Appendix C: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
by CRC Press
Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 3rd Edition
- Preliminaries
- Dedication
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Author
- Chapter 1 Distribution System Planning and Automation
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Distribution System Planning
- 1.3 Factors Affecting System Planning
- 1.4 Present Distribution System Planning Techniques
- 1.5 Distribution System Planning Models
- 1.6 Distribution System Planning in the Future
- 1.7 Future Nature of Distribution Planning
- 1.8 Central Role of the Computer in Distribution Planning
- 1.9 Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation
- 1.10 Distribution System Automation
- 1.11 Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Figure 1.1
- Table 1.1
- Chapter 2 Load Characteristics
- Chapter 3 Application of Distribution Transformers
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Types of Distribution Transformers
- 3.3 Regulation
- 3.4 Transformer Efficiency
- 3.5 Terminal or Lead Markings
- 3.6 Transformer Polarity
- 3.7 Distribution Transformer Loading Guides
- 3.8 Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
- 3.9 Single-Phase Transformer Connections
- 3.10 Three-Phase Connections
- 3.11 Three-Phase Transformers
- 3.12 T or Scott Connection
- 3.13 Autotransformer
- 3.14 Booster Transformers
- 3.15 Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers
- 3.16 Nature of Zero-Sequence Currents
- 3.17 Zigzag Power Transformers
- 3.18 Grounding Transformers Used in the Utility Systems
- 3.19 Protection Scheme of a Distribution Feeder Circuit
- Problems
- References
- Figure 3.1
- Figure 3.1
- Figure 3.2
- Figure 3.3
- Figure 3.4
- Figure 3.5
- Figure 3.6
- Figure 3.7
- Figure 3.8
- Figure 3.9
- Figure 3.10
- Figure 3.11
- Figure 3.12
- Figure 3.13
- Figure 3.14
- Figure 3.15
- Figure 3.16
- Figure 3.17
- Figure 3.18
- Figure 3.19
- Figure 3.20
- Figure 3.21
- Figure 3.22
- Figure 3.23
- Figure 3.24
- Figure 3.25
- Figure 3.26
- Figure 3.27
- Figure 3.28
- Figure 3.29
- Figure 3.30
- Figure 3.31
- Figure 3.32
- Figure 3.33
- Figure 3.34
- Figure 3.35
- Figure 3.36
- Figure 3.37
- Figure 3.38
- Figure 3.39
- Figure 3.40
- Figure 3.41
- Figure 3.42
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- Figure 3.55
- Figure 3.56
- Figure 3.57
- Figure 3.58
- Figure 3.59
- Figure 3.60
- Figure 3.61
- Figure 3.62
- Figure 3.63
- Figure 3.64
- Figure 3.65
- Figure 3.66
- Figure 3.67
- Figure 3.68
- Figure 3.69
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- Figure 3.71
- Figure 3.72
- Figure 3.73
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- Figure 3.79
- Figure 3.80
- Figure 3.81
- Figure 3.82
- Figure 3.83
- Figure 3.84
- Figure 3.85
- Figure 3.86
- Figure 3.87
- Figure 3.88
- Figure P3.1
- Figure P3.3
- Figure P3.6
- Figure P3.7
- Figure P3.8
- Table 3.1
- Chapter 4 Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Subtransmission
- 4.3 Distribution Substations
- 4.4 Substation Bus Schemes
- 4.5 Substation Location
- 4.6 Rating of a Distribution Substation
- 4.7 General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders
- 4.8 Comparison of the Four- and Six-Feeder Patterns
- 4.9 Derivation of the K Constant
- 4.10 Substation Application Curves
- 4.11 Interpretation of Percent Voltage Drop Formula
- 4.12 Capability of Facilities
- 4.13 Substation Grounding
- 4.14 Substation Grounding
- 4.15 Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
- 4.16 Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
- 4.17 Step Voltage Design Calculations
- 4.18 Types of Ground Faults
- 4.19 Ground Potential Rise
- 4.20 Transmission Line Grounds
- 4.21 Types of Grounding
- 4.22 Transformer Classifications
- Problems
- References
- Figure 4.1
- Figure 4.1
- Figure 4.2
- Figure 4.3
- Figure 4.4
- Figure 4.5
- Figure 4.6
- Figure 4.7
- Figure 4.8
- Figure 4.9
- Figure 4.10
