43 |
2.43 |
2.44 |
2.44 |
2.88 |
2.91 |
2.94 |
2.95 |
0.295 |
0.556 |
0.688 |
0.301 |
0.1506 |
0.1255 |
||||||
3 No. 7 |
3 No. 7 |
0.311 |
62,450 |
6,291 |
7,922 |
922.4 |
0.00363 |
160 |
3.06 |
3.07 |
3.07 |
3.07 |
3.63 |
3.66 |
3.70 |
3.71 |
0.301 |
0.568 |
0.682 |
0.310 |
0.1547 |
0.1289 |
||||||
3 No. 8 |
3 No. 8 |
0.277 |
49,530 |
5,174 |
6,282 |
731.5 |
0.00323 |
140 |
3.86 |
3.87 |
3.87 |
3.87 |
4.58 |
4.61 |
4.65 |
4.66 |
0.307 |
0.580 |
0.695 |
0.318 |
0.1589 |
0.1324 |
||||||
3 No. 9 |
3 No. 9 |
0.247 |
39,280 |
4,250 |
6,129 |
580.1 |
0.00288 |
120 |
4.87 |
4.87 |
4.88 |
4.88 |
5.78 |
5.81 |
5.85 |
5.86 |
0.313 |
0.591 |
0.710 |
0.326 |
0.1629 |
0.1358 |
||||||
3 No. 10 |
3 No. 10 |
0.220 |
31,150 |
3,509 |
4,160 |
460.0 |
0.00257 |
110 |
6.14 |
6.14 |
6.15 |
6.15 |
7.28 |
7.32 |
7.36 |
7.38 |
0.319 |
0.603 |
0.724 |
0.334 |
0.1671 |
0.1392 |
||||||
40% conductivity |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7/6a |
19 No. 5 |
0.910 |
628,900 |
50,240 |
— |
9344 |
0.01175 |
690 |
0.229 |
0.239 |
0.249 |
0.254 |
0.272 |
0.321 |
0.371 |
0.391 |
0.236 |
0.449 |
0.539 |
0.233 |
0.1165 |
0.0971 |
||||||
18/16a |
19 No. 6 |
0.810 |
498,800 |
41,600 |
— |
7410 |
0.01046 |
610 |
0.289 |
0.299 |
0.309 |
0.314 |
0.343 |
0.395 |
0.450 |
0.472 |
0.241 |
0.461 |
0.553 |
0.241 |
0.1206 |
0.1005 |
||||||
23/32a |
19 No. 7 |
0.721 |
395,500 |
34,390 |
— |
5877 |
0.00931 |
530 |
0.365 |
0.375 |
0.385 |
0.390 |
0.433 |
0.490 |
0.549 |
0.573 |
0.247 |
0.473 |
0.567 |
0.250 |
0.1248 |
0.1040 |
||||||
21/32a |
19 No. 8 |
0.642 |
313,700 |
28,380 |
— |
4660 |
0.00829 |
470 |
0.460 |
0.470 |
0.480 |
0.485 |
0.546 |
0.608 |
0.672 |
0.698 |
0.253 |
0.485 |
0.582 |
0.258 |
0.1289 |
0.1074 |
||||||
9/16a |
19 No. 9 |
0.572 |
248,800 |
23,390 |
— |
3696 |
0.00739 |
410 |
0.580 |
0.590 |
0.800 |
0.605 |
0.688 |
0.756 |
0.826 |
0.753 |
0.259 |
0.496 |
0.595 |
0.266 |
0.1330 |
0.1109 |
||||||
5/8a |
7 No. 4 |
0.613 |
292,200 |
22,310 |
— |
4324 |
0.00792 |
470 |
0.492 |
0.500 |
0.508 |
0.512 |
0.584 |
0.824 |
0.664 |
0.680 |
0.255 |
0.489 |
0.587 |
0.261 |
0.1306 |
0.1088 |
||||||
9/16a |
7 No. 5 |
0.546 |
231,700 |
18,510 |
— |
3429 |
0.00705 |
410 |
0.620 |
0.628 |
0.636 |
0.640 |
0.736 |
0.780 |
0.843 |
0.840 |
0.261 |
0.501 |
0.601 |
0.269 |
0.1347 |
0.1122 |
||||||
1/2a |
7 No. 6 |
0.486 |
183,800 |
15,330 |
— |
2719 |
0.00628 |
350 |
0.782 |
0.790 |
0.798 |
0.802 |
0.928 |
0.975 |
1.021 |
1.040 |
0.267 |
0.513 |
0.615 |
0.278 |
0.1388 |
0.1167 |
||||||
7/16a |
7 No. 7 |
0.433 |
145,700 |
12,670 |
— |
2157 |
0.00559 |
310 |
0.986 |
0.994 |
1.002 |
1.006 |
1.170 |
1.220 |
1.271 |
1.291 |
0.273 |
0.524 |
0.629 |
0.286 |
0.1429 |
0.1191 |
||||||
3/8a |
7 No. 8 |
0.385 |
115,600 |
10,460 |
— |
1710 |
0.00497 |
270 |
1.244 |
1.252 |
1.260 |
1.264 |
1.476 |
1.530 |
1.584 |
1.606 |
0.279 |
0.536 |
0.644 |
0.294 |
0.1471 |
0.1226 |
||||||
11/32a |
7 No. 9 |
0.343 |
91,650 |
8,616 |
— |
1356 |
0.00443 |
230 |
1.568 |
1.576 |
1.584 |
1.588 |
1.851 |
1.919 |
1.978 |
2.00 |
0.285 |
0.548 |
0.658 |
0.303 |
0.1512 |
0.1260 |
||||||
8/16a |
7 No. 10 |
0.306 |
72,680 |
7,121 |
— |
1076 |
0.00395 |
200 |
1.978 |
1.986 |
1.994 |
1.998 |
2.35 |
2.41 |
2.47 |
2.50 |
0.291 |
0.559 |
0.671 |
0.311 |
0.1553 |
0.1294 |
||||||
3 No. 5 |
3 No. 5 |
0.392 |
99,310 |
8,373 |
— |
1467 |
0.00621 |
250 |
1.445 |
1.450 |
1.455 |
1.457 |
1.714 |
1.738 |
1.762 |
1.772 |
0.269 |
0.514 |
0.617 |
0.293 |
0.1485 |
0.1221 |
||||||
3 No. 6 |
3 No. 6 |
0.349 |
78,750 |
6,934 |
— |
1163 |
0.00553 |
220 |
1.821 |
1.826 |
1.831 |
1.833 |
2.16 |
2.19 |
2.21 |
2.22 |
0.275 |
0.526 |
0.631 |
0.301 |
0.1506 |
0.1255 |
||||||
3 No. 7 |
3 No. 7 |
0.311 |
62,450 |
5,732 |
— |
922.4 |
0.00492 |
190 |
2.30 |
2.30 |
2.31 |
2.31 |
2.73 |
2.75 |
2.78 |
2.79 |
0.281 |
0.537 |
0.645 |
0.310 |
0.1547 |
0.1289 |
||||||
3 No. 8 |
3 No. 8 |
0.277 |
49,530 |
4,730 |
— |
731.5 |
0.00439 |
160 |
2.90 |
2.90 |
2.91 |
2.91 |
3.44 |
3.47 |
3.50 |
3.51 |
0.286 |
0.549 |
0.659 |
0.318 |
0.1589 |
0.1324 |
||||||
3 No. 9 |
3 No. 9 |
0.247 |
39,280 |
3,898 |
— |
580.1 |
0.00391 |
140 |
3.65 |
3.66 |
3.66 |
3.66 |
4.33 |
4.37 |
4.40 |
4.41 |
0.292 |
0.561 |
0.673 |
0.326 |
0.1629 |
0.1358 |
||||||
3 No. 10 |
3 No. 10 |
1.220 |
31,150 |
3,221 |
— |
460.0 |
0.00348 |
120 |
4.61 |
4.61 |
4.62 |
4.62 |
5.46 |
5.50 |
5.53 |
5.55 |
0.297 |
0.572 |
0.687 |
0.334 |
0.1671 |
0.1392 |
||||||
3 No. 12 |
3 No. 12 |
0.174 |
19,590 |
2,236 |
— |
289.3 |
0.00276 |
90 |
7.32 |
7.33 |
7.33 |
7.34 |
8.69 |
8.73 |
8.77 |
8.78 |
0.310 |
0.596 |
0.715 |
0.361 |
0.1754 |
0.1462 |
Source: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electric Utility Engineering Reference Book—Distribution Systems, East Pittsburgh, PA, 1965.
a Based on a conductor temperature of 125°C and an ambient of 25°C.
b Resistances at 75°C total temperature, based on an ambient of 25°C plus 50°C rise due to heating effect of current. The 60 cycles of approximate magnitude of the current necessary to produce the 50°C rise is 75% of the “approximate current-carrying capacity 60 cycles.”
