N
n-butyl alcohol, dehydration of, 505
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 633
Net rates
batch reactor series reactions, 311
CSTRs
liquid phase, 324
series reactions, 314
MCMT production, 699
membrane reactors, 329
parallel reactions, 300, 304, 611
PBR gas phase reactions, 320
PFR complex reactions with heat effects, 618
of reaction, 73
Newberger, Tim, 111
Nishimura, H., 596
Nitration reactions, 327
Nitroaniline from ammonia and ONCB, 672– 674
batch operation with heat exchange, 677– 678
isothermal operation, 675
Nitrogen
ammonia from, 440
from benzene diazonium chloride, 93
Nitrogen dioxide
from nitrogen oxide, 409
from reversible gas-phase
Nitrogen oxides
in automobile emissions, 290– 291, 507– 509
nitrogen dioxide from, 409
surface-limited reactions, 440
Nitrogen tetroxide decomposition, 132– 137
Nitrous oxides in plant explosion, 645, 709– 710
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 633
Non-adiabatic energy balance, 524
Noncompetitive inhibition, 377– 379
Nondissociated adsorption, 432
Nonelementary rate laws, 78– 82, 350– 351
chain reactions in, 359
CRE web site material, 404– 407
mechanism searches in, 355– 359
questions and problems, 407– 417
supplementary reading, 417– 418
Nonenzymatic lipoprotein, 317
Nongrowth associated product formation, 389– 390
Nonisothermal reactions, 609
steady-state. See Steady-state nonisothermal reactors
unsteady-state. See Unsteady-state nonisothermal reactors
Nonlinear least-squares, 332
Nonlinear regression
batch reactor data analysis, 271– 276
ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 473– 474
Michaelis-Menten equation, 369– 370
toluene hydrodemethylation, 462– 463
Nonreactive trajectories, molecular simulations, 96
Nonseparable kinetics in catalyst deactivation, 475
Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane couple, 109
Normal pentane, octane number of, 453– 454
Novoseven, 318
Nuclear processes, Fermi work on, 31
Nuclear reactor problem, 745
Nuclear region in cells, 382
Number in chemical species, 4
Numerical techniques
adiabatic tubular reactors, 532
batch reactor data analysis, 264– 265
differential equations. See Differential forms and equations
equal-area graphical differentiation, 716– 717
integrals
numerical evaluation of, 719– 720
for membrane reactors, 233
semilog graphs, 721
software packages, 721
Nutrients in cell growth, 388– 389
O
Octane, butyl alcohol for, 504
Octane number
interstage heat transfer in, 547
from lead, 482
in petroleum refining, 452– 455
ODE solvers. See Ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers
Oil, engine, 410
Olefins from dimerize propylene, 55
Ollis, D. F., 383
One-third rule, 720
Open systems, first law of thermodynamics for, 517– 518
Operating conditions in parallel reactions, 306– 309
Operating costs in ethylene glycol production, 200– 201
Optimum feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 550– 553
Optimum yield in batch reactor series reactions, 312
Optoid compound, 211
Orazov, Marat, 662
Orbital distortions, 89
Order of magnitude of time in batch operation, 155
Ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers
adiabatic tubular reactors, 532
catalyst decay, 500
gas phase, 221
molar flow rates, 246
mole balances, 23
multiple reactions, 297– 299, 332
Organic reactions, liquid-phase, 116
Orthonitroanaline from ammonia and ONCB, 143– 144
Orthonitrochlorobenzene (ONCB)
orthonitroaniline from, 143– 144
Oscillating reactions, 339
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 420
Other work term in energy balance, 518– 519
Overall mass balance, 238
Overall mass transfer coefficient, 230
Overall selectivity
membrane reactors, 328
Overall yield in multiple reactions, 296
Oxidation
membrane reactors for, 327
Oxidation problem, 746
Oxidoreductases enzymes, 361
Oxygen in water splitting, 509– 510
Ozone reactions with alkenes, 290
P
Pacheco, M. A., 481
Packed-bed reactors (PBRs), 12, 18– 23
catalyst poisoning in, 483– 484
design equations for, 99
