Index

Special Characters

_ALL_ keyword

Using PROC CONTENTS
Specifying Variable Lists as Array Elements
Specifying All Character or All Numeric Variables

_CHARACTER_ keyword

Specifying Variable Lists as Array Elements
Specifying All Character Variables

_ERROR_ automatic variable

DATA step iterations and

Iterations of the DATA Step
Compilation Phase
Execution Phase

functionality

initializing variables

PUT statement and

_N_ automatic variable

DATA step processing and

End of the DATA Step
Compilation Phase
Execution Phase
Execution Phase [2]

functionality

Program Data Vector (PDV)
DO Group Actions for Header Records

PUT statement and

_NULL_ keyword

_NUMERIC_ keyword

Specifying Variable Lists as Array Elements
Specifying All Numeric Variables

_TEMPORARY_ keyword

@ (trailing at-sign)

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Single Trailing At-Sign (@) to Hold the Current Record
Retaining the Values of Variables

@@ (double trailing at-sign)

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Double Trailing At-Sign (@@) to Hold the Current Record

@n pointer control

$BINARYw. informat

$VARYINGw. informat

$w. format

$w. informat

ampersand modifier

functionality

The Basics of Using Informats
Reading Character Values with the $w. Informat

#n pointer control

combining pointer controls

reading records non-sequentially

+n pointer control

A

ampersand modifier

The Basics of Modifying List Input
Reading Values That Contain Embedded Blanks
Processing the DATA Step

AND operator

examples

in logical operations

in SAS expressions

in WHERE statement, PRINT procedure

APPEND procedure

examples

FORCE option

functionality

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
The APPEND Procedure

requirements

appending data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
The APPEND Procedure

arguments in functions

arithmetic operators in SAS expressions

array elements

assigning initial values

creating temporary

referencing

specifying

variables lists as

ARRAY statement

arrays of character variables

assigning initial values to arrays

creating temporary array elements

creating variables

defining one-dimensional arrays

DO loop processing

Compilation and Execution
Compilation and Execution [2]

referencing array elements

specifying array name

specifying dimensions

specifying elements

syntax

variable lists as elements

arrays

concatenating names

creating one-dimensional

creating variables

defining

DO loop processing

Compilation and Execution
Compilation and Execution [2]
Using the DIM Function in an Iterative DO Statement

function arguments and

specifying dimensions

specifying names

assignment statements

conditional processing

DATA step processing

INPUT Statement
Execution Phase
Execution Phase [2]

date constants

examples

positioning SUBSTR function

SAS expressions in

asterisk (*)

attributes

See variable attributes

automatic variables

DATA step processing

PUT statement

testing programs

B

BEST12. format

BESTw. format

blanks

compressing

browsers

preferred web browser

BY clause, DO statement

Details
Decrementing DO Loops

BY statement

DESCENDING option

group processing with

Group Processing Using the BY Statement
Finding the First and Last Observations in a Group

interleaving data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Interleaving Syntax

match-merging data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Match-Merging Syntax

PRINT procedure

Requesting Subtotals
Creating a Customized Layout with BY Groups and ID Variables

SORT procedure

Example: PROC SORT
Example: Merge in Descending Order

syntax

BY variables

finding observations in subgroups

interleaving data sets

C

calculations

dates and times in

case sensitivity

format values

CATX function

functionality

syntax

CEIL function

character strings

PUT statement

searching

Overview of the INDEX Function
Overview of the FIND Function

specifying delimiters

testing programs

character variables

array processing and

creating arrays of

embedded blanks

informat support

reading range of

removing trailing blanks

Overview of the LEFT and RIGHT Functions
Overview of the TRIM Function

replacing

searching for strings

specifying value length

character-to-numeric conversions

A Word About Converting Data
Automatic Character-to-Numeric Conversion

CLASS statement, MEANS procedure

cleaning data

CLM statistic

code editing windows

resubmitting revised programs

colon (:) modifier

The Basics of Modifying List Input
Reading Nonstandard Values

column input

mixing styles

nonstandard data values and

column pointer controls

@n

+n

functionality

columns

See variables

combining data sets

by appending

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
The APPEND Procedure

by concatenating

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Concatenating Syntax

by interleaving

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Interleaving Syntax

by match-merging

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Match-Merging Syntax

by one-to-one reading

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
One-to-One Reading Syntax

excluding unmatched observations

methods for

renaming variables

comma (,)