Electrical Characteristics of Overhead Ground Wires Part A: Alumoweld Strand
Resistance (Ω/mi) |
60 Hz Reactance for 1 ft Radius |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small Currents |
75% of Capacitive |
|||||||
Strand (AWG) |
25°C OC |
25°C 60 Hz |
75°C OC |
75°C 60 Hz |
Inductive (Ω/mi) |
Capacitive (MΩ- mi) |
60 Hz Geometric Mean Radius (ft) |
|
7 NO. 5 |
1.217 |
1.240 |
1.432 |
1.669 |
0.707 |
0.1122 |
0.002958 |
|
7 NO. 6 |
1.507 |
1.536 |
1.773 |
2.010 |
0.721 |
0.1157 |
0.002633 |
|
7 NO. 7 |
1.900 |
1.937 |
2.240 |
2.470 |
0.735 |
0.1191 |
0.002345 |
|
7 NO. 8 |
2.400 |
2.440 |
2.820 |
3.060 |
0.749 |
0.1226 |
0.002085 |
|
7 NO. 9 |
3.020 |
3.080 |
3.560 |
3.800 |
0.763 |
0.1260 |
0.001858 |
|
7 NO. 10 |
3.810 |
3.880 |
4.480 |
4.730 |
0.777 |
0.1294 |
0.001658 |
|
3 NO. 5 |
2.780 |
2.780 |
3.270 |
3.560 |
0.707 |
0.1221 |
0.002940 |
|
3 NO. 6 |
3.510 |
3.510 |
4.130 |
4.410 |
0.721 |
0.1255 |
0.002618 |
|
3 NO. 7 |
4.420 |
4.420 |
5.210 |
5.470 |
0.735 |
0.1289 |
0.002333 |
|
3 NO. 8 |
5.580 |
5.580 |
6.570 |
6.820 |
0.749 |
0.1324 |
0.002078 |
|
3 NO. 9 |
7.040 |
7.040 |
8.280 |
8.520 |
0.763 |
0.1358 |
0.001853 |
|
3 NO. 10 |
8.870 |
8.870 |
10.440 |
10.670 |
0.777 |
0.1392 |
0.001650 |
|
Part B: Single-Layer ACSR |
||||||||
Resistance (Ω/mi) 60 Hz, 75°c |
60 Hz Reactance for 1 ft Radius Inductive (Ω/mi) at 75°C |
Capacitive (MΩ- mi) |
||||||
Code |
25°C Dc |
I = 0 A |
I = 100 A |
I = 200 A |
I = 0 A |
I = 100 A |
I = 200 A |
|
Brahma |
0.394 |
0.470 |
0.510 |
0.565 |
0.500 |
0.520 |
0.545 |
0.1043 |
Cochin |
0.400 |
0.480 |
0.520 |
0.590 |
0.505 |
0.515 |
0.550 |
0.1065 |
Dorking |
0.443 |
0.535 |
0.575 |
0.650 |
0.515 |
0.530 |
0.565 |
0.1079 |
Dotterel |
0.479 |
0.565 |
0.620 |
0.705 |
0.515 |
0.530 |
0.575 |
0.1091 |
Guinea |
0.531 |
0.630 |
0.685 |
0.780 |
0.520 |
0.545 |
0.590 |
0.1106 |
Leghorn |
0.630 |
0.760 |
0.810 |
0.930 |
0.530 |
0.550 |
0.605 |
0.1131 |
Minorca |
0.765 |
0.915 |
0.980 |
1.130 |
0.540 |
0.570 |
0.640 |
0.1160 |
Petrel |
0.830 |
1.000 |
1.065 |
1.220 |
0.550 |
0.580 |
0.655 |
0.1172 |
Grouse |
1.080 |
1.295 |
1.420 |
1.520 |
0.570 |
0.640 |
0.675 |
0.1240 |
Part C: Steel Conductors |
||||||||
Grade (7-Strand) |
Diameter (in.) |
Resistance (Ω/mi) at 60 Hz |
60 Hz Reactance for 1 ft Radius Inductive (Ω/mi) |
Capacitive (MΩ · mi) |
||||
I = 0 A |
I = 30 A |
I = 60 A |
I = 0 A |
I = 30 A |
I = 60 A |
|||
Ordinary |
1/4 |
9.5 |
11.4 |
11.3 |
1.3970 |
3.7431 |
3.4379 |
0.1354 |
Ordinary |
9/32 |
7.1 |
9.2 |
9.0 |
1.2027 |
3.0734 |
2.5146 |
0.1319 |
Ordinary |
5/16 |
5.4 |
7.5 |
7.8 |
0.8382 |
2.5146 |
2.0409 |
0.1288 |
Ordinary |
3/8 |
4.3 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
0.8382 |
2.2352 |
1.9687 |
0.1234 |
Ordinary |
1/2 |
2.3 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
0.7049 |
1.6893 |
1.4236 |
0.1148 |
E.B. |
1/4 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10.1 |
1.2027 |
4.4704 |
3.1565 |
0.1354 |
E.B. |
9/32 |
6.0 |
10.0 |
8.7 |
1.1305 |
3.7783 |
2.6255 |
0.1319 |
E.B. |
5/16 |
4.9 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
0.9843 |
2.9401 |
2.5146 |
0.1288 |
E.B. |
3/8 |
3.7 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
0.8382 |
2.5997 |
2.4303 |
0.1234 |
E.B. |
1/2 |
2.1 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
0.7049 |
1.8715 |
1.7616 |
0.1148 |
E.B.B. |
1/4 |
7.0 |
12.8 |
10.9 |
1.6764 |
5.1401 |
3.9482 |
0.1354 |
E.B.B. |
9/32 |
5.4 |
10.9 |
8.7 |
1.1305 |
4.4833 |
3.7783 |
0.1319 |
E.B.B. |
5/16 |
4.0 |
9.0 |
6.8 |
0.9843 |
3.6322 |
3.0734 |
0.1288 |
E.B.B. |
3/8 |
3.5 |
7.9 |
6.0 |
0.8382 |
3.1168 |
2.7940 |
0.1234 |
E.B.B. |
1/2 |
2.0 |
5.7 |
4.7 |
0.7049 |
2.3461 |
2.2352 |
0.1148 |
Source: Reprinted from Anderson, P.M., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, Copyright 1973. With permission.
Inductive Reactance Spacing Factor Xd' Ω/(Conductor mi), at 60 Hz
Ft |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 |
-0.2794 |
-0.1953 |
-0.1461 |
-0.1112 |
-0.0841 |
-0.0620 |
-0.0433 |
-0.0271 |
-0.0128 |
|
1 |
0.0 |
0.0116 |
0.0221 |
0.0318 |
0.0408 |
0.0492 |
0.0570 |
0.0644 |
0.0713 |
0.0779 |
2 |
0.0841 |
0.0900 |
0.0957 |
0.1011 |
0.1062 |
0.1112 |
0.1159 |
0.1205 |
0.1249 |
0.1292 |
3 |
0.1333 |
0.1373 |
0.1411 |
0.1449 |
0.1485 |
0.1520 |
0.1554 |
0.1588 |
0.1620 |
0.1651 |
4 |
0.1682 |
0.1712 |
0.1741 |
0.1770 |
0.1798 |
0.1825 |
0.1852 |
0.1878 |
0.1903 |
0.1928 |
5 |
0.1953 |
0.1977 |
0.2001 |
0.2024 |
0.2046 |
0.2069 |
0.2090 |
0.2112 |
0.2133 |
0.2154 |
6 |
0.2174 |
0.2194 |
0.2214 |
0.2233 |
0.2252 |
0.2271 |
0.2290 |
0.2308 |
0.2326 |
0.2344 |
7 |
0.2361 |
0.2378 |
0.2395 |
0.2412 |
0.2429 |
0.2445 |
0.2461 |
0.2477 |
0.2493 |
0.2508 |
8 |
0.2523 |
0.2538 |
0.2553 |
0.2568 |
0.2582 |
0.2597 |
0.2611 |
0.2625 |
0.2639 |
0.2653 |
9 |
0.2666 |
0.2680 |
0.2693 |
0.2706 |
0.2719 |
0.2732 |
0.2744 |
0.2757 |
0.2769 |
0.2782 |
10 |
0.2794 |
0.2806 |
0.2818 |
0.2830 |
0.2842 |
0.2853 |
0.2865 |
0.2876 |
0.2887 |
0.2899 |
11 |
0.2910 |
0.2921 |
0.2932 |
0.2942 |
0.2953 |
0.2964 |
0.2974 |
0.2985 |
0.2995 |
0.3005 |
12 |
0.3015 |
0.3025 |
0.3035 |
0.3045 |
0.3055 |
0.3065 |
0.3074 |
0.3084 |
0.3094 |
0.3103 |
13 |
0.3112 |
0.3122 |
0.3131 |
0.3140 |
0.3149 |
0.3158 |
0.3167 |
0.3176 |
0.3185 |
0.3194 |
14 |
0.3202 |
0.3211 |
0.3219 |
0.3228 |
0.3236 |
0.3245 |
0.3253 |
0.3261 |
0.3270 |
0.3278 |
15 |
0.3286 |
0.3294 |
0.3302 |
0.3310 |
0.3318 |
0.3326 |
0.3334 |
0.3341 |
0.3349 |
0.3357 |
16 |
0.3364 |
0.3372 |
0.3379 |