- Figure 4.11
- Figure 4.12
- Figure 4.13
- Figure 4.14
- Figure 4.15
- Figure 4.16
- Figure 4.17
- Figure 4.18
- Figure 4.19
- Figure 4.20
- Figure 4.21
- Figure 4.22
- Figure 4.23
- Figure 4.24
- Figure 4.25
- Figure 4.26
- Figure 4.27
- Figure 4.28
- Figure 4.29
- Figure 4.30
- Figure 4.31
- Figure 4.32
- Figure 4.33
- Figure 4.34
- Figure 4.35
- Figure 4.36
- Figure 4.37
- Figure 4.38
- Figure 4.39
- Figure 4.40
- Figure 4.41
- Figure 4.42
- Figure 4.43
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- Figure 4.48
- Figure 4.49
- Figure 4.50
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- Figure 4.52
- Figure 4.53
- Figure 4.54
- Figure 4.55
- Figure 4.56
- Figure 4.57
- Figure 4.58
- Figure 4.59
- Figure 4.60
- Table 4.1
- Chapter 5 Design Considerations of Primary Systems
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Radial-Type Primary Feeder
- 5.3 Loop-Type Primary Feeder
- 5.4 Primary Network
- 5.5 Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels
- 5.6 Primary-Feeder Loading
- 5.7 Tie Lines
- 5.8 Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development
- 5.9 Radial-Type Development
- 5.10 Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load
- 5.11 Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load
- 5.12 Application of the A, B, C, D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders
- 5.13 Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
- 5.14 Primary System Costs
- Problems
- References
- Figure 5.1
- Figure 5.1
- Figure 5.2
- Figure 5.3
- Figure 5.4
- Figure 5.5
- Figure 5.6
- Figure 5.7
- Figure 5.8
- Figure 5.9
- Figure 5.10
- Figure 5.11
- Figure 5.12
- Figure 5.13
- Figure 5.14
- Figure 5.15
- Figure 5.16
- Figure 5.17
- Figure 5.18
- Figure 5.19
- Figure 5.20
- Figure 5.21
- Figure 5.22
- Figure 5.23
- Figure 5.24
- Figure 5.25
- Figure 5.26
- Figure 5.27
- Figure 5.28
- Figure 5.29
- Figure 5.30
- Figure 5.31
- Figure 5.32
- Figure 5.33
- Figure 5.34
- Figure 5.35
- Figure 5.36
- Figure 5.37
- Table 5.1
- Chapter 6 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Secondary Voltage Levels
- 6.3 Present Design Practice
- 6.4 Secondary Banking
- 6.5 Secondary Networks
- 6.6 Spot Networks
- 6.7 Economic Design of Secondaries
- 6.7.1 Patterns and Some of the Variables
- 6.7.2 Further Assumptions
- 6.7.3 General TAC Equation
- 6.7.4 Illustrating the Assembly of Cost Data
- 6.7.5 Illustrating the Estimation of Circuit Loading
- 6.7.6 Developed Total Annual Cost Equation
- 6.7.7 Minimization of the Total Annual Costs
- 6.7.8 Other Constraints
- 6.8 Unbalanced Load and Voltages
- 6.9 Secondary System Costs
- Problems
- References
- Figure 6.1
- Table 6.1
- Chapter 7 Voltage-Drop and Power-Loss Calculations
- Chapter 8 Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
- 8.1 Basic Definitions
- 8.2 Power Capacitors
- 8.3 Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors
- 8.4 Power Factor Correction
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Concept of Leading and Lagging Power Factors
- 8.4.3 Economic Power Factor
- 8.4.4 Use of a Power Factor Correction Table
- 8.4.5 Alternating Cycles of a Magnetic Field
- 8.4.6 Power Factor of a Group of Loads
- 8.4.7 Practical Methods Used by the Power Industry for Power Factor Improvement Calculations
- 8.4.8 Real Power-Limited Equipment
- 8.4.9 Computerized Method to Determine the Economic Power Factor
- 8.5 Application of Capacitors
- 8.6 Economic Justification for Capacitors
- 8.6.1 Benefits due to Released Generation Capacity
- 8.6.2 Benefits due to Released Transmission Capacity
- 8.6.3 Benefits due to Released Distribution Substation Capacity
- 8.6.4 Benefits due to Reduced Energy Losses
- 8.6.5 Benefits due to Reduced Voltage Drops
- 8.6.6 Benefits due to Released Feeder Capacity
- 8.6.7 Financial Benefits due to Voltage Improvement
- 8.6.8 Total Financial Benefits due to Capacitor Installations
- 8.7 Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location