Informat
Assigning Initial Values to Arrays

COMMA10. informat

COMMA12.2 format

COMMA6. format

COMMA8.2 format

COMMA9. informat

COMMAw.d format

Specifying SAS Formats
Field Widths

COMMAw.d informat

example

functionality

Reading Nonstandard Numeric Data with the COMMA w.d Informat
Processing the DATA Step

modify list input and

common errors

missing RUN statement

missing semicolon (;)

unbalanced quotation mark

comparison operators

compilation phase (DATA step)

data set variables

descriptor portion of data sets

diagnosing errors in

input buffer

match-merge processing

program data vector

reading data sets

syntax checking

COMPRESS function

compressing blanks

examples

compressing character strings

blanks

concatenating array names

concatenating data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Concatenating Syntax
Example: Using Concatenating to Combine Data Sets

concatenation operator (||)

Automatic Numeric-to-Character Conversion
Explicit Numeric-to-Character Conversion

conditional processing

assigning variable values

Categorizing Values
The Basics of Using SELECT Groups

assignment statements

comparison operators

DO groups

DO loops

iterative DO statement

logical operators

providing alternative actions

PUT statement and

SELECT groups

single observations per detail records

testing programs

Example: Conditional Processing
Providing an Alternative Action

CONTAINS operator

CONTENTS procedure

reading Excel data

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Using PROC CONTENTS

VARNUM option

viewing library contents

CONTENTS statement, DATASETS procedure

converting data

See data conversion

counter variables

CROSSLIST option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

CSS statistic

MEANS procedure

current record, holding with line-hold specifier

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Single Trailing At-Sign (@) to Hold the Current Record

CV statistic

MEANS procedure

D

data cleaning

data conversion

character-to-numeric

lower case

numeric-to-character

numeric-to-character conversion

upper case

data sets

See also combining data sets
See also match-merging data sets

BY-group processing

data portion

descriptor portion

Descriptor Portion
Descriptor Portion of the SAS Data Set

detecting end of

dropping and keeping variables

iteratively processing data

listing

manipulating data

missing values

naming

naming conventions

observations (rows)

reading

Reading a Single Data Set to Create Another
Understanding How Data Sets Are Read

specifying observations via system options

summarized using MEANS procedure

summarized using SUMMARY procedure

testing programs

variable attributes

Variable Attributes
Data Set Variables

variables and

viewing descriptor information

DATA step

characteristics

checking processing

column input

compilation phase

Input Buffer
Compilation Phase
The Compilation Phase: Setting Up a New Data Set

creating data sets from raw data files

creating raw data files

creating/modifying variables

debugging

describing data in programs

execution phase

Execution Phase
The Execution Phase: Match-Merging Observations

functionality

invalid data

iterations of

Iterations of the DATA Step
Processing a DATA Step That Contains an Iterative DO Loop

listing data sets

manipulating data

naming data sets

nonstandard numeric data in

PROC IMPORT

processing informats

reading Excel data

Decide How to Reference Your Data
Steps for Reading Excel Data
SET Statement

reading raw data files

repeating blocks of data

single observations per detail records

single observations per header records

specifying raw data files

specifying variable names

standard numeric data in

submitting

subsetting data

syntax

varying number of repeating fields

verifying data

writing

Naming the Data Set with the DATA Statement
SET Statement

data validation

DATALINES statement

Overview
Example: Reading Instream Data

DATASETS procedure

Viewing Libraries Using PROC DATASETS
Viewing Data Set Descriptor Information Using PROC DATASETS and the VARNUM Option