0.3387 |
0.3394 |
0.3402 |
0.3409 |
0.3416 |
0.3424 |
0.3431 |
17 |
0.3438 |
0.3445 |
0.3452 |
0.3459 |
0.3466 |
0.3473 |
0.3480 |
0.3487 |
0.3494 |
0.3500 |
18 |
0.3507 |
0.3514 |
0.3521 |
0.3527 |
0.3534 |
0.3540 |
0.3547 |
0.3554 |
0.3560 |
0.3566 |
19 |
0.3573 |
0.3579 |
0.3586 |
0.3592 |
0.3598 |
0.3604 |
0.3611 |
0.3617 |
0.3623 |
0.3629 |
20 |
0.3635 |
0.3641 |
0.3647 |
0.3653 |
0.3659 |
0.3665 |
0.3671 |
0.3677 |
0.3683 |
0.3688 |
21 |
0.3694 |
0.3700 |
0.3706 |
0.3711 |
0.3717 |
0.3723 |
0.3728 |
0.3734 |
0.3740 |
0.3745 |
22 |
0.3751 |
0.3756 |
0.3762 |
0.3767 |
0.3773 |
0.3778 |
0.3783 |
0.3789 |
0.3794 |
0.3799 |
23 |
0.3805 |
0.3810 |
0.3815 |
0.3820 |
0.3826 |
0.3831 |
0.3836 |
0.3841 |
0.3846 |
0.3851 |
24 |
0.3856 |
0.3861 |
0.3866 |
0.3871 |
0.3876 |
0.3881 |
0.3886 |
0.3891 |
0.3896 |
0.3901 |
25 |
0.3906 |
0.3911 |
0.3916 |
0.3920 |
0.3925 |
0.3930 |
0.3935 |
0.3939 |
0.3944 |
0.3949 |
26 |
0.3953 |
0.3958 |
0.3963 |
0.3967 |
0.3972 |
0.3977 |
0.3981 |
0.3986 |
0.3990 |
0.3995 |
27 |
0.3999 |
0.4004 |
0.4008 |
0.4013 |
0.4017 |
0.4021 |
0.4026 |
0.4030 |
0.4035 |
0.4039 |
28 |
0.4043 |
0.4048 |
0.4052 |
0.4056 |
0.4061 |
0.4065 |
0.4069 |
0.4073 |
0.4078 |
0.4082 |
29 |
0.4086 |
0.4090 |
0.4094 |
0.4098 |
0.4103 |
0.4107 |
0.4111 |
0.4115 |
0.4119 |
0.4123 |
30 |
0.4127 |
0.4131 |
0.4135 |
0.4139 |
0.4143 |
0.4147 |
0.4151 |
0.4155 |
0.4159 |
0.4163 |
31 |
0.4167 |
0.4171 |
0.4175 |
0.4179 |
0.4182 |
0.4186 |
0.4190 |
0.4194 |
0.4198 |
0.4202 |
32 |
0.4205 |
0.4209 |
0.4213 |
0.4217 |
0.4220 |
0.4224 |
0.4228 |
0.4232 |
0.4235 |
0.4239 |
33 |
0.4243 |
0.4246 |
0.4250 |
0.4254 |
0.4257 |
0.4261 |
0.4265 |
0.4268 |
0.4272 |
0.4275 |
34 |
0.4279 |
0.4283 |
0.4286 |
0.4290 |
0.4293 |
0.4297 |
0.4300 |
0.4304 |
0.4307 |
0.4311 |
35 |
0.4314 |
0.4318 |
0.4321 |
0.4324 |
0.4328 |
0.4331 |
0.4335 |
0.4338 |
0.4342 |
0.4345 |
36 |
0.4348 |
0.4352 |
0.4355 |
0.4358 |
0.4362 |
0.4365 |
0.4368 |
0.4372 |
0.4375 |
0.4378 |
37 |
0.4382 |
0.4385 |
0.4388 |
0.4391 |
0.4395 |
0.4398 |
0.4401 |
0.4404 |
0.4408 |
0.4411 |
38 |
0.4414 |
0.4417 |
0.4420 |
0.4423 |
0.4427 |
0.4430 |
0.4433 |
0.4436 |
0.4439 |
0.4442 |
39 |
0.4445 |
0.4449 |
0.4452 |
0.4455 |
0.4458 |
0.4461 |
0.4464 |
0.4467 |
0.4470 |
0.4473 |
40 |
0.4476 |
0.4479 |
0.4492 |
0.4485 |
0.4488 |
0.4491 |
0.4494 |
0.4497 |
0.4500 |
0.4503 |
41 |
0.4506 |
0.4509 |
0.4512 |
0.4515 |
0.4518 |
0.4521 |
0.4524 |
0.4527 |
0.4530 |
0.4532 |
42 |
0.4535 |
0.4538 |
0.4541 |
0.4544 |
0.4547 |
0.4550 |
0.4553 |
0.4555 |
0.4558 |
0.4561 |
43 |
0.4564 |
0.4567 |
0.4570 |
0.4572 |
0.4575 |
0.4578 |
0.4581 |
0.4584 |
0.4586 |
0.4589 |
44 |
0.4592 |
0.4595 |
0.4597 |
0.4600 |
0.4603 |
0.4606 |
0.4608 |
0.4611 |
0.4614 |
0.4616 |
45 |
0.4619 |
0.4622 |
0.4624 |
0.4627 |
0.4630 |
0.4632 |
0.4635 |
0.4638 |
0.4640 |
0.4643 |
46 |
0.4646 |
0.4648 |
0.4651 |
0.4654 |
0.4656 |
0.4659 |
0.4661 |
0.4664 |
0.4667 |
0.4669 |
47 |
0.4672 |
0.4674 |
0.4677 |
0.4680 |
0.4682 |
0.4685 |
0.4687 |
0.4690 |
0.4692 |
0.4695 |
48 |
0.4697 |
0.4700 |
0.4702 |
0.4705 |
0.4707 |
0.4710 |
0.4712 |
0.4715 |
0.4717 |
0.4720 |
49 |
0.4722 |
0.4725 |
0.4727 |
0.4730 |
0.4732 |
0.4735 |
0.4737 |
0.4740 |
0.4742 |
0.4744 |
50 |
0.4747 |
0.4749 |
0.4752 |
0.4754 |
0.4757 |
0.4759 |
0.4761 |
0.4764 |
0.4766 |
0.4769 |
51 |
0.4771 |
0.4773 |
0.4776 |
0.4778 |
0.4780 |
0.4783 |
0.4785 |
0.4787 |
0.4790 |
0.4792 |
52 |
0.4795 |
0.4797 |
0.4799 |
0.4801 |
0.4804 |
0.4806 |
0.4808 |
0.4811 |
0.4813 |
0.4815 |
53 |
0.4818 |
0.4820 |
0.4822 |
0.4824 |
0.4827 |
0.4829 |
0.4831 |
0.4834 |
0.4836 |
0.4838 |
54 |
0.4840 |
0.4843 |
0.4845 |
0.4847 |
0.4849 |
0.4851 |
0.4854 |
0.4856 |
0.4858 |
0.4860 |
55 |
0.4863 |
0.4865 |
0.4867 |
0.4869 |
0.4871 |
0.4874 |
0.4876 |
0.4878 |
0.4880 |
0.4882 |
56 |
0.4884 |
0.4887 |
0.4889 |
0.4891 |
0.4893 |
0.4895 |
0.4897 |
0.4900 |
0.4902 |
0.4904 |
57 |
0.4906 |
0.4908 |
0.4910 |
0.4912 |
0.4914 |
0.4917 |
0.4919 |
0.4921 |
0.4923 |
0.4925 |
58 |
0.4927 |
0.4929 |
0.4931 |
0.4933 |
0.4935 |
0.4937 |
0.4940 |
0.4942 |
0.4944 |
0.4946 |
59 |
0.4948 |
0.4950 |
0.4952 |
0.4954 |
0.4956 |
0.4958 |
0.4960 |
0.4962 |
0.4964 |
0.4966 |
60 |
0.4968 |
0.4970 |
0.4972 |
0.4974 |
0.4976 |
0.4978 |
0.4980 |
0.4982 |
0.4984 |
0.4986 |
61 |
0.4988 |
0.4990 |
0.4992 |
0.4994 |
0.4996 |
0.4998 |
0.5000 |
0.5002 |
0.5004 |
0.5006 |
62 |
0.5008 |
0.5010 |
0.5012 |
0.5014 |
0.5016 |
0.5018 |
0.5020 |
0.5022 |
0.5023 |
0.5025 |
63 |
0.5027 |
0.5029 |
0.5031 |
0.5033 |
0.5035 |
0.5037 |
0.5039 |
0.5041 |
0.5043 |
0.5045 |
64 |
0.5046 |
0.5048 |
0.5050 |
0.5052 |
0.5054 |
0.5056 |
0.5058 |
0.5060 |
0.5062 |
0.5063 |
65 |
0.5065 |
0.5067 |
0.5069 |
0.5071 |
0.5073 |
0.5075 |
0.5076 |
0.5078 |
0.5080 |
0.5082 |
66 |
0.5084 |
0.5086 |
0.5087 |
0.5089 |
0.5091 |
0.5093 |
0.5095 |
0.5097 |
0.5098 |
0.5100 |
67 |
0.5102 |
0.5104 |
0.5106 |
0.5107 |
0.5109 |
0.5111 |
0.5113 |
0.5115 |
0.5116 |
0.5118 |
68 |
0.5120 |
0.5122 |
0.5124 |
0.5125 |
0.5127 |
0.5129 |
0.5131 |
0.5132 |
0.5134 |
0.5136 |
69 |
0.5138 |
0.5139 |
0.5141 |
0.5143 |
0.5145 |
0.5147 |
0.5148 |
0.5150 |
0.5152 |
0.5153 |
70 |
0.5155 |
0.5157 |
0.5159 |
0.5160 |
0.5162 |
0.5164 |
0.5166 |
0.5167 |
0.5169 |
0.5171 |
71 |
0.5172 |
0.5174 |
0.5176 |
0.5178 |
0.5179 |
0.5181 |
0.5183 |
0.5184 |
0.5186 |
0.5188 |
72 |
0.5189 |
0.5191 |
0.5193 |
0.5194 |
0.5196 |
0.5198 |
0.5199 |
0.5201 |
0.5203 |
0.5204 |
73 |
0.5206 |
0.5208 |
0.5209 |
0.5211 |
0.5213 |
0.5214 |
0.5216 |
0.5218 |
0.5219 |