- 8.8 Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation
- 8.9 Further Thoughts on Capacitors and Improving Power Factors
- 8.10 Capacitor Tank–Rupture Considerations
- 8.11 Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems
- Problems
- References
- Figure 8.1
- Figure 8.1
- Figure 8.2
- Figure 8.3
- Figure 8.4
- Figure 8.5
- Figure 8.6
- Figure 8.7
- Figure 8.8
- Figure 8.9
- Figure 8.10
- Figure 8.11
- Figure 8.12
- Figure 8.13
- Figure 8.14
- Figure 8.15
- Figure 8.16
- Figure 8.17
- Figure 8.18
- Figure 8.19
- Figure 8.20
- Figure 8.21
- Figure 8.22
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- Figure 8.24
- Figure 8.25
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- Figure 8.27
- Figure 8.28
- Figure 8.29
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- Figure 8.31
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- Figure 8.33
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- Figure 8.39
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- Figure 8.46
- Figure 8.47
- Figure 8.48
- Figure 8.49
- Figure 8.50
- Figure 8.51
- Figure 8.52
- Table 8.1
- Chapter 9 Distribution System Voltage Regulation
- Chapter 10 Distribution System Protection
- 10.1 Basic Definitions
- 10.2 Overcurrent Protection Devices
- 10.3 Objective of Distribution System Protection
- 10.4 Coordination of Protective Devices
- 10.5 Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination
- 10.6 Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination
- 10.7 Recloser-to-Fuse Coordination
- 10.8 Recloser-to-Substation Transformer High-Side Fuse Coordination
- 10.9 Fuse-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
- 10.10 Recloser-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
- 10.11 Fault-Current Calculations
- 10.12 Fault-Current Calculations in Per Units
- 10.13 Secondary-System Fault-Current Calculations
- 10.13.1 Single-Phase 120/240 V Three-Wire Secondary Service
- 10.13.2 Three-Phase 240/120 or 480/240 V Wye–Delta or Delta–Delta Four-Wire Secondary Service
- 10.13.3 Three-Phase 240/120 or 480/240 V Open-Wye Primary and Four-Wire Open-Delta Secondary Service
- 10.13.4 Three-Phase 208Y/120 V, 480Y/277 V, or 832Y/480 V Four-Wire Wye–Wye Secondary Service
- 10.14 High-Impedance Faults
- 10.15 Lightning Protection
- 10.16 Insulators
- Problems
- References
- Figure 10.1
- Figure 10.1
- Figure 10.2
- Figure 10.3
- Figure 10.4
- Figure 10.5
- Figure 10.6
- Figure 10.7
- Figure 10.8
- Figure 10.9
- Figure 10.10
- Figure 10.11
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- Figure 10.34
- Figure 10.35
- Figure 10.36
- Figure 10.37
- Figure 10.38
- Figure 10.39
- Figure 10.40
- Figure 10.41
- Figure P10.1
- Table 10.1
- Chapter 11 Distribution System Reliability
- 11.1 Basic Definitions
- 11.2 National Electric Reliability Council
- 11.3 Appropriate Levels of Distribution Reliability
- 11.4 Basic Reliability Concepts and Mathematics
- 11.5 Series Systems
- 11.6 Parallel Systems
- 11.7 Series and Parallel Combinations
- 11.8 Markov Processes
- 11.9 Development of the State-Transition Model to Determine the Steady-State Probabilities
- 11.10 Distribution Reliability Indices
- 11.11 Sustained Interruption Indices
- 11.12 Other Indices (Momentary)
- 11.13 Load- and Energy-Based Indices
- 11.14 Usage of Reliability Indices
- 11.15 Benefits of Reliability Modeling in System Performance
- 11.16 Economics of Reliability Assessment
- Problems
- References
- Figure 11.1
- Figure 11.1
- Figure 11.2
- Figure 11.3
- Figure 11.4
- Figure 11.5
- Figure 11.6
- Figure 11.7
- Figure 11.8
- Figure 11.9
- Figure 11.10
- Figure 11.11
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- Figure 11.15
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- Figure 11.17
- Figure 11.18
- Figure 11.19
- Figure 11.20
- Figure 11.21
- Figure 11.22
- Figure 11.23
- Figure 11.24
- Figure P11.12
- Figure P11.13
- Figure P11.14
- Table 11.1