DATDIF function

SAS Date Functions
DATDIF and YRDIF Functions

DATE function

SAS Date Functions
DATE and TODAY Functions

DATE7. format

DATE9. format

Examples: Data Values and Formats
Example: Finding the Year and Month
Example: Finding the Year

dates and times

displaying

handling four-digit years

handling two-digit years

in calculations

informat support

manipulating for output

manipulating with functions

DATETIMEw. format

DATETIMEw. informat

The Basics of Using Informats
The DATETIMEw. Informat

DATEw. format

examples

Specifying SAS Formats
Overview
Completing the DATA Step

functionality

DATEw. informat

examples

functionality

syntax

DAY function

functionality

manipulating date values

syntax

Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions
Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions [2]

typical use

debugging

cleaning data

diagnosing errors in compilation phase

diagnosing errors in execution phase

validating data

decimal places, limiting

DELETE statement

example

in IF-THEN statement

delimiters

DLM= option, FILE statement

DLM= option, INFILE statement

Working with Delimiters
Reading Missing Values at the Beginning or Middle of a Record

DSD option, FILE statement

DSD option, INFILE statement

for SCAN function

free-format data

Working with Delimiters
Reading Missing Values at the Beginning or Middle of a Record

specifying multiple

within quoted strings

DESCENDING option

BY statement, SORT procedure

descriptive statistics

creating summarized data sets

OUTPUT Statement Syntax
Creating a Summarized Data Set Using PROC SUMMARY

creating tables in list format

group processing with BY statement

group processing with CLASS statement

limiting decimal places

procedure syntax

producing frequency tables

Producing Frequency Tables Using PROC FREQ
Creating Two-Way Tables

selecting statistics

specifying variables in FREQ procedure

specifying variables in MEANS procedure

detail record, single observation per

conditional processing

DATA step processing

displaying results

dropping variables

overview

reading detail records

retaining variable values

DIM function

DLM= option

FILE statement

INFILE statement

Working with Delimiters
Reading Missing Values at the Beginning or Middle of a Record

DO groups

indenting

iteratively processing data

nesting

single observations per header records

DO loops

conditionally executing

constructing

counting iterations

decrementing

functionality

index variables

Counting Iterations of DO Loops
Decrementing DO Loops
Nesting DO Loops
Examples: Referencing Elements of an Array

INPUT statement example

iterative DO statement

nesting

processing array elements

Compilation and Execution
Compilation and Execution [2]

specifying series of items

DO statement

See also iterative DO statements

BY clause

Details
Decrementing DO Loops

grouping statements

TO clause

DO UNTIL statement

Indenting and Nesting DO Groups
Overview
Using the DO UNTIL Statement
Using Conditional Clauses with the Iterative DO Statement

DO WHILE statement

counter variables

executing

functionality

Indenting and Nesting DO Groups
Overview
Using the DO WHILE Statement
Executing SAS Statements While a Condition Is True

syntax

Document destination

dollar sign ($)

arrays of character variables

in format names

informats and

Informat
Reading Character Values with the $w. Informat

name literals and

Overview
Name Literals

DOLLAR12.2 format

DOLLAR8.2 format

Format
Examples: Data Values and Formats

DOLLAR9.2 format

DOLLARw.d format

DOUBLE option, PRINT procedure

double spacing LISTING output

double trailing at-sign (@@)

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Double Trailing At-Sign (@@) to Hold the Current Record

DROP statement

Example: DROP Data Set Option
ARRAY Statement Syntax

DROP= data set option

assigning initial values to arrays

determining when to specify

examples

Dropping Variables
The INFILE Statement

selecting variables

DSD option

FILE statement

INFILE statement

E

END statement

assigning values conditionally

grouping statements

end-of-file marker

END= option, SET statement

engines

See SAS engines

eq (=) operator

error handling

correcting common errors

error types

IF-THEN/ELSE statement

in DATA step compilation phase

in DATA step execution phase

interpreting messages

invalid data

invalid option

resubmitting revised programs

semicolon errors

unbalanced quotation marks

Unbalanced Quotation Marks
Correcting the Error in the UNIX Operating Environment

validating or cleaning data

Excel data

See Microsoft Excel data

execution phase (DATA step)