0.5221 |
74 |
0.5223 |
0.5224 |
0.5226 |
0.5228 |
0.5229 |
0.5231 |
0.5232 |
0.5234 |
0.5236 |
0.5237 |
75 |
0.5239 |
0.5241 |
0.5242 |
0.5244 |
0.5245 |
0.5247 |
0.5249 |
0.5250 |
0.5252 |
0.5253 |
76 |
0.5255 |
0.5257 |
0.5258 |
0.5260 |
0.5261 |
0.5263 |
0.5265 |
0.5266 |
0.5268 |
0.5269 |
77 |
0.5271 |
0.5272 |
0.5274 |
0.5276 |
0.5277 |
0.5279 |
0.5280 |
0.5282 |
0.5283 |
0.5285 |
78 |
0.5287 |
0.5288 |
0.5290 |
0.5291 |
0.5293 |
0.5294 |
0.5296 |
0.5297 |
0.5299 |
0.5300 |
79 |
0.5302 |
0.5304 |
0.5305 |
0.5307 |
0.5308 |
0.5310 |
0.5311 |
0.5313 |
0.5314 |
0.5316 |
80 |
0.5317 |
0.5319 |
0.5320 |
0.5322 |
0.5323 |
0.5325 |
0.5326 |
0.5328 |
0.5329 |
0.5331 |
81 |
0.5332 |
0.5334 |
0.5335 |
0.5337 |
0.5338 |
0.5340 |
0.5341 |
0.5343 |
0.5344 |
0.5346 |
82 |
0.5347 |
0.5349 |
0.5350 |
0.5352 |
0.5353 |
0.5355 |
0.5356 |
0.5358 |
0.5359 |
0.5360 |
83 |
0.5362 |
0.5363 |
0.5365 |
0.5366 |
0.5368 |
0.5369 |
0.5371 |
0.5372 |
0.5374 |
0.5375 |
84 |
0.5376 |
0.5378 |
0.5379 |
0.5381 |
0.5382 |
0.5384 |
0.5385 |
0.5387 |
0.5388 |
0.5389 |
85 |
0.5391 |
0.5392 |
0.5394 |
0.5395 |
0.5396 |
0.5398 |
0.5399 |
0.5401 |
0.5402 |
0.5404 |
86 |
0.5405 |
0.5406 |
0.5408 |
0.5409 |
0.5411 |
0.5412 |
0.5413 |
0.5415 |
0.5416 |
0.5418 |
87 |
0.5419 |
0.5420 |
0.5422 |
0.5423 |
0.5425 |
0.5426 |
0.5427 |
0.5429 |
0.5430 |
0.5432 |
88 |
0.5433 |
0.5434 |
0.5436 |
0.5437 |
0.5438 |
0.5440 |
0.5441 |
0.5442 |
0.5444 |
0.5445 |
89 |
0.5447 |
0.5448 |
0.5449 |
0.5451 |
0.5452 |
0.5453 |
0.5455 |
0.5456 |
0.5457 |
0.5459 |
90 |
0.5460 |
0.5461 |
0.5463 |
0.5464 |
0.5466 |
0.5467 |
0.5468 |
0.5470 |
0.5471 |
0.5472 |
91 |
0.5474 |
0.5475 |
0.5476 |
0.5478 |
0.5479 |
0.5480 |
0.5482 |
0.5483 |
0.5484 |
0.5486 |
92 |
0.5487 |
0.5488 |
0.5489 |
0.5491 |
0.5492 |
0.5493 |
0.5495 |
0.5496 |
0.5497 |
0.5499 |
93 |
0.5500 |
0.5501 |
0.5503 |
0.5504 |
0.5505 |
05506 |
0.5508 |
0.5509 |
0.5510 |
0.5512 |
94 |
0.5513 |
0.5514 |
0.5515 |
0.5517 |
0.5518 |
0.5519 |
0.5521 |
0.5522 |
0.5523 |
0.5524 |
95 |
0.5526 |
0.5527 |
0.5528 |
0.5530 |
0.5531 |
0.5532 |
0.5533 |
0.5535 |
0.5536 |
0.5537 |
96 |
0.5538 |
0.5540 |
0.5541 |
0.5542 |
0.5544 |
0.5545 |
0.5546 |
0.5547 |
0.5549 |
0.5550 |
97 |
0.5551 |
0.5552 |
0.5554 |
0.5555 |
0.5556 |
0.5557 |
0.5559 |
0.5560 |
0.5561 |
0.5562 |
98 |
0.5563 |
0.5565 |
0.5566 |
0.5567 |
0.5568 |
0.5570 |
0.5571 |
0.5572 |
0.5573 |
0.5575 |
99 |
0.5576 |
0.5577 |
0.5578 |
0.5579 |
0.5581 |
0.5582 |
0.5583 |
0.5584 |
0.5586 |
0.5587 |
100 |
0.5588 |
0.5589 |
0.5590 |
0.5592 |
0.5593 |
0.5594 |
0.5595 |
0.5596 |
0.5598 |
0.5599 |
Zero-Sequence Resistive and Inductive Factors Rea, Xea, Ω/(Conductor · mi)
p (Ω · m) |
re, xe (f = 60 Hz) |
|
---|---|---|
re |
All |
0.2860 |
1 |
2.050 |
|
5 |
2.343 |
|
10 |
2.469 |
|
xe |
50 |
2.762 |
100b |
2.888b |
|
500 |
3.181 |
|
1,000 |
3.307 |
|
5,000 |
3.600 |
|
10,000 |
3.726 |
Source: Reprinted from Anderson, P.M., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, Copyright 1973. With permission.
a From formulas:
re=0.004764fxe=0.006985flog10 4,665,600rf
where
f is the frequency
ρ is the resistivity (Ω m)
b This is an average value which may be used in the absence of definite information.
Fundamental equations:
z1−z2=ra+j(xa+xd)z0−ra+re+j(xa+xe−2xd)
where xd = wk ln d and d = separation (ft).
Shunt Capacitive Reactance Spacing Factor xd' (Ω/Conductor · mi), at 60 Hz
Ft |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 |
-0.0683 |
-0.0477 |
-0.0357 |
-0.0272 |
-0.0206 |
-0.0152 |
-0.0106 |
-0.0066 |
-0.0031 |
|
1 |
0.0000 |
0.0028 |
0.0054 |
0.0078 |
0.0100 |
0.0120 |
0.0139 |
0.0157 |
0.0174 |
0.0190 |
2 |
0.0206 |
0.0220 |
0.0234 |
0.0247 |
0.0260 |
0.0272 |
0.0283 |
0.0295 |
0.0305 |
0.0316 |
3 |
0.0326 |
0.0336 |
0.0345 |
0.0354 |
0.0363 |
0.0372 |
0.0380 |
0.0388 |
0.0396 |
0.0404 |
4 |
0.0411 |
0.0419 |
0.0426 |
0.0433 |
0.0440 |
0.0446 |
0.0453 |
0.0459 |
0.0465 |
0.0471 |
5 |
0.0477 |
0.0483 |
0.0489 |
0.0495 |
0.0500 |
0.0506 |
0.0511 |
0.0516 |
0.0521 |
0.0527 |
6 |
0.0532 |
0.0536 |
0.0541 |
0.0546 |
0.0551 |
0.0555 |
0.0560 |
0.0564 |
0.0569 |
0.0573 |
7 |
0.0577 |
0.0581 |
0.0586 |
0.0590 |
0.0594 |
0.0598 |
0.0602 |
0.0606 |
0.0609 |
0.0613 |
8 |
0.0617 |
0.0621 |
0.0624 |
0.0628 |
0.0631 |
0.0635 |
0.0638 |
0.0642 |
0.0645 |
0.0649 |
9 |
0.0652 |
0.0655 |
0.0658 |
0.0662 |
0.0665 |
0.0668 |
0.0671 |
0.0674 |
0.0677 |
0.0680 |
10 |
0.0683 |
0.0686 |
0.0689 |
0.0692 |
0.0695 |
0.0698 |
0.0700 |
0.0703 |
0.0706 |
0.0709 |
11 |
0.0711 |
0.0714 |
0.0717 |
0.0719 |
0.0722 |
0.0725 |
0.0727 |
0.0730 |
0.0732 |
0.0735 |
12 |
0.0737 |
0.0740 |
0.0742 |
0.0745 |
0.0747 |
0.0749 |
0.0752 |
0.0754 |
0.0756 |
0.0759 |
13 |
0.0761 |
0.0763 |
0.0765 |
0.0768 |
0.0770 |
0.0772 |
0.0774 |
0.0776 |
0.0779 |
0.0781 |
14 |
0.0783 |
0.0785 |
0.0787 |
0.0789 |
0.0791 |
0.0793 |
0.0795 |
0.0797 |
0.0799 |
0.0801 |
15 |
0.0803 |
0.0805 |
0.0807 |
0.0809 |
0.0811 |
0.0813 |
0.0815 |
0.0817 |
0.0819 |
0.0821 |
16 |
0.0823 |
0.0824 |
0.0826 |
0.0828 |
0.0830 |
0.0832 |
0.0833 |
0.0835 |
0.0837 |
0.0839 |
17 |
0.0841 |
0.0842 |
0.0844 |
0.0846 |
0.0847 |
0.0849 |
0.0851 |
0.0852 |
0.0854 |
0.0856 |
18 |
0.0857 |
0.0859 |
0.0861 |
0.0862 |
0.0864 |
0.0866 |
0.0867 |
0.0869 |
0.0870 |
0.0872 |
19 |
0.0874 |
0.0875 |
0.0877 |
0.0878 |
0.0880 |
0.0881 |
0.0883 |
0.0884 |
0.0886 |
0.0887 |
20 |
0.0889 |
0.0890 |
0.0892 |
0.0893 |
0.0895 |
0.0896 |
0.0898 |
0.0899 |
0.0900 |
0.0902 |
21 |
0.0903 |
0.0905 |
0.0906 |
0.0907 |
0.0909 |
0.0910 |