- Chapter 12 Electric Power Quality
- 12.1 Basic Definitions
- 12.2 Definition of Electric Power Quality
- 12.3 Classification of Power Quality
- 12.4 Types of Disturbances
- 12.5 Measurements of Electric Power Quality
- 12.6 Power in Passive Elements
- 12.7 Harmonic Distortion Limits
- 12.8 Effects of Harmonics
- 12.9 Sources of Harmonics
- 12.10 Derating Transformers
- 12.11 Neutral Conductor Overloading
- 12.12 Capacitor Banks and Power Factor Correction
- 12.13 Short-Circuit Capacity or MVA
- 12.14 System Response Characteristics
- 12.15 Bus Voltage Rise and Resonance
- 12.16 Harmonic Amplification
- 12.17 Resonance
- 12.18 Harmonic Control Solutions
- 12.19 Harmonic Filter Design
- 12.20 Load Modeling in the Presence of Harmonics
- Problems
- References
- Figure 12.1
- Table 12.1
- Chapter 13 Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Renewable Energy
- 13.3 Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation
- 13.4 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems
- 13.5 Distributed Generation
- 13.6 Renewable Energy Penetration
- 13.7 Active Distribution Network
- 13.8 Concept of Microgrid
- 13.9 Wind Energy and Wind Energy Conversion System
- 13.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
- 13.9.2 Advantages of a Wind Energy Conversion System
- 13.9.3 Disadvantages of a Wind Energy Conversion System
- 13.9.4 Categories of Wind Turbines
- 13.9.5 Types of Generators Used in Wind Turbines
- 13.9.6 Wind Turbine Operating Systems
- 13.9.7 Meteorology of Wind
- 13.9.8 Effects of a Wind Force
- 13.9.9 Impact of Tower Height on Wind Power
- 13.9.10 Wind Measurements
- 13.9.11 Characteristics of a Wind Generator
- 13.9.12 Efficiency and Performance
- 13.9.13 Efficiency of a Wind Turbine
- 13.9.14 Grid Connection
- 13.9.15 Some Further Issues Related to Wind Energy
- 13.9.16 Development of Transmission System for Wind Energy in the United States
- 13.9.17 Energy Storage
- 13.9.18 Wind Power Forecasting
- 13.10 Solar Energy
- 13.10.1 Solar Energy Systems
- 13.10.2 Crystalline Silicon
- 13.10.3 Effect of Sunlight on Solar Cell’s Performance
- 13.10.4 Effects of Changing Strength of the Sun on a Solar Cell
- 13.10.5 Temperature’s Effect on Cell Characteristics
- 13.10.6 Efficiency of Solar Cells
- 13.10.7 Interconnection of Solar Cells
- 13.10.8 Overall System Configuration
- 13.10.9 Thin-Film PV
- 13.10.10 Concentrating PV
- 13.10.11 PV Balance of Systems
- 13.10.12 Types of Conversion Technologies
- 13.10.13 Linear CSP Systems
- 13.10.14 Power Tower CSP Systems
- 13.10.15 Dish/Engine CSP Systems
- 13.10.16 PV Applications
- Problems
- References
- General References
- Figure 13.1
- Figure 13.1
- Figure 13.2
- Figure 13.3
- Figure 13.4
- Figure 13.5
- Figure 13.6
- Figure 13.7
- Figure 13.8
- Figure 13.9
- Figure 13.10
- Figure 13.11
- Figure 13.12
- Figure 13.13
- Figure 13.14
- Figure 13.15
- Figure 13.16
- Figure 13.17
- Figure 13.18
- Figure 13.19
- Figure 13.20
- Figure 13.21
- Figure 13.22
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- Figure 13.24
- Figure 13.25
- Figure 13.26
- Figure 13.27
- Figure 13.28
- Figure 13.29
- Figure 13.30
- Figure 13.31
- Figure 13.32
- Figure 13.33
- Figure 13.34
- Table 13.1
- Chapter 14 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Power Utility Systems
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Storage Systems
- 14.3 Storage Devices
- 14.4 Battery Types
- 14.5 Operational Problems in Battery Usage
- 14.6 Fuel Cells
- References
- Figure 14.1
- Table 14.1
- Chapter 15 Concept of Smart Grid and Its Applications
- 15.1 Basic Definitions
- 15.2 Introduction
- 15.3 Need for Establishment of Smart Grid
- 15.4 Smart Grid Applications versus Business Objectives
- 15.5 Roots of the Motivation for the Smart Grid
- 15.6 Distribution Automation
- 15.7 Active Distribution Networks
- 15.8 Integration of Smart Grid with the Distribution Management System
- 15.9 Volt/VAR Control in Distribution Networks