diagnosing errors in

end of processing actions

End of the DATA Step
End of the Execution Phase

end-of-file marker

initializing variables

input data

input pointer

iterations of DATA step

match-merge processing

reading data sets

expressions

See SAS expressions

external files

See raw data files

F

FILE statement

DATA step processing

DLM= option

DSD option

functionality

syntax

FILENAME statement

creating data sets from raw data files

Creating a SAS Data Set from a Raw Data File
Using a FILENAME Statement

defining aggregate storage location

describing data in programs

listing data sets

naming data sets

specifying raw data files

syntax

filerefs

associating with external files

fully qualified filenames in

Defining a Fully Qualified Filename
Referencing a Fully Qualified Filename

in aggregate storage locations

Defining an Aggregate Storage Location
Referencing a File in an Aggregate Storage Location

files

See raw data files
See SAS files

FIND function

examples

functionality

syntax

FIRST.variable

examples

finding observations in subgroups

values supported

FIRSTOBS= system option

fixed-length records

FLOOR function

FLOWOVER option, INFILE statement

FMTLIB keyword

FOOTNOTE statement

canceling

examples

modifying

quotation marks in

specifying in list reports

FOOTNOTES command

FOOTNOTES window

FORCE option, APPEND procedure

FORMAT procedure

FMTLIB keyword

functionality

A Word About PROC FORMAT
The PROC FORMAT Statement

invoking

LIBRARY= option

syntax

VALUE statement

The VALUE Statement
Specifying Value Ranges
Assigning Formats to Variables

FORMAT statement

array name restrictions

assigning formats to variables

Assigning Formats to Variables
Common Tasks and Their Corresponding Statements
The WORDDATEw. Format

displaying date/time values

formatting dates

Example: Finding the Year and Month
Example: Finding the Year

functionality

syntax

formats

assigning permanent

Common Tasks and Their Corresponding Statements
The WORDDATEw. Format

assigning to variables

Assigning Formats to Variables
The WORDDATEw. Format

decimal places

defining unique

examples

field widths

for variables

functionality

permanently assigned

specifying

storing

storing permanently

writing numeric values

formatted input

@n pointer control

+n pointer control

mixing styles

modified list input comparison

reading columns in any order

syntax

forward slash (/)

specifying multiple delimiters

forward slash (/) pointer control

combining pointer controls

reading records sequentially

FRAME= option

syntax

free-format data

See raw data files

FREQ procedure

See also TABLES statement, FREQ procedure

detecting invalid data

Validating and Cleaning Data
Validating and Cleaning Data [2]

producing frequency tables

Producing Frequency Tables Using PROC FREQ
Creating Two-Way Tables

specifying variables

suppressing table information

syntax

Validating and Cleaning Data
PROC FREQ Syntax

frequency tables

creating in list format

n-way

Producing Frequency Tables Using PROC FREQ
Overview

one-way

suppressing information

two-way

functions

arguments

arrays and

character-to-numeric conversions

converting data

manipulating date/time values

syntax

target variables and

variable lists

G

ge (>=) operator

group processing

finding observations in subgroups

with BY statement

Group Processing Using the BY Statement
Finding the First and Last Observations in a Group

with CLASS statement

gt (>) operator

H

header record, single observation per

DATA step processing

determining end of external file

DO group actions

overview

reading detail records

HEXw. informat

hierarchical files

creating observation per detail record

creating observation per header record

HIGH keyword

HTML destination

HTML Link and Path Options

URL= suboption

HTML output

creating

ODS overview

overview

viewing

HTML Output

Appearance of HTML

Frame Files

Link and Path Options

The URL= Suboption
The PATH= Option

Specify Link and Path

Table of Contents

Creating HTML Output with a Table of Contents
Using the Table of Contents

HTML Table of Contents

CONTENTS= option

hyphen (-)

hypothesis testing

I

ID statement, PRINT procedure

BY statement and

VAR statement and

IF-THEN statement

assigning values conditionally

cleaning data

conditionally executing statements

DELETE statement in

DO groups

ELSE statement

examples

for flagging errors

SELECT groups

single observations per header records

DO Group Actions for Header Records
Reading Detail Records

syntax

testing programs

in operator

IN= data set option

indenting DO groups

INDEX function

functionality

syntax

index variables in DO loops

Counting Iterations of DO Loops
Decrementing DO Loops
Nesting DO Loops
Examples: Referencing Elements of an Array