0.0912 |
0.0913 |
0.0914 |
0.0916 |
22 |
0.0917 |
0.0918 |
0.0920 |
0.0921 |
0.0922 |
0.0924 |
0.0925 |
0.0926 |
0.0928 |
0.0929 |
23 |
0.0930 |
0.0931 |
0.0933 |
0.0934 |
0.0935 |
0.0937 |
0.0938 |
0.0939 |
0.0940 |
0.0942 |
24 |
0.0943 |
0.0944 |
0.0945 |
0.0947 |
0.0948 |
0.0949 |
0.0950 |
0.0951 |
0.0953 |
0.0954 |
25 |
0.0955 |
0.0956 |
0.0957 |
0.0958 |
0.0960 |
0.0961 |
0.0962 |
0.0963 |
0.0964 |
0.0965 |
26 |
0.0967 |
0.0968 |
0.0969 |
0.0970 |
0.0971 |
0.0972 |
0.0973 |
0.0974 |
0.0976 |
0.0977 |
27 |
0.0978 |
0.0979 |
0.0980 |
0.0981 |
0.0982 |
0.0983 |
0.0984 |
0.0985 |
0.0986 |
0.0987 |
28 |
0.0989 |
0.0990 |
0.0991 |
0.0992 |
0.0993 |
0.0994 |
0.0995 |
0.0996 |
0.0997 |
0.0998 |
29 |
0.0999 |
0.1000 |
0.1001 |
0.1002 |
0.1003 |
0.1004 |
0.1005 |
0.1006 |
0.1007 |
0.1008 |
30 |
0.1009 |
0.1010 |
0.1011 |
0.1012 |
0.1013 |
0.1014 |
0.1015 |
0.1016 |
0.1017 |
0.1018 |
31 |
0.1019 |
0.1020 |
0.1021 |
0.1022 |
0.1023 |
0.1023 |
0.1024 |
0.1025 |
0.1026 |
0.1027 |
32 |
0.1028 |
0.1029 |
0.1030 |
0.1031 |
0.1032 |
0.1033 |
0.1034 |
0.1035 |
0.1035 |
0.1036 |
33 |
0.1037 |
0.1038 |
0.1039 |
0.1040 |
0.1041 |
0.1042 |
0.1043 |
0.1044 |
0.1044 |
0.1045 |
34 |
0.1046 |
0.1047 |
0.1048 |
0.1049 |
0.1050 |
0.1050 |
0.1051 |
0.1052 |
0.1053 |
0.1054 |
35 |
0.1055 |
0.1056 |
0.1056 |
0.1057 |
0.1058 |
0.1059 |
0.1060 |
0.1061 |
0.1061 |
0.1062 |
36 |
0.1063 |
0.1064 |
0.1065 |
0.1066 |
0.1066 |
0.1067 |
0.1068 |
0.1069 |
0.1070 |
0.1070 |
37 |
0.1071 |
0.1072 |
0.1073 |
0.1074 |
0.1074 |
0.1075 |
0.1076 |
0.1077 |
0.1078 |
0.1078 |
38 |
0.1079 |
0.1080 |
0.1081 |
0.1081 |
0.1082 |
0.1083 |
0.1084 |
0.1085 |
0.1085 |
0.1086 |
39 |
0.1087 |
0.1088 |
0.1088 |
0.1089 |
0.1090 |
0.1091 |
0.1091 |
0.1092 |
0.1093 |
0.1094 |
40 |
0.1094 |
0.1095 |
0.1096 |
0.1097 |
0.1097 |
0.1098 |
0.1099 |
0.1100 |
0.1100 |
0.1101 |
41 |
0.1102 |
0.1102 |
0.1103 |
0.1104 |
0.1105 |
0.1105 |
0.1106 |
0.1107 |
0.1107 |
0.1108 |
42 |
0.1109 |
0.1110 |
0.1110 |
0.1111 |
0.1112 |
0.1112 |
0.1113 |
0.1114 |
0.1114 |
0.1115 |
43 |
0.1116 |
0.1117 |
0.1117 |
0.1118 |
0.1119 |
0.1119 |
0.1120 |
0.1121 |
0.1121 |
0.1122 |
44 |
0.1123 |
0.1123 |
0.1124 |
0.1125 |
0.1125 |
0.1126 |
0.1127 |
0.1127 |
0.1128 |
0.1129 |
45 |
0.1129 |
0.1130 |
0.1131 |
0.1131 |
0.1132 |
0.1133 |
0.1133 |
0.1134 |
0.1135 |
0.1135 |
46 |
0.1136 |
0.1136 |
0.1137 |
0.1138 |
0.1138 |
0.1139 |
0.1140 |
0.1140 |
0.1141 |
0.1142 |
47 |
0.1142 |
0.1143 |
0.1143 |
0.1144 |
0.1145 |
0.1145 |
0.1146 |
0.1147 |
0.1147 |
0.1148 |
48 |
0.1148 |
0.1149 |
0.1150 |
0.1150 |
0.1151 |
0.1152 |
0.1152 |
0.1153 |
0.1153 |
0.1154 |
49 |
0.1155 |
0.1155 |
0.1156 |
0.1156 |
0.1157 |
0.1158 |
0.1158 |
0.1159 |
0.1159 |
0.1160 |
50 |
0.1161 |
0.1161 |
0.1162 |
0.1162 |
0.1163 |
0.1164 |
0.1164 |
0.1165 |
0.1165 |
0.1166 |
51 |
0.1166 |
0.1167 |
0.1168 |
0.1168 |
0.1169 |
0.1169 |
0.1170 |
0.1170 |
0.1171 |
0.1172 |
52 |
0.1172 |
0.1173 |
0.1173 |
0.1174 |
0.1174 |
0.1175 |
0.1176 |
0.1176 |
0.1177 |
0.1177 |
53 |
0.1178 |
0.1178 |
0.1179 |
0.1180 |
0.1180 |
0.1181 |
0.1181 |
0.1182 |
0.1182 |
0.1183 |
54 |
0.1183 |
0.1184 |
0.1184 |
0.1185 |
0.1186 |
0.1186 |
0.1187 |
0.1187 |
0.1188 |
0.1188 |
55 |
0.1189 |
0.1189 |
0.1190 |
0.1190 |
0.1191 |
0.1192 |
0.1192 |
0.1193 |
0.1193 |
0.1194 |
56 |
0.1194 |
0.1195 |
0.1195 |
0.1196 |
0.1196 |
0.1197 |
0.1197 |
0.1198 |
0.1198 |
0.1199 |
57 |
0.1199 |
0.1200 |
0.1200 |
0.1201 |
0.1202 |
0.1202 |
0.1203 |
0.1203 |
0.1204 |
0.1204 |
58 |
0.1205 |
0.1205 |
0.1206 |
0.1206 |
0.1207 |
0.1207 |
0.1208 |
0.1208 |
0.1209 |
0.1209 |
59 |
0.1210 |
0.1210 |
0.1211 |
0.1211 |
0.1212 |
0.1212 |
0.1213 |
0.1213 |
0.1214 |
0.1214 |
60 |
0.1215 |
0.1215 |
0.1216 |
0.1216 |
0.1217 |
0.1217 |
0.1218 |
0.1218 |
0.1219 |
0.1219 |
61 |
0.1220 |
0.1220 |
0.1221 |
0.1221 |
0.1221 |
0.1222 |
0.1222 |
0.1223 |
0.1223 |
0.1224 |
62 |
0.1224 |
0.1225 |
0.1225 |
0.1226 |
0.1226 |
0.1227 |
0.1227 |
0.1228 |
0.1228 |
0.1229 |
63 |
0.1229 |
0.1230 |
0.1230 |
0.1231 |
0.1231 |
0.1231 |
0.1232 |
0.1232 |
0.1233 |
0.1233 |
64 |
0.1234 |
0.1234 |
0.1235 |
0.1235 |
0.1236 |
0.1236 |
0.1237 |
0.1237 |
0.1237 |
01238 |
65 |
0.1238 |
0.1239 |
0.1239 |
0.1240 |
0.1240 |
0.1241 |
0.1241 |
0.1242 |
0.1242 |
0.1242 |
66 |
0.1243 |
0.1243 |
0.1244 |
0.1244 |
0.1245 |
0.1245 |
0.1246 |
0.1246 |
0.1247 |
0.1247 |
67 |
0.1247 |
0.1248 |
0.1248 |
0.1249 |
0.1249 |
0.1250 |
0.1250 |
0.1250 |
0.1251 |
0.1251 |
68 |
0.1252 |
0.1252 |
0.1253 |
0.1253 |
0.1254 |
0.1254 |
0.1254 |
0.1255 |
0.1255 |
0.1256 |
69 |
0.1256 |
0.1257 |
0.1257 |
0.1257 |
0.1258 |
0.1258 |
0.1259 |
0.1259 |
0.1260 |
0.1260 |
70 |
0.1260 |
0.1261 |
0.1261 |
0.1262 |
0.1262 |
0.1262 |
0.1263 |
0.1263 |
0.1264 |
0.1264 |
71 |
0.1265 |
0.1265 |
0.1265 |
0.1266 |
0.1266 |
0.1267 |
0.1267 |
0.1268 |
0.1268 |
0.1268 |
72 |
0.1269 |
0.1269 |
0.1270 |
0.1270 |
0.1270 |
0.1271 |
0.1271 |
0.1272 |
0.1272 |
0.1272 |
73 |
0.1273 |
0.1273 |
0.1274 |
0.1274 |
0.1274 |
0.1275 |
0.1275 |
0.1276 |
0.1276 |
0.1276 |
74 |
0.1277 |
0.1277 |
0.1278 |
0.1278 |
0.1278 |
0.1279 |
0.1279 |
0.1280 |
0.1280 |
.01280 |
75 |
0.1281 |
0.1281 |
0.1282 |
0.1282 |
0.1282 |
0.1283 |
0.1283 |
0.1284 |
0.1284 |
0.1284 |
76 |
0.1285 |
0.1285 |
0.1286 |
0.1286 |
0.1286 |
0.1287 |
0.1287 |
0.1288 |
0.1288 |
0.1288 |
77 |
0.1289 |
0.1289 |
0.1289 |
0.1290 |
0.1290 |
0.1291 |
0.1291 |
0.1291 |
0.1292 |
0.1292 |
78 |
0.1292 |
0.1293 |
0.1293 |
0.1294 |
0.1294 |
0.1294 |
0.1295 |
0.1295 |
0.1296 |
0.1296 |
79 |
0.1296 |
0.1297 |