- 15.10 Existing Electric Power Grid
- 15.11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
- 15.12 Advanced SCADA Concepts
- 15.13 Advanced Developments for Integrated Substation Automation
- 15.14 Evolution of Smart Grid
- 15.15 Smart Microgrids
- 15.16 Topology of a Microgrid
- 15.17 Future of a Smart Grid
- 15.18 Standards of Smart Grids
- 15.19 Asset Management
- 15.20 Existing Challenges to the Application of the Concept of Smart Grids
- 15.21 Evolution of Smart Grid
- References
- Figure 15.1
- Figure 15.1
- Figure 15.2
- Figure 15.3
- Figure 15.4
- Figure 15.5
- Figure 15.6
- Figure 15.7
- Figure 15.8
- Figure 15.9
- Figure 15.10
- Figure 15.11
- Figure 15.12
- Figure 15.13
- Figure 15.14
- Figure 15.15
- Figure 15.16
- Figure 15.17
- Figure 15.18
- Figure 15.19
- Figure 15.20
- Figure 15.21
- Figure 15.22
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- Figure 15.24
- Figure 15.25
- Figure 15.26
- Figure 15.27
- Figure 15.28
- Figure 15.29
- Figure 15.30
- Figure 15.31
- Figure 15.32
- Figure 15.33
- Figure 15.34
- Figure 15.35
- Figure 15.36
- Figure 15.37
- Figure 15.38
- Figure 15.39
- Figure 15.40
- Table 15.1
- Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables
- Appendix B: Graphic Symbols Used in Distribution System Design
- Appendix C: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
- Appendix D: The Per-Unit System
- Appendix E: Glossary for Distribution System Terminology
- Notation
- Answers to Selected Problems
Appendix C
Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
Some of the frequently used device numbers are listed in the following. A complete list and definitions are given in ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.2-1079.
- 1. Master element: normally used for hand-operated devices
- 2. Time-delay starting or closing relay
- 3. Checking or interlocking relay
- 4. Master contactor
- 5. Stopping device
- 6. Starting circuit breaker
- 7. Anode circuit breaker
- 8. Control power disconnecting device
- 9. Reversing device
- 10. Unit sequence switch
- 12. Synchronous-speed device
- 14. Underspeed device
- 15. Speed- or frequency-matching device
- 17. Shunting or discharge switch
- 18. Accelerating or decelerating device
- 20. Electrically operated valve
- 21. Distance relay
- 23. Temperature control device
- 25. Synchronizing or synchronism-check device
- 26. Apparatus thermal device
- 27. Undervoltage relay
- 29. Isolating contactor
- 30. Annunciator relay
- 32. Directional power relay
- 37. Undercurrent or underpower relay
- 46. Reverse-phase or phase-balance relay
- 47. Phase-sequence voltage relay
- 48. Incomplete-sequence relay
- 49. Machine or transformer thermal relay
- 50. Instantaneous overcurrent or rate-of-rise relay
- 51. AC time overcurrent relay
- 52. AC circuit breaker: mechanism-operated contacts are as follows:
- 52a, 52aa: open when breaker, closed when breaker contacts closed
- 52b, 52bb: operates just as mechanism motion start; known as high-speed contacts
- 55. Power factor relay
- 57. Short-circuiting or grounding device
- 59. Overvoltage relay
- 60. Voltage or current balance relay
- 62. Time-delay stopping or opening relay
- 64. Ground detector relay
- 67. AC directional overcurrent relay
- 68. Blocking relay
- 69. Permissive control device
- 72. AC circuit breaker
- 74. Alarm relay
- 76. DC overcurrent relay
- 78. Phase-angle measuring or out-of-step protective relay
- 79. AC reclosing relay
- 80. Flow switch
- 81. Frequency relay
- 82. DC reclosing relay
- 83. Automatic selective control or transfer relay
- 84. Operating mechanism
- 85. Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay
- 86. Lockout relay
- 87. Differential protective relay
- 89. Line switch
- 90. Regulating device
- 91. Voltage directional relay
- 92. Voltage and power directional relay
- 93. Field-changing contactor
- 94. Tripping or trip-free relay
-
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