INFILE statement

column input

creating data sets from raw data files

DATA step processing

INFILE Statement
Execution Phase

describing data in programs

DLM= option

Working with Delimiters
Reading Missing Values at the Beginning or Middle of a Record

DSD option

FLOWOVER option

listing data sets

MISSOVER option

Reading Missing Values at the End of a Record
Using the MISSOVER Option

OBS= option

Verifying the Code That Reads the Data
Reading the Entire Raw Data File

PAD option

SCANOVER option

single observations per header records

specifying raw data files

STOPOVER option

syntax

Specifying the Raw Data File with the INFILE Statement
The INFILE Statement

TRUNCOVER option

informats

ampersand modifier

components

DATA step processing

modifying list input

reading character values

reading dates and times

reading numeric data

specifying

initializing variables

Initializing Variables
Initializing Sum Variables

input buffer

Input Buffer
Iterations of the DATA Step

INPUT function

character-to-numeric conversion

A Word About Converting Data
Using the INPUT Function

examples

syntax

INPUT statement

creating data sets from raw data files

DATA step processing

INPUT Statement
Iterations of the DATA Step

describing data in programs

DO loop example

examples

line-hold specifier

Using the Double Trailing At-Sign (@@) to Hold the Current Record
Using the Single Trailing At-Sign (@) to Hold the Current Record

listing data sets

mixing input styles

pointer controls

Using the @n Column Pointer Control
The +n Pointer Control
The Forward Slash (/) Line Pointer Control
The #n Line Pointer Control

processing informats

processing list input

specifying informats

syntax

Describing the Data with the INPUT Statement
Using the @n Column Pointer Control
The +n Pointer Control
The Basics of List Input
INPUT Statement Syntax

variable-length records

INT function

INTCK function

examples

functionality

SAS Date Functions
Details

syntax

interface library engines

interleaving data sets

example

functionality

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Interleaving Syntax

Internal Browser option

SAS Windowing Environment
SAS Windowing Environment [2]

INTNX function

SAS Date Functions
Overview of the INTNX Function

invalid data

Invalid Data
Validating and Cleaning Data

invalid option

iterative DO statements

conditional clauses

conditional executing

DATA step example

DIM function

nesting DO loops

J

JULIANw. informat

K

KEEP statement

Example: DROP Data Set Option
ARRAY Statement Syntax

KEEP= data set option

determining when to specify

selecting variables

KURTOSIS statistic, MEANS procedure

L

LABEL option, PRINT procedure

Temporarily Assigning Labels to Variables
Example: COMMA6. Format

LABEL statement

array name restrictions

assigning labels in multiple

assigning labels in single

example

functionality

syntax

labels

assigning descriptive

assigning for variables

assigning permanent

Using Permanently Assigned Labels and Formats
Common Tasks and Their Corresponding Statements

LAST.variable

examples

finding observations in subgroups

values supported

LCLM statistic, MEANS procedure

le (<=) operator

leading blanks, removing

LEFT function

LENGTH statement

ampersand modifier

array name restrictions

examples

functionality

Avoiding Truncated Variable Values
Specifying Variable Length

specifying character value length

length, variable

Length
Specifying Variable Length

LIBNAME statement

assigning librefs

creating data sets from raw data files

defining SAS libraries

describing data in programs

listing data sets

naming data sets

reading Excel data

referencing files in other formats

specifying raw data files

syntax

libraries

See SAS libraries

LIBRARY= option, FORMAT procedure

librefs

assigning

Assigning Librefs
Assigning Librefs [2]

defined

lifespan of

verifying

line pointer controls

/ (forward slash)