0.1297 |
0.1297 |
0.1298 |
0.1298 |
0.1299 |
0.1299 |
0.1299 |
0.1300 |
80 |
0.1300 |
0.1300 |
0.1301 |
0.1301 |
0.1301 |
0.1302 |
0.1302 |
0.1303 |
0.1303 |
0.1303 |
81 |
0.1304 |
0.1304 |
0.1304 |
0.1305 |
0.1305 |
0.1306 |
0.1306 |
0.1306 |
0.1307 |
0.1307 |
82 |
0.1307 |
0.1308 |
0.1308 |
0.1308 |
0.1309 |
0.1309 |
0.1309 |
0.1310 |
0.1310 |
0.1311 |
83 |
0.1311 |
0.1311 |
0.1312 |
0.1312 |
0.1312 |
0.1313 |
0.1313 |
0.1313 |
0.1314 |
0.1314 |
84 |
0.1314 |
0.1315 |
0.1315 |
0.1316 |
0.1316 |
0.1316 |
0.1317 |
0.1317 |
0.1317 |
0.1318 |
85 |
0.1318 |
0.1318 |
0.1319 |
0.1319 |
0.1319 |
0.1320 |
0.1320 |
0.1320 |
0.1321 |
0.1321 |
86 |
0.1321 |
0.1322 |
0.1322 |
0.1322 |
0.1323 |
0.1323 |
0.1324 |
0.1324 |
0.1324 |
0.1325 |
87 |
0.1325 |
0.1325 |
0.1326 |
0.1326 |
0.1326 |
0.1327 |
0.1327 |
0.1327 |
0.1328 |
0.1328 |
88 |
0.1328 |
0.1329 |
0.1329 |
0.1329 |
0.1330 |
0.1330 |
0.1330 |
0.1331 |
0.1331 |
0.1331 |
89 |
0.1332 |
0.1332 |
0.1332 |
0.1333 |
0.1333 |
0.1333 |
0.1334 |
0.1334 |
0.1334 |
0.1335 |
90 |
0.1335 |
0.1335 |
0.1336 |
0.1336 |
0.1336 |
0.1337 |
0.1337 |
0.1337 |
0.1338 |
0.1338 |
91 |
0.1338 |
0.1339 |
0.1339 |
0.1339 |
0.1340 |
0.1340 |
0.1340 |
0.1340 |
0.1341 |
0.1341 |
92 |
0.1341 |
0.1342 |
0.1342 |
0.1342 |
0.1343 |
0.1343 |
0.1343 |
0.1344 |
0.1344 |
0.1344 |
93 |
0.1345 |
0.1345 |
0.1345 |
0.1346 |
0.1346 |
0.1346 |
0.1347 |
0.1347 |
0.1347 |
0.1348 |
94 |
0.1348 |
0.1348 |
0.1348 |
0.1349 |
0.1349 |
0.1349 |
0.1350 |
0.1350 |
0.1350 |
0.1351 |
95 |
0.1351 |
0.1351 |
0.1352 |
0.1352 |
0.1352 |
0.1353 |
0.1353 |
0.1353 |
0.1353 |
0.1354 |
96 |
0.1354 |
0.1354 |
0.1355 |
0.1355 |
0.1355 |
0.1356 |
0.1356 |
0.1356 |
0.1357 |
0.1357 |
97 |
0.1357 |
0.1357 |
0.1358 |
0.1358 |
0.1358 |
0.1359 |
0.1359 |
0.1359 |
0.1360 |
0.1360 |
98 |
0.1360 |
0.1361 |
0.1361 |
0.1361 |
0.1361 |
0.1362 |
0.1362 |
0.1362 |
0.1363 |
0.1363 |
99 |
0.1363 |
0.1364 |
0.1364 |
0.1364 |
0.1364 |
0.1365 |
0.1365 |
0.1365 |
0.1366 |
0.1366 |
100 |
0.1366 |
0.1366 |
0.1367 |
0.1367 |
0.1367 |
0.1368 |
0.1368 |
0.1368 |
0.1369 |
0.1369 |
Zero-Sequence Shunt Capacitive Reactance Factor x'0, MΩ/(Conductor · mi)
Conductor Height above |
x0' (f = 60 Hz) |
---|---|
10 |
0.267 |
15 |
0.303 |
20 |
0.328 |
25 |
0.318 |
30 |
0.364 |
40 |
0.390 |
50 |
0.410 |
60 |
0.426 |
70 |
0.440 |
80 |
0.452 |
90 |
0.462 |
100 |
0.472 |
Source: Reprinted from Anderson, P.M., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, Copyright 1973. With permission.
x'0=12.30flog102h
where h = height above ground and f = frequency.
Fundamental equations:
x'1=x'2=x'a=x'ax'0=x'a+x'c−2x'd
where x'd = (1/ωk') ln d and d = separation (ft).
Standard Impedances of Distribution Transformers
kVA Rating |
Rating of Transformer Primary Winding |
|||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.4 kV |
4.8 kV |
7.2 kV |
12 kV |
24.9/14.4 Gnd Y |
23 kV |
34.5 kV |
46 kV |
69 kV |
||||||||||
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
Single phase |
||||||||||||||||||
3 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
||||||||||
10 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
||||||||
25 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
5.2 |
2.2 |
5.2 |
||||
50 |
1.2 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
1.3 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
2.4 |
1.5 |
2.8 |
1.7 |
5.2 |
1.7 |
5.2 |
1.8 |
5.7 |
||
100 |
1.2 |
2.7 |
1.3 |
2.6 |
1.2 |
3.2 |
1.3 |
3.2 |
1.4 |
5.2 |
1.5 |
5.2 |
1.5 |
5.7 |
1.4 |
6.5 |
||
333 |
1.1 |
4.8 |
1.1 |
4.8 |
1.0 |
4.9 |
1.0 |
5.1 |
1.0 |
5.2 |
1.1 |
5.2 |
1.1 |
5.7 |
1.1 |
6.5 |
||
500 |
1.0 |
4.8 |
1.0 |
4.8 |
1.0 |
5.1 |
1.0 |
5.0 |
0.9 |
5.2 |
1.0 |
5.2 |
1.0 |
5.7 |
1.0 |
6.5 |
||
Three phase |
||||||||||||||||||
9 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
||||||||||||
30 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
||||||||||
75 |
1.5 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
3.3 |
||||||||||
150 |
1.2 |
4.2 |
1.4 |
4.3 |
1.4 |
4.3 |
1.4 |
4.2 |
1.6 |
5.5 |
||||||||
300 |
1.3 |
4.9 |
1.3 |
4.9 |
1.3 |
4.9 |
1.3 |
5.0 |
1.3 |
5.5 |
1.4 |
5.5 |
1.4 |
6.2 |
||||
500 |
1.2 |
4.9 |
1.2 |
4.9 |
1.1 |
5.0 |
1.1 |
5.1 |
1.2 |
5.5 |
1.2 |
5.5 |
1.3 |
6.3 |
1.2 |
6.7 |
Source: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective Relaying, Newark, NJ, 1970. With permission.
Standard Impedances for Power Transformers 10,000 kVA and below
Highest-Voltage Winding (BIL kV) |
Low-Voltage Winding, BIL kV (for Intermediate BIL, Use Value for Next Higher BIL Listed) |
At kVA Base Equal to 55°C Rating of Largest Capacity Winding Self-Cooled (OA), Self-Cooled Rating of Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled (OA /FA) Standard Impedance (%) |
|
---|---|---|---|
Ungrounded Neutral Operation |
Grounded Neutral Operation |
||
110 and below |
45 |
5.75 |
|
60, 75, 95, 110 |
5.5 |
||
150 |
45 |
5.75 |
|
60, 75, 95, 110 |
5.5 |
||
200 |
45 |
6.25 |
|
60, 75, 95, 110 |
6.0 |
||
150 |
6.5 |
||
250 |
45 |
6.75 |
|
60, 150 |
6.5 |
||
200 |
7.0 |
||
350 |
200 |
7.0 |
|
250 |
7.5 |
||
450 |
200 |
7.5 |
7.00 |
250 |
8.0 |
7.50 |
|
350 |
8.5 |
8.00 |
|
550 |
200 |
8.0 |
7.50 |
350 |
9.0 |
8.25 |
|
450 |
10.0 |
9.25 |
|
650 |
200 |
8.5 |
8.00 |
350 |
9.5 |
8.50 |
|
550 |
10.5 |
9.50 |
|
750 |
250 |
9.0 |
8.50 |
450 |
10.0 |
9.50 |
|
650 |
11.0 |
10.25 |
Source: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective Relaying, Newark, NJ, 1970. With permission. BIL, basic impulse insulation level.