flow reactor design equations, 39– 40
gas-phase reactions, 148
with heat exchange, 521
acetic anhydride production, 584– 592
butane isomerization, 576– 583
mole balances, 18– 19, 218– 222
ODE solvers algorithms for, 203– 204
for toluene hydrodemethylation, 464– 466
Para-xylene, 421
Parallel reactions, 294
PFRs with heat effects, 610– 613
reactor selection and operating conditions, 306– 309
Parameters
butane isomerization, 536– 537
CSTRs with multiple reactions, 615
ethyl acetate saponification, 689
ethylene oxide production, 196
membrane reactors, 233
multiple reactions, 615
nonlinear regression, 273
PFRs with heat effects, 619
propylene glycol production, 668, 681– 685
straight-through transport reactors, 495
toluene hydrodemethylation, 461– 463
tubular reactor design, 175– 176
Partial oxidation, membrane reactors for, 327
Partial pressures
in sulfur dioxide rate law, 129– 132
Particle size
in internal diffusion, 429– 430
PBRs. See Packed-bed reactors (PBRs)
Peach Bottom nuclear reactor problem, 745
Pellets in internal diffusion, 429
Penicillium chrysogenum formation, 385
Perfect mixing in CSTRs, 13, 38, 301
PFRs. See Plug-flow reactors (PFRs)
competitive inhibition, 373– 375
CRE web site material, 404– 407
in drinking and driving, 340– 341
questions and problems, 407– 417
supplementary reading, 417– 418
Tarzlon, 341
Phases
cell growth, 385
gas. See Gas phase and gas-phase reactions
heterogeneous reactions, 7
liquid. See Liquid phase and liquid-phase reactions Phosgene production, 213– 214
Photochemical decay of aqueous bromine, 290
Photos of real reactors, 26
Physical adsorption, 423
Picasso’s reactor, 17
Pipes, pressure drop in, 182– 185
Platinum on alumina as reforming catalyst, 453– 454
Plug flow in tubular reactor design, 171, 174
Plug-flow reactors (PFRs), 12, 14– 18
butane isomerization, 535– 538
complex reactions with heat effects, 617– 624
CSTRs in series as approximation of, 53– 59
for gas-phase reactions, 150– 152
acetic anhydride production, 584– 592
butane isomerization, 576– 583
parallel reactions, 305– 306, 610– 613
in series, 54
Point of no return in nitroaniline production, 677
Poisoning
Scotland Yard problems, 107, 211– 212
Polanyi-Semenov equation, 95
Polished wafers in microelectronic fabrication, 468
Polyesters
ethylene glycol for, 165
from ethylene oxide, 194
Polymath program
acetic anhydride production, 586– 591
blood clotting, 318
butane isomerization, 537– 538, 578, 580– 581
CSTRs
with multiple reactions, 616– 617
unsteady-state operation, 683– 685
energy balance, 524
ethyl acetate saponification, 689
ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 473– 475
ethylene oxide production, 197– 199
feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 552
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 491– 492
glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 397
instructions, 721
isothermal reactors, 203
membrane reactors, 233– 234, 330– 331
methyl bromide production, 241– 242
Michaelis-Menten equation, 369– 370
multiple reactions, 330– 331, 616– 617, 692
nitroaniline production, 677
nitrogen oxide production, 225– 226
nonlinear regression, 273– 276, 393– 394
PBR gas phase reactions, 321– 322
propylene glycol production, 599– 600, 669– 670, 683– 685
semibatch reactors, 692
straight-through transport reactors, 496
toluene hydrodemethylation, 462– 463, 465
trityl-methanol reaction, 262– 263
tubular reactors, 532
variable volumetric flow rate, 133– 134
Polymerization
bioreactors, 382
professional reference shelf for, 406
Polymers production, 381
Pore closure in catalyst deactivation, 477
Porous catalyst systems, 421
Potatoes, cooking, 102
Potential energy in energy balance, 519
Power law
and elementary rate laws, 75– 77
in gas phase, 220
for homogeneous reactions, 256
Practical stability limit
CSTR unsteady-state operation, 681
propylene glycol production, 684
Pressure
conversion factors for, 724
in flow reactors with variable volumetric flow rate, 122
in sulfur dioxide rate law, 129– 132