#n

combining

functionality

reading records non-sequentially

reading records sequentially

line-hold specifiers

double trailing at-sign

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Double Trailing At-Sign (@@) to Hold the Current Record

overview

trailing at-sign

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Single Trailing At-Sign (@) to Hold the Current Record
Retaining the Values of Variables

list input

See modified list input

LIST option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

list reports

creating

creating tables for

double spacing output

formatting data values

generating column totals

identifying observations

selecting observations

selecting variables

sorting data

specifying footnotes

specifying titles

LISTING destination

log messages

Log window

clearing

resubmitting revised programs

logic errors

PUTLOG statement

logical operators

conditional processing

in SAS expressions

LOW keyword

LOWCASE function

Finding a String Regardless of Case
LOWCASE Function

lt (<) operator

M

Markup Languages Family destination

match-merging data sets

compilation phase

examples

execution phase

functionality

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Match-Merging Syntax

handling missing values

handling unmatched observations

selecting data

MAX statistic

MEANS procedure

Selecting Statistics
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

MAXDEC= option, MEANS procedure

MDY function

examples

functionality

missing values

MEAN statistic

MEANS procedure

Selecting Statistics
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

MEANS procedure

BY statement

CLASS statement

creating summarized data sets

descriptive statistics

detecting invalid data

Validating and Cleaning Data
Validating and Cleaning Data [2]

functionality

hypothesis testing

keywords supported

limiting decimal places

MAXDEC= option

OUTPUT statement

quantile statistics

selecting statistics

specifying variables

syntax

Validating and Cleaning Data
The PROC MEANS Step

VAR statement

Validating and Cleaning Data
Specifying Variables in PROC MEANS

MEDIAN statistic, MEANS procedure

MERGE statement

match-merging data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Match-Merging Syntax

RENAME= data set option

RETAIN statement and

syntax

merging data sets

Microsoft Excel data

CONTENTS procedure

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Using PROC CONTENTS

creating worksheets

DATA statement

Steps for Reading Excel Data
SET Statement

LIBNAME statement

name literals

named ranges

overview

PRINT procedure

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Name Literals
Printing an Excel Worksheet as a SAS Data Set

PROC IMPORT

referencing workbooks

RUN statement

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Name Literals

SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement

Decide How to Reference Your Data
Running SAS with Microsoft Excel
LIBNAME Statement Options

SET statement

steps for reading

WHERE statement, DATA step

writing the DATA step

MIN statistic

MEANS procedure

Selecting Statistics
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

missing values

at beginning/middle of record

at end of record

in match-merge processing

MDY function and

overview

MISSOVER option, INFILE statement

Reading Missing Values at the End of a Record
Using the MISSOVER Option

MMDDYY10. format

MMDDYY8. format

MMDDYYw. format

MMDDYYw. informat

examples

The Basics of Using Informats
Overview

functionality

syntax

MODE statistic

MEANS procedure

modified list input

ampersand modifier

The Basics of Modifying List Input
Reading Values That Contain Embedded Blanks

colon modifier

The Basics of Modifying List Input
Reading Nonstandard Values

formatted input comparison

mixing styles

processing

MONTH function

examples

functionality

manipulating date values

syntax

Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions
Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions [2]

typical use

multiple observations from single record

overview

reading repeating blocks of data

reading same number of repeating fields

reading varying number of repeating fields

multiple records, single observation from

line pointer controls

Using Line Pointer Controls
Combining Line Pointer Controls

overview

reading records non-sequentially

reading records sequentially

N

N statistic

MEANS procedure

Selecting Statistics
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

n-way frequency tables

Producing Frequency Tables Using PROC FREQ
Overview

naming conventions

for variables

Rules for Variable Names
Specifying Variable Names

SAS data sets

ne (^=) operator

NENGOw. informat

nesting

DO groups

DO loops

NMISS statistic

MEANS procedure

NOCOL option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

NOCUM option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

NOFREQ option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

NOOBS option, PRINT procedure

NOPERCENT option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

NOROW option, TABLES statement (FREQ)

NOT operator

Examples: Logical Operators
Examples: Logical Operators [2]

numeric variables

array processing and

identifying nonstandard data

reading nonstandard data

reading range of

reading standard data

numeric-to-character conversion

A Word About Converting Data
Automatic Numeric-to-Character Conversion

O

OBS= option, INFILE statement

Verifying the Code That Reads the Data
Reading the Entire Raw Data File

OBS= system option

observations

See also combining data sets

combining from multiple data sets

creating for DO loop iterations

creating from multiple records

creating from single record

creating per detail record

creating per header record

deleting

detecting end of data sets

finding in subgroups

identifying

limiting when testing programs

selecting in list reports

selecting matching

specifying via system options

unmatched

Handling Unmatched Observations and Missing Values
Overview

writing explicitly

ODS _ALL_ CLOSE statement

ODS (Output Delivery System)

advantages

HTML support

The ODS HTML Statement
Creating HTML Output with a Table of Contents

opening and closing destinations

ODS destinations

ODS EXCEL destination

TAGATTR= style

ODS EXCEL Statement

Syntax

ODS HTML CLOSE statement

syntax

ODS HTML statement

Table of Contents syntax

ODS HTML Statement

syntax

ODS LISTING CLOSE statement

Syntax
Closing the HTML Destination

ODS PDF Destinations

Open and Close Statements

Table of Contents

ODS PDF Statement

Statements

syntax

ODS RTF

RTF Formats

RTF Graphics

ODS RTF Destinations

Open and Close Statements

ODS RTF Statement

syntax

ODS statements

one-to-one reading of data sets

example

functionality

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
One-to-One Reading Syntax
How One-to-One Reading Works

selecting data

one-way frequency tables

operands

operators

comparison

concatenation

Automatic Numeric-to-Character Conversion
Explicit Numeric-to-Character Conversion

defined

in SAS expressions

logical

Using Operators in SAS Expressions
Examples: Logical Operators

OPTIONS statement

Options window

Results tab

SAS Enterprise Guide
SAS Enterprise Guide [2]
SAS Studio and SAS University Edition
SAS Studio and SAS University Edition [2]

OR operator

examples

in logical operations

in SAS expressions

in WHERE statement, PRINT procedure

OTHER keyword

OTHERWISE statement

output

See also HTML output

double spacing

manipulating date and times

setting system options

Output Delivery System (ODS)

EXCEL

The ODS EXCEL Statement
Details About the ODS Destination

PDF

The ODS PDF Statement
The ODS Printer Family of Statements
Opening and Closing the PDF Desintation
Working with the Table of Contents
Changing the Appearance of PDF Output

RTF

The ODS RTF Statement
Opening and Closing the RTF Destination
Understanding How RTF Formats Output
ODS RTF and Graphics

Output destination

OUTPUT statement

creating for DO loop iterations

functionality

single observations per header records

syntax

OUTPUT statement (MEANS)

OUTPUT statement, MEANS procedure

functionality

syntax

P

P1 statistic, MEANS procedure

P10 statistic, MEANS procedure

P25 statistic, MEANS procedure

P5 statistic, MEANS procedure

P50 statistic, MEANS procedure

P75 statistic, MEANS procedure

P90 statistic, MEANS procedure

P95 statistic, MEANS procedure

P99 statistic, MEANS procedure

PAD option, INFILE statement

parentheses ()

for function arguments

logical comparisons in

PATH= Option

syntax

PDV

See program data vector

PDw.d informat

PERCENTw. informat

PERCENTw.d informat

period (.)

in SAS filenames

pointer controls

/ (forward slash)

@n

#n

+n

combining

functionality

Examples: Reading Columns in Any Order
Using Line Pointer Controls

reading records non-sequentially

reading records sequentially

Preferences window

depicted

SAS Windowing Environment
SAS Enterprise Guide
SAS Studio and SAS University Edition

opening

Preferred Web Browser option

Results tab

preferred web browser

PRINT option, SUMMARY procedure

Creating a Summarized Data Set Using PROC SUMMARY
Example: Creating an Output Data Set

PRINT procedure

BY statement

Requesting Subtotals
Creating a Customized Layout with BY Groups and ID Variables

creating data sets from raw data files

creating list reports

DOUBLE option

ID statement

Example: ID Statement and VAR Statement
Creating a Customized Layout with BY Groups and ID Variables

LABEL option

Temporarily Assigning Labels to Variables
Example: COMMA6. Format

listing data sets

NOOBS option

reading Excel data

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Name Literals
Printing an Excel Worksheet as a SAS Data Set

SUM statement

The SUM Statement
Requesting Subtotals

VAR statement

The PROC PRINT Step
Example: ID Statement and VAR Statement

WHERE statement

Printer Family destination

PROBT statistic, MEANS procedure

PROC IMPORT

reading Excel data

PROC step

characteristics

missing RUN statement

OPTIONS statement and

program data vector

DATA step processing

Program Data Vector (PDV)
Iterations of the DATA Step
Iterations of the DATA Step [2]

match-merge processing

The Basics of Match-Merge Processing
The Compilation Phase: Setting Up a New Data Set
The Execution Phase: Match-Merging Observations
The Execution Phase: Match-Merging Observations [2]
Handling Unmatched Observations and Missing Values

reading data sets

Compilation Phase
Execution Phase
Execution Phase [2]
Execution Phase [3]

programming workspace

SAS libraries

PROPCASE function

PUT function

numeric-to-character conversion

A Word About Converting Data
Example: INPUT Function
Explicit Numeric-to-Character Conversion

syntax

PUT statement

automatic variables

character strings

conditional processing and

data set variables

functionality

Specifying the Raw Data File
The Basics of Creating Free-Format Data

syntax

Describing the Data
PUT Statement
The Basics of Creating Free-Format Data

testing programs

PUT Statement
Example: Data Set Variables
Providing an Alternative Action

PUTLOG statement

Q

Q1 statistic, MEANS procedure

Q3 statistic, MEANS procedure

QRANGE statistic, MEANS procedure

QTR function

functionality

manipulating date values

syntax

Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions
Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions [2]

typical use

quantile statistics

quotation marks

common errors

delimiters within strings

format names and

logical operations

numeric-to-character conversion

reading Excel data

R

RANGE statistic

MEANS procedure

raw data files

See also hierarchical files

creating

describing the data

Describing the Data with the INPUT Statement
Describing the Data

formatted input

free-format data

Free-Format Data
The Basics of Creating Free-Format Data

invalid data

Invalid Data
Invalid Data [2]

mixing input styles

modifying list input

nonstandard numeric data

processing list input

reading entire files

reading missing values

record formats

sample record layout

specifying

Specifying the Raw Data File with the INFILE Statement
Specifying the Raw Data File

specifying character value length

records

fixed-length

multiple observations from single record

single observation from multiple records

single observation per detail record

single observation per header record

variable-length

RENAME= data set option

renaming variables

repeating blocks of data, reading

repeating fields

reading same number of

reading varying number of

Results Viewer window

SAS Windowing Environment
SAS Windowing Environment [2]

RETAIN statement

DATA step processing

initializing sum variables

single observations per detail records

syntax

RIGHT function

ROUND function

rows

See observations

RTF destination

RUN statement

creating data sets from raw data files

DATA step processing

describing data in programs

listing data sets

reading Excel data

Steps for Reading Excel Data
Name Literals

S

SAS engines

interface library engines

SAS expressions

accumulating totals

arithmetic operators in

logical operators in

SELECT statements

specifying compound

specifying in list reports

SAS files

naming conventions

referencing

referencing in other formats

storing

temporary

two-level names

Referencing Permanent SAS Data Sets
Assigning Librefs
Specifying Two-Level Names

SAS formats

See formats

SAS informats

See informats

SAS libraries

creating

DATASETS procedure

defining

Predefined SAS Libraries
Defining Libraries
Assigning Librefs

deleting

storing SAS files

viewing

viewing library contents

Viewing Libraries
Viewing Libraries Using PROC CONTENTS

SAS log

SAS programs

DATA step processing

error handling

log messages

processing

resubmitting revised

results of processing

SAS sessions

libref lifespan and

OPTIONS statement and

SAS statements

See also assignment statements

conditionally executing

DO groups

executing repeatedly

executing when true

SELECT groups

SAS System Options window

depicted

finding options quickly

functionality

SAS Options Environment pane

SAS/ACCESS engines

SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement

reading Excel data

Decide How to Reference Your Data
Running SAS with Microsoft Excel

syntax

Sashelp library

Sasuser library

SCAN function

functionality

specifying delimiters

specifying variable length