Standard Impedance Limits for Power Transformers above 10,000 kVA
Highest-Voltage Winding (BIL kV) |
Low-Voltage Winding, BIL kV (For Intermediate BIL, Use Value for Next Higher BIL Listed) |
At kVA Base Equal to 55°C Rating of Largest Capacity Winding |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Cooled (OA), Self-Cooled Rating of Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled (OA/FA), Self-Cooled Rating of Self-Cooled/Forced-Air, Forced-Oil Cooled (OA/FOA) Standard Impedance (%) |
Forced-Oil Cooled (FOA and FOW) Standard Impedance (%) |
||||||||
Ungrounded Neutral Operation |
Grounded Neutral Operation |
Ungrounded Neutral Operation |
Grounded Neutral Operation |
||||||
Min. |
Max. |
Min. |
Max. |
Min. |
Max. |
Min. |
Max. |
||
110 and below |
110 and below |
5.0 |
6.25 |
8.25 |
10.5 |
||||
150 |
110 |
5.0 |
6.25 |
8.25 |
10.5 |
||||
200 |
110 |
5.5 |
7.0 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
||||
150 |
5.75 |
7.5 |
9.75 |
12.75 |
|||||
250 |
150 |
5.75 |
7.5 |
9.5 |
12.75 |
||||
200 |
6.25 |
8.5 |
10.5 |
14.25 |
|||||
350 |
200 |
6.25 |
8.5 |
10.25 |
14.25 |
||||
250 |
6.75 |
9.5 |
11.25 |
15.75 |
|||||
450 |
200 |
6.75 |
9.5 |
6.0 |
8.75 |
11.25 |
15.75 |
10.5 |
14.5 |
250 |
7.25 |
10.75 |
6.75 |
9.5 |
12.0 |
17.25 |
11.25 |
16.0 |
|
350 |
7.75 |
11.75 |
7.0 |
10.25 |
12.75 |
18.0 |
12.0 |
17.25 |
|
550 |
200 |
7.25 |
10.75 |
6.5 |
9.75 |
12.0 |
18.0 |
10.75 |
16.5 |
350 |
8.25 |
13.0 |
7.25 |
10.75 |
13.25 |
21.0 |
12.0 |
18.0 |
|
450 |
8.5 |
13.5 |
7.75 |
11.75 |
14.0 |
22.5 |
12.75 |
19.5 |
|
650 |
200 |
7.75 |
11.75 |
7.0 |
10.75 |
12.75 |
19.5 |
11.75 |
18.0 |
350 |
8.5 |
13.5 |
7.75 |
12.0 |
14.0 |
22.5 |
12.75 |
19.5 |
|
450 |
9.25 |
14.0 |
8.5 |
13.5 |
15.25 |
24.5 |
14.0 |
22.5 |
|
750 |
250 |
8.0 |
12.75 |
7.5 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
21.25 |
12.5 |
19.25 |
450 |
9.0 |
13.75 |
8.25 |
13.0 |
15.0 |
24.0 |
13.75 |
21.5 |
|
650 |
10.25 |
15.0 |
9.25 |
14.0 |
16.5 |
25.0 |
15.0 |
24.0 |
|
825 |
250 |
8.5 |
13.5 |
7.75 |
12.0 |
14.25 |
22.5 |
13.0 |
20.0 |
450 |
9.5 |
14.25 |
8.75 |
13.5 |
15.75 |
24.0 |
14.5 |
22.25 |
|
650 |
10.75 |
15.75 |
9.75 |
15.0 |
17.25 |
26.25 |
15.75 |
24.0 |
|
900 |
250 |
8.25 |
12.5 |
13.75 |
21.0 |
||||
450 |
9.25 |
14.0 |
15.25 |
23.5 |
|||||
750 |
10.25 |
15.0 |
16.5 |
25.5 |
|||||
1050 |
250 |
8.75 |
13.5 |
14.75 |
22.0 |
||||
550 |
10.0 |
15.0 |
16.75 |
25.0 |
|||||
825 |
11.0 |
16.5 |
18.25 |
27.5 |
|||||
1175 |
250 |
9.25 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
23.0 |
||||
550 |
10.5 |
15.75 |
17.5 |
25.5 |
|||||
900 |
12.0 |
17.5 |
19.5 |
29.0 |
|||||
1300 |
250 |
9.75 |
14.5 |
16.25 |
24.0 |
||||
550 |
11.25 |
17.0 |
18.75 |
27.0 |
|||||
1050 |
12.5 |
18.25 |
20.75 |
30.5 |
Source: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective Relaying, Newark, NJ, 1970. With permission. BIL, basic impulse insulation level.
60 Hz Characteristics of Three-Conductor Belted Paper-Insulated Cables
Voltage Class |
Insulation Thickness (mils) |
Circular Mils or AWG (B & S) |
Type of Conductore |
Weight/1000 ft |
Diameterd or Sector Depth (in.) |
Resistancea (Ω/mi) |
GMR of One Conductorb (in.) |
Positive and Negative Sequences |
Zero Sequence |
Sheath |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conductor |
Belt |
Series Reactance (Ω/mi) |
Shunt Capacitive Reactancec (Ω/mi) |
GMR— Three Conductorse |
Series Resistanced (Ω/mi) |
Series Reactanced (Ω/mi) |
Shunt Capacitive Reactancec (Ω/mi) |
Thickness (mils) |
Resistance (Ω/mi) at 50°C |
|||||||
1 kV |
60 |
35 |
6 |
SR |
1,500 |
0.184 |
2.50 |
0.067 |
0.185 |
6300 |
0.184 |
10.66 |
0.315 |
11,600 |
85 |
2.69 |
60 |
35 |
4 |
SR |
1,910 |
0.232 |
1.58 |
0.084 |
0.175 |
5400 |
0.218 |
8.39 |
0.293 |
10,200 |
90 |
2.27 |
|
60 |
35 |
2 |
SR |
2,390 |
0.292 |
0.987 |
0.106 |
0.165 |
4700 |
0.262 |
6.99 |
0.273 |
9,000 |
90 |
2.00 |
|
60 |
35 |
1 |
SR |
2,820 |
0.332 |
0.786 |
0.126 |
0.165 |
4300 |
0.295 |
6.07 |
0.256 |
8,400 |
95 |
1.76 |
|
60 |
35 |
0 |
SR |
3,210 |
0.373 |
0.622 |
0.142 |
0.152 |
4000 |
0.326 |
5.54 |
0.246 |
7,900 |
95 |
1.64 |
|
60 |
35 |
00 |
CS |
3,160 |
0.323 |
0.495 |
0.151 |
0.138 |
2800 |
0.290 |
5.96 |
0.250 |
5,400 |
95 |
1.82 |
|
60 |
35 |
000 |
CS |
3,650 |
0.364 |
0.392 |
0.171 |
0.134 |
2300 |
0.320 |
5.46 |
0.241 |
4,500 |
95 |
1.69 |
|
60 |
35 |
0000 |
CS |
4,390 |
0.417 |
0.310 |
0.191 |
0.131 |
2000 |
0.355 |
4.72 |
0.237 |
4,000 |
100 |
1.47 |
|
60 |
35 |
250,000 |
CS |
4,900 |
0.455 |
0.263 |
0.210 |
0.129 |
1800 |
0.387 |
4.46 |
0.224 |
3,600 |
100 |
1.40 |
|
60 |
35 |
300,000 |
CS |
5,660 |
0.497 |
0.220 |
0.230 |
0.128 |
1700 |
0.415 |
3.97 |
0.221 |
3,400 |
105 |
1.25 |
|
60 |
35 |
350,000 |
CS |
6,310 |
0.539 |
0.190 |
0.249 |
0.126 |
1500 |
0.446 |
3.73 |
0.216 |
3,100 |
105 |
1.18 |
|
60 |
35 |
400,000 |
CS |
7,080 |
0.572 |
0.166 |
0.265 |
0.124 |
1500 |
0.467 |
3.41 |
0.214 |
2,900 |
110 |
1.08 |
|
60 |
35 |
500,000 |
CS |
8,310 |
0.642 |
0.134 |
0.297 |
0.123 |
1300 |
0.517 |
3.11 |
0.208 |
2,600 |
110 |
0.993 |
|
65 |
40 |
600,000 |
CS |
9,800 |
0.700 |
0.113 |
0.327 |
0.122 |
1200 |
0.567 |
2.74 |
0.197 |
2,400 |
115 |
0.877 |
|
65 |
40 |
750,000 |
CS |
11,800 |
0.780 |
0.091 |
0.366 |
0.121 |
1100 |
0.623 |
2.40 |
0.194 |
2,100 |
120 |
0.771 |
|
3 kV |
70 |
40 |
6 |
SR |
1,680 |
0.184 |
2.50 |
0.067 |
0.192 |
6700 |
0.192 |
9.67 |
0.322 |
12,500 |
90 |
2.39 |
70 |
40 |
4 |
SR |
2,030 |
0.232 |
1.58 |
0.084 |
0.181 |
5800 |
0.227 |
8.06 |
0.298 |
11,200 |
90 |
2.16 |
|
70 |
40 |
2 |
SR |
2,600 |
0.292 |
0.987 |
0.106 |
0.171 |
5100 |
0.271 |
6.39 |
0.278 |
9,800 |
95 |
1.80 |
|
70 |
40 |
1 |
SR |
2,930 |
0.332 |
0.786 |
0.126 |
0.181 |
4700 |
0.304 |
5.83 |
0.263 |
9,200 |
95 |
1.68 |
|
70 |
40 |
0 |
SR |
3,440 |
0.373 |
0.622 |
0.142 |
0.158 |
4400 |
0.335 |
5.06 |
0.256 |
8,600 |
100 |
1.48 |
|
70 |
40 |
00 |
CS |
3,300 |
0.323 |
0.495 |
0.151 |
0.142 |
3500 |
0.297 |
5.69 |
0.259 |
6,700 |
95 |
1.73 |
|
70 |
40 |
000 |
CS |
3,890 |
0.364 |
0.392 |
0.171 |
0.138 |
2700 |
0.329 |
5.28 |
0.246 |
5,100 |
95 |
1.63 |
|
70 |
40 |
0000 |
CS |
4,530 |
0.417 |
0.310 |
0.191 |
0.135 |
2400 |
0.367 |
4.57 |
0.237 |
4,600 |
100 |
1.42 |
|
70 |
40 |
250,000 |
CS |
5,160 |
0.455 |
0.263 |
0.210 |
0.132 |
2100 |
0.396 |
4.07 |
0.231 |
4,200 |
105 |
1.27 |
|
70 |
40 |
300,000 |