Pressure drop
in ethylene oxide production, 194– 199
in isothermal reactor design, 177, 219
flow through packed beds, 178– 182
tubular reactors with heat exchange, 569
Price in ethylene glycol production,200– 201
Probability functions in stochastic modeling, 97
Product-enzyme complex, 370– 371
Product formation in cell growth, 388– 394
Production rate in dilution, 400– 401
Products, catalyst poisoning by, 484
Professional reference shelf
active intermediates, enzymatic reactions, pharmacokinetic models, and bioreactors, 406- 407
catalysts, 501
conversion and reactor sizing, 66
flow reactors with heat exchange,637– 638
isothermal reactor design, 205
multiple reactions, 337
nonisothermal reactor design
steady-state, 556
rate data collection and analysis, 286
rate laws and stoichiometry, 101– 102
Promoters, 422
Propagation step in chain reactions, 359
Propane, dehydrogenation for, 231
Propylene
from cumene, 5
in Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics,441– 442
Propylene glycol production
adiabatic reactors, 596– 600, 666– 671
CSTR unsteady-state operation, 681– 685
Propylene oxide, propylene glycol from, 596– 600
Prostaglandin, inhibiting production of, 373
Prothrombin, 318
Pseudo-steady-state hypothesis (PSSH), 349
for active intermediates, 351– 354
for adsorption, 441
for epidemiology, 411
first-order rate law, 354– 355
rate laws derived from, 456
Pursley, J. A., 278
Pyridine hydro-chloride, 261
Q
Q term in CSTRs with heat effects, 592– 595
Quarderer, G. C., 283
Questions and problems
active intermediates, enzymatic reactions, pharmacokinetic models, and bioreactors, 407- 417
conversion and reactor sizing, 67– 70
flow reactors with heat exchange, 639– 659
isothermal reactor design, 206– 216
nonisothermal reactors
rate data collection and analysis, 287– 291
R
Radial variations in tubular reactors, 624
Radioactive decay, 72
Raney nickel, 421
Rate constant
adsorption, 432
Rate data collection and analysis, 255
nonlinear regression, 271– 276
computer simulations and experiments, 287
CRE web site material, 285– 286
data analysis algorithm, 256– 257
differential reactors, 276– 283
experimental planning in, 283
interactive computer games, 287
questions and problems, 287– 291
supplementary reading, 291– 292
Rate laws, 71
acetic anhydride production, 585
adiabatic equilibrium temperature, 543
adsorption, 432
aliphatic alcohol, 358
azomethane decomposition, 353
batch reactors, 153– 154, 265– 270, 310
bioreactors, 399
butane isomerization, 535, 577– 578
derived from PSSH, 456
temperature dependence of, 456– 457
cell growth, 385– 388, 390, 392– 393
computer simulations and experiments, 104
CRE web site material for, 102– 103
CSTRs
with cooling coils, 601
liquid phase, 324
multiple reactions, 614
single, 160
unsteady-state operation, 682
cumene decomposition, 451
dehydration butanol of alumina, 212
ethyl acetate saponification, 687
ethylene glycol production, 157, 159, 166
ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 472– 473
ethylene oxide production, 195
feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 551
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 490
glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 396
homogeneous reactions, 258
inhibition
competitive, 373
noncompetitive, 377
substrate, 379
uncompetitive, 376
irreversible surface-reaction-limited, 455
isothermal reactor design, 177– 178, 219
methyl bromide production, 241
multiple reactions, 299, 329, 332, 614, 691– 692
nitroaniline production, 673– 674
nitrogen oxide production, 224
nonelementary. See Nonelementary rate laws
nonlinear regression for, 274– 275
PBR gas phase reactions, 319– 320, 572– 573
PFR reactors
complex reactions, 618
parallel, 611
volume for first-order gas-phase reaction, 150– 151
propylene glycol production, 597, 667, 682
from PSSH, 456
questions and problems, 103– 109
reactor sizing and design, 99– 100
semibatch reactors, 237, 241, 325, 691– 692
steady-state nonisothermal reactor design, 516
straight-through transport reactors, 495
supplementary reading for, 109
surface-reaction-limited irreversible isomerization, 456
surface reactions in catalysts, 436– 437
temperature dependence of, 456– 457
toluene hydrodemethylation, 457– 459, 461, 464, 466
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 266– 270
trityl-methanol reaction, 263
tubular reactors
for urea
decomposition, 370
variable volumetric flow rate, 135– 136
web sites for, 739
Rate-limiting
in catalytic reactions, 439– 441
Rate of change of energy with time, 725
Rate of desorption, 438
Rate of detachment in adsorption, 432
Rate of disappearance of substrate, 365
Rate of formation
azomethane decomposition, 353
in relative rates of reaction, 72– 74
azomethane decomposition, 352
catalysts in diffusion, 425
CSTRs, 13
multiple reactions, 296
nonlinear regression for, 272
temperature effects, 107
Rate of removal in membrane reactors, 230
Rate of transport in membrane reactors, 230
Rate selectivity parameter in parallel reactions, 301
Reactants and reactant concentrations
catalyst poisoning by, 484
continuous-flow reactors, 41
in conversion, 34
desired products for, 300– 306
differential reactors, 276– 277
energy of formation of, 87
multiple reactions, 295
semibatch reactors, 233
Reaction coordinates, 86
Reaction mechanisms, searching for, 355– 359
Reaction rate constant, 74, 85– 95
Reaction rate law
catalyst deactivation, 476
catalyst decay, 478
Reaction steps with catalysts, 425– 426
Reaction surface area in heterogeneous reactions, 7
Reaction time in batch reactors, 153– 159
Reaction yields in multiple reactions, 296
Reactions
rates. See Rate of reaction
temperature effects on, 94– 95
Reactive distillation, 237
Reactive intermediates, 456
Reactive trajectories in molecular simulations, 96
Reactor design, heterogeneous data analysis, 457– 467
Reactor lab
explanation of, 738
isothermal reactor design, 205
rate data collection, 287
Reactor-rate constant in adiabatic operations, 672
Reactor staging with interstate cooling or heating, 546– 550
butane isomerization, 57
continuous-flow reactors, 41– 42
conversion factors, 724
ideal gases, 723
membrane reactors, 229
in space time, 61
tubular reactors, 172
Reactors. See also specific reactor types by name
in parallel reactions, 306– 309
in rate data analysis, 256
CSTRs and PFRs combination, 55– 59
CSTRs and PFRs comparisons, 59– 60
PFRs, 54
sizing. See Conversion and reactor sizing
for toluene hydrodemethylation, 463– 467
Reciprocal concentrations, 260
Reciprocal power decay rate law, 485
Recycle reactors, 205
Recycle stream in parallel reactions, 305
Reforming process, 453
Regression
in activation energy determinations, 93
batch reactor data analysis, 271– 276
ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 473– 474
Michaelis-Menten equation, 369– 370
toluene hydrodemethylation, 462– 463
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 270
Relative rates of reaction
batch reactor series reactions, 310
CSTR liquid phase, 324
defined, 72
MCMT production, 699
multiple reactions, 299
parallel reactions, 611
PBR gas phase reactions, 320
PFR complex reactions with heat effects, 618
stoichiometric coefficients, 73– 74
Removal rate in membrane reactors, 230
Residence time distributions (RTDs), 222
Reversible gas-phase decompositions, 132– 137
Reversible isomerization, 456
Reversible reactions, 72
Rhizobium trifollic, 388
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 381– 382
Ribosomes, 382
RTDs (residence time distributions), 222
Runaway reactions
batch reactors with interrupted isothermal operation, 672– 679
parallel reactions, 306
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 395– 398
Saddle points, 86
Safety
ethylene glycol, 170
exothermic reactions, 632– 634, 672– 678
Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SAChE) program, 633– 634
Santa Ana winds, 29
Scale-up of batch reactor data, 152
Scavengers with active intermediaries, 358
Schmitz, R. A., 602
Searching
in nonlinear regression, 272– 273
Second-order ODE solutions, 719
Second-order rate laws, 78
Second-order reactions, 76
batch reactor data analysis, 260
irreversible, 163
isothermal, 154– 155, 240– 243
multiple steady states, 605
Second reactors in interstage cooling, 548
Secondary nutrients, 390
Seitz, Nick, 293
Selectivity
CSTRs, 324
liquid-phase reactions, 237, 324, 326
membrane reactors for, 235, 327– 331
multiple reactions, 295– 296, 300, 327– 331
parallel reactions, 305
PBR gas phase reactions, 320
PFR complex reactions with heat effects, 618
semibatch reactors, 326
temperature effects on, 304
Semibatch reactors, 236
with heat exchangers, 679– 689
multiple reactions in, 690– 693
unsteady-state operation, 237– 243
Semiconductor fabrication
chemical vapor deposition in, 469– 472
overview, 467
Sensors, microreactors for, 222
Separable kinetics in catalyst deactivation, 475– 476, 484
Separating variables with pressure drop, 187
Separation systems, economic incentive for, 295
Sequencing of reactors, 59– 60
PFRs, 54
Series reactions, 294
Seveso accidental release, 633
Shaft work in energy balance, 518– 519
Silicon dioxide for microelectronic devices, 468– 469
Simplifications
rate data analysis, 256
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 266
Simpson’s one-third rule, 720
Simpson’s three-eighths rule, 720
Simpson’s three-point formula, 58
Single-site mechanisms
surface reactions in, 436, 455
Site balance
adsorption isotherms, 431
cumene adsorption, 446
Sizing reactors. See Conversion and reactor sizing
Small molecule synthesis, 382
Small-scale operations, 10
Smog formation, 29
Soap, saponification for, 117– 118
Socrates, 1
Sodium bicarbonate, ethylene glycol from, 252
Sodium hydroxide in saponification, 117
Sodium in MCMT production, 695
Sodium thiosulfate, 602
Software packages. See also specific software packages by name
Excel, 736
instructions, 721
Reactor Lab, 738
Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment, 738
Wolfram, 735
Solar energy
biochar gasification, 347
chemical storage, 109
field design, 346
Solid catalysts in PBRs, 18
Solvents from ethylene oxide, 194
Spaghetti, cooking, 206
Spartan program, 351
Specialty chemicals, 222
and variable volumetric flow rate, 121– 123
Specific rate of product formation, 389– 391
Specific reaction rate, 74, 85– 95
Spectroscopic measurements, 455
Spherical bacteria growth, 383
Spherical reactors, 205
Stability rates
CSTR unsteady-state operation, 681
propylene glycol production, 684
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) in space velocity, 63
Starch, hydrolysis of, 413
Stationary phase
substrate balance, 395
Steady-state bifurcation, 638
Steady state in CSTRs, 13
Steady-state molar flow rates, 525– 527
Steady-state nonisothermal reactors, 515
adiabatic operation. See Adiabatic operations
computer simulations and experiments, 557– 558
CRE web site material, 555– 556
energy balance. See Energy balances equilibrium conversion. See Equilibrium conversions
with heat exchange. See Flow reactors information required for, 516– 517
questions and problems, 556– 562
supplementary reading, 563
Steady-state operation in chemostats, 399– 400
Steady state time, 236
Stern-Volmer equation, 356– 359
Stirred reactors
CSTRs. See Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
unsteady-state operation
overview, 236
Stochastic modeling, molecular simulations, 96– 99
Stoichiometric coefficients
in conversion, 34
in relative rates of reaction, 73
acetic anhydride production, 585
adiabatic equilibrium temperature, 543
batch systems, 113– 119, 153– 154
butane isomerization, 536, 577– 578
catalyst decay, 479
computer simulations and experiments, 141– 142
CRE web site material, 140
CSTRs
with cooling coils, 601
single, 160
ethyl acetate saponification, 687
ethylene glycol production, 157, 166– 167
ethylene oxide production, 195
feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 551
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 491
glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 396
interactive computer games, 142
isothermal reactors, 219
liquid phase, 325
MCMT production, 699
membrane reactors, 232– 233, 330
multiple reactions, 299, 330, 692
nitroaniline production, 674
nitrogen oxide production, 225
PBR gas phase, 321
PFRs
with heat effects, 572– 573, 611– 612, 618– 619
propylene glycol production, 597, 667, 682
questions and problems, 141– 145
reversible reactions and equilibrium conversion, 132– 137
semibatch reactors, 241, 325, 692
steady-state nonisothermal reactors, 516
straight-through transport reactors, 495
supplementary reading, 145
toluene hydrodemethylation reactors, 464, 466
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 266
tubular reactors
adiabatic, 533
STP (standard temperature and pressure) in space velocity, 63
Straight-through transport reactors (STTRs), 492– 496
Streptomyces aureofaciens, 401– 402
Stuart Prower factor, 318
Styrene from ethylbenzene, 230– 231, 657
Subscripts, 743
Substrates
and dilution rate, 400
enzyme-substrate complex, 360– 362
inhibition by, 376– 377, 379– 380
mass balances, 395
in Michaelis-Menten equation, 364– 366, 371
microelectronic fabrication, 467– 468
Sulfonation reactions, 327
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid
DDT production, 6
ethylene glycol production, 201
professional reference shelf for, 638
Sums of squares
ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 474
multiple reaction analysis, 332
nonlinear regression, 272, 276
Superficial mass velocity, 194
Supplementary reading
catalysts, 514
conversion and reactor sizing, 70
flow reactors with heat exchange, 659
isothermal reactor design, 216
molar flow rates, 254
mole balances, 32
multiple reactions, 347
nonisothermal reactors
steady-state, 563
unsteady-state, 713
rate data collection and analysis, 291– 292
rate laws, 109
stoichiometry, 145
Supported catalysts, 422
Surface area
catalyst deactivation, 477– 478
membrane reactors, 230
microreactors, 222
Surface-catalyzed reactions, 222
Surface-reaction-limited operations
cumene decomposition, 451
irreversible isomerization, 456
irreversible rate laws, 455
Surface reactions
microelectronic fabrication, 468
toluene hydrodemethylation, 460
Surfactants from ethylene oxide, 194
Switch grass, 346
Synthesizing chemical plant design, 199– 201
System volume in mole balance equation, 8
Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert, 565
T
T2 Laboratories explosion, 632– 633, 694– 702
Tarzlon, 341
Taylor, H. S., 424
Taylor series for energy balance, 593
t-Butyl alcohol (TBA), 504
Temperature. See also Heat effects and activation energy, 94– 95
adiabatic operations in batch reactors, 670– 672
in adsorption, 432
conversion factors, 724
in CSTRs, 13
in enzymatic reactions, 372
in flow reactors with variable volumetric flow rate, 122
nonisothermal reactors
steady-state. See Steady-state nonisothermal reactors
unsteady-state. See
Unsteady-state
nonisothermal reactors
selectivity affected by, 304
Temperature-concentration phase planes, 681
Temperature-time trajectories, catalyst deactivation of, 486– 488
Tenebrionid beetles, 106
Terephthalic acid (TPA), 343
Termination step in chain reactions, 359
Termolecular reactions, 72
Tessier equation, 387
Testing new processes, batch reactors for, 10
Thermal decomposition of isopropyl isocyanate, 291
Thermodynamic equilibrium constant, 82, 727– 732
Thermodynamically limited reactions, 227
Thermodynamics
equilibrium conversion from, 544
in reversible reactions, 85
Third-order reactions, 76
Three-eighths rule, 720
Three-point rule, 720
Thrombin in blood clotting, 318
Tic-Tac interactive game, 247
Time
concentration, 258
in energy rate change, 725
in growth rates, 387
Time order of magnitude in batch systems, 155
Tissue factor in blood clotting, 317– 318
Titanium dioxide, 510
TOF (turnover frequency), 424
Toluene
hydrodemethylation of, 81, 457– 467
from methylcyclohexane, 511
para-xylene from, 421
xylene from, 512
Total collective mass, 5
Total concentrations in flow reactors, 127
Total cycle time in batch systems, 155
Total energy in first law of thermodynamics, 517
Total enzyme concentration, 363– 364
Total mass, 5
Total molar flow rate
Total volume
PFRs in series, 54
Toxic intermediates, 222
TPA (terephthalic acid), 343
Trains of reactors with interstage heating, 562
Trajectories, molecular simulations, 96
Transferases enzymes, 361
Transfers in microreactors, 222
Transition state theory, 103
Transition states and energy barriers, 87
Transport
with catalysts, 425
in membrane reactors, 230, 232, 329
Trapezoidal rule, 719
Triethanolamine formation, 294
Triphenyl methyl chloride, 266– 270
Trityl-methanol reaction, 261– 263
Troubleshooting
isothermal reactors, 210
Truman, Harry S, 515
Tubes
in microreactors, 222
in pressure drop, 194
Tubular reactors, 14– 18, 212– 213
gas-phase reactions, 14, 170– 173
hemoglobin deoxygenation in, 288
plug-flow. See Plug-flow reactors (PFRs)
radial and axial variations, 624
space time in, 61
Turbulent flow, packed bed pressure drop, 184
Turnover frequency (TOF), 424
Turnover number in Michaelis-Menten equation, 364
Two-point rule, 719
Tyrosinase, 360
U
Ultraformers, 205
Ultrasonic waves, light from, 356– 359
Unbound enzyme concentration, 362
Uncompetitive inhibition, 376– 377
Underground wet oxidation problem, 746
Undesired products in multiple reactions, 295
Uniform surfaces, adsorption in, 435
Unimolecular reactions, 72
Units, conversion factors for, 724– 725
Unstable steady-state temperatures, 607– 608
Unsteady-state nonisothermal reactors,661
batch reactors
with interrupted isothermal operation, 672– 679
computer simulations and experiments, 706– 709
CRE web site material, 704– 705
mole balances, 663
questions and problems, 706– 713
supplementary reading, 713
Unsteady-state operation of stirred reactors, 236– 243, 681– 685
Unsupported catalysts, 422
Unwanted products in parallel reactions,306– 307
batch reactor calculations, 370– 372
Michaelis-Menten equation, 364– 370
User-friendly form of energy balance,665
V
Vacant sites in cumene adsorption, 446
Valves in microreactors, 222
Van de Vusse kinetics, 337
Vanadium oxides, 510
Vanadium triisopropoxide (VTIPO), 510
Van’t Hoff’s equation, 728
Vapor-phase reactions, irreversible endothermic, 560
Variable heat capacities, 556
Variable temperature in energy balance,522
Variable volume in gas phase flow
Variable volumetric flow rate, 121– 132
Variance in ethylene hydrogenation to ethane, 474
Vat reactors. See Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
Vejtasa, S. A., 602
Venting in MCMT production, 698
Vermont Safety Information Resources,Inc. (Vermont SIRI), 170
Vibrational energy, 350
Vinyl allyl ether, 3
Viscosity, conversion factors for, 724
Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment, 27, 738
Volume. See Reactor volume
Volumetric feed rate in chemostats, 399
Volumetric flow, 120
differential reactors, 277– 278
ethylene oxide production, 197
tubular reactors, 173
Voorhies, A., 480
VTIPO (vanadium triisopropoxide), 510
W
Wafer fabrication
chemical vapor deposition in, 469– 472
overview, 468
Wash-out in cell growth, 400– 402
Washington, Booker T., 71
Water
Water-gas shift reaction, equilibrium constant in, 730– 732
Watson, K. M., 439
Web site material. See CRE web site material
Web sites for rate law data, 739
Weighted least squares analysis, 286
Wet oxidation problem, 746
Wolfram program
activation energy, 91
energy balance, 517
explanation of, 735
glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 397– 398
optimum feed temperature, 552
PBR gas phase reactions, 323
reversible gas phase reactions, 203– 204
Wooden, John, 33
Work, conversion factors for, 724
Work term in energy balance, 518– 520
X
Xylene
isomers, 656
from toluene, 512
Y
Yeasts, 412
doubling times, 387
growth of, 383
Yields
in bioconversions, 381
in multiple reactions, 296
series reactions in batch reactors, 312
Z
Zeolite catalysts, 421
Zero-order reactions, 75, 259– 260
Zewail, Ahmed, 351