CS |
5,810 |
0.497 |
0.220 |
0.230 |
0.130 |
1900 |
0.424 |
3.82 |
0.228 |
3,800 |
105 |
1.20 |
|
70 |
40 |
350,000 |
CS |
6,470 |
0.539 |
0.190 |
0.249 |
0.129 |
1800 |
0.455 |
3.61 |
0.219 |
3,700 |
105 |
1.14 |
|
70 |
40 |
400,000 |
CS |
7,240 |
0.572 |
0.166 |
0.265 |
0.128 |
1700 |
0.478 |
3.32 |
0.218 |
3,400 |
110 |
1.05 |
|
70 |
40 |
500,000 |
CS |
8,660 |
0.642 |
0.134 |
0.297 |
0.126 |
1500 |
0.527 |
2.89 |
0.214 |
3,000 |
115 |
0.918 |
|
75 |
40 |
600,000 |
CS |
9,910 |
0.700 |
0.113 |
0.327 |
0.125 |
1400 |
0.577 |
2.68 |
0.210 |
2,800 |
115 |
0.855 |
|
75 |
40 |
750,000 |
CS |
11,920 |
0.780 |
0.091 |
0.366 |
0.123 |
1300 |
0.633 |
2.37 |
0.204 |
2,500 |
120 |
0.758 |
|
5 kV |
105 |
55 |
6 |
SR |
2,150 |
0.184 |
2.50 |
0.067 |
0.215 |
8500 |
0.218 |
8.14 |
0.342 |
15,000 |
95 |
1.88 |
100 |
55 |
4 |
SR |
2,470 |
0.232 |
1.58 |
0.084 |
0.199 |
7600 |
0.250 |
6.86 |
0.317 |
13,600 |
95 |
1.76 |
|
95 |
50 |
2 |
SR |
2,900 |
0.292 |
0.987 |
0.106 |
0.184 |
6100 |
0.291 |
5.88 |
0.290 |
11,300 |
95 |
1.63 |
|
90 |
45 |
1 |
SR |
3,280 |
0.332 |
0.786 |
0.126 |
0.171 |
5400 |
0.321 |
5.23 |
0.270 |
10,200 |
100 |
1.48 |
|
90 |
45 |
0 |
SR |
3,660 |
0.373 |
0.622 |
0.142 |
0.165 |
5000 |
0.352 |
4.79 |
0.259 |
9,600 |
100 |
1.39 |
|
85 |
45 |
00 |
CS |
3,480 |
0.323 |
0.495 |
0.151 |
0.148 |
3600 |
0.312 |
5.42 |
0.263 |
9,300 |
95 |
1.64 |
|
85 |
45 |
000 |
CS |
4,080 |
0.364 |
0.392 |
0.171 |
0.143 |
3200 |
0.343 |
4.74 |
0.254 |
6,700 |
100 |
1.45 |
|
85 |
45 |
0000 |
CS |
4,720 |
0.417 |
0.310 |
0.191 |
0.141 |
2800 |
0.380 |
4.33 |
0.245 |
8,300 |
100 |
1.34 |
|
85 |
45 |
250,000 |
CS |
5,370 |
0.455 |
0.263 |
0.210 |
0.138 |
2600 |
0.410 |
3.89 |
0.237 |
7,800 |
105 |
1.21 |
|
85 |
45 |
300,000 |
CS |
6,050 |
0.497 |
0.220 |
0.230 |
0.135 |
2400 |
0.438 |
3.67 |
0.231 |
7,400 |
105 |
1.15 |
|
5 kV |
85 |
45 |
350,000 |
CS |
6,830 |
0.539 |
0.190 |
0.249 |
0.133 |
2200 |
0.470 |
3.31 |
0.225 |
7,000 |
110 |
1.04 |
85 |
45 |
400,000 |
CS |
7,480 |
0.572 |
0.166 |
0.265 |
0.131 |
2000 |
0.493 |
3.17 |
0.221 |
6,700 |
110 |
1.00 |
|
85 |
45 |
500,000 |
CS |
8,890 |
0.642 |
0.134 |
0.297 |
0.129 |
1800 |
0.542 |
2.79 |
0.216 |
6,200 |
115 |
0.885 |
|
85 |
45 |
600,000 |
CS |
10,300 |
0.700 |
0.113 |
0.327 |
0.128 |
1600 |
0.587 |
2.51 |
0.210 |
5,800 |
120 |
0.798 |
|
85 |
45 |
750,000 |
CS |
12,340 |
0.780 |
0.091 |
0.366 |
0.125 |
1500 |
0.643 |
2.21 |
0.206 |
5,400 |
125 |
0.707 |
|
8 kV |
130 |
65 |
6 |
SR |
2,450 |
0.184 |
2.50 |
0.067 |
0.230 |
9600 |
0.236 |
7.57 |
0.353 |
16,300 |
95 |
1.69 |
125 |
65 |
4 |
SR |
2,900 |
0.232 |
1.58 |
0.084 |
0.212 |
8300 |
0.269 |
6.08 |
0.329 |
14,500 |
100 |
1.50 |
|
115 |
60 |
2 |
SR |
3,280 |
0.292 |
0.987 |
0.106 |
0.193 |
6800 |
0.307 |
5.25 |
0.302 |
12,500 |
100 |
1.42 |
|
110 |
55 |
1 |
SR |
3,560 |
0.332 |
0.786 |
0.126 |
0.179 |
6100 |
0.338 |
4.90 |
0.280 |
11,400 |
100 |
1.37 |
|
110 |
55 |
0 |
SR |
4,090 |
0.373 |
0.622 |
0.142 |
0.174 |
5700 |
0.368 |
4.31 |
0.272 |
10,700 |
105 |
1.23 |
|
105 |
55 |
00 |
CS |
3,870 |
0.323 |
0.495 |
0.151 |
0.156 |
4300 |
0.330 |
4.79 |
0.273 |
8,300 |
100 |
1.43 |
|
105 |
55 |
000 |
CS |
4,390 |
0.364 |
0.392 |
0.171 |
0.151 |
3800 |
0.362 |
4.41 |
0.263 |
7,400 |
100 |
1.34 |
|
105 |
55 |
0000 |
CS |
5,150 |
0.417 |
0.310 |
0.191 |
0.147 |
3500 |
0.399 |
3.88 |
0.254 |
6,600 |
105 |
1.19 |
|
105 |
55 |
250,000 |
CS |
5,830 |
0.455 |
0.263 |
0.210 |
0.144 |
3200 |
0.428 |
3.50 |
0.246 |
6,200 |
110 |
1.08 |
|
105 |
55 |
300,000 |
CS |
6,500 |
0.497 |
0.220 |
0.230 |
0.141 |
2900 |
0.458 |
3.31 |
0.239 |
5,600 |
110 |
1.03 |
|
105 |
55 |
350,000 |
CS |
7,160 |
0.539 |
0.190 |
0.249 |
0.139 |
2700 |
0.489 |
3.12 |
0.233 |
5,200 |
110 |
0.978 |
|
105 |
55 |
400,000 |
CS |
7,980 |
0.572 |
0.166 |
0.265 |
0.137 |
2500 |
0.513 |
2.86 |
0.230 |
4,900 |
115 |
0.899 |
|
105 |
55 |
500,000 |
CS |
9,430 |
0.642 |
0.134 |
0.297 |
0.135 |
2200 |
0.563 |
2.53 |
0.224 |
4,300 |
120 |
0.800 |
|
105 |
55 |
600,000 |
CS |
10,680 |
0.700 |
0.113 |
0.327 |
0.132 |
2000 |
0.606 |
2.39 |
0.218 |
3,900 |
120 |
0.758 |
|
105 |
55 |
750,000 |
CS |
12,740 |
0.780 |
0.091 |
0.366 |
0.129 |
1800 |
0.663 |
2.11 |
0.211 |
3,500 |
125 |
0.673 |
|
15 kV |
170 |
85 |
2 |
SR |
4,350 |
0.292 |
0.987 |
0.106 |
0.217 |
8600 |
0.349 |
4.20 |
0.323 |
15,000 |
110 |
1.07 |
165 |
80 |
1 |
SR |
4,640 |
0.332 |
0.786 |
0.126 |
0.202 |
7800 |
0.381 |
3.88 |
0.305 |
13,800 |
110 |
1.03 |
|
160 |
75 |
0 |
SR |
4,990 |
0.373 |
0.622 |
0.142 |
0.193 |
7100 |
0.409 |
3.62 |
0.288 |
12,800 |
110 |
1.00 |
|
155 |
75 |
00 |
SR |
5,600 |
0.419 |
0.495 |
0.159 |
0.185 |
6500 |
0.439 |
3.25 |
0.280 |
12,000 |
115 |
0.918 |
|
155 |
75 |
000 |
SR |
6,230 |
0.470 |
0.392 |
0.178 |
0.180 |
6000 |
0.476 |
2.99 |
0.272 |
11,300 |
115 |
0.867 |
|
155 |
75 |
0000 |
SR |
7,180 |
0.528 |
0.310 |
0.200 |
0.174 |
5600 |
0.520 |
2.64 |
0.263 |
10,600 |
120 |
0.778 |
|
155 |
75 |
250,000 |
SR |
7,840 |
0.575 |
0.263 |
0.218 |
0.168 |
5300 |
0.555 |
2.50 |
0.256 |
10,200 |
120 |
0.744 |
|
155 |
75 |
300,000 |
CS |
7,480 |
0.497 |
0.220 |
0.230 |
0.155 |
5400 |
0.507 |
2.79 |
0.254 |
7,900 |
115 |
0.855 |
|
155 |
75 |
350,000 |
CS |
8,340 |
0.539 |
0.190 |
0.249 |
0.152 |
5100 |
0.536 |
2.54 |
0.250 |
7,200 |
120 |
0.784 |
|
155 |
75 |
400,000 |
CS |
9,030 |
0.572 |
0.166 |
0.265 |
0.149 |
4900 |
0.561 |
2.44 |
0.245 |
6,900 |
120 |
0.758 |
|
155 |
75 |
500,000 |
CS |
10,550 |
0.642 |
0.134 |
0.297 |
0.145 |
4600 |
0.611 |
2.26 |
0.239 |
6,200 |
125 |
0.690 |
|
155 |
75 |
600,000 |
CS |
12,030 |
0.700 |
0.113 |
0.327 |
0.142 |
4300 |
0.656 |
1.97 |
0.231 |
5,700 |
130 |
0.620 |
|
155 |
75 |
750,000 |
CS |
14,190 |
0.780 |
0.091 |
0.366 |
0.139 |
4000 |
0.712 |
1.77 |
0.226 |
5,100 |
135 |
0.558 |
Source: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, East Pittsburgh, PA, 1964.
a AC resistance based on 100% conductivity at 65°C including 2% allowance for stranding.
b GMR of sector-shaped conductors is an approximate figure close enough for most practical applications.
c Dielectric constant = 3.7.
d Based on all return current in the sheath; none in ground.
e See Figure 7, p. 67, of Ref. [1]. The following symbols are used to designate the cable types: SR, stranded round; CS, compact sector.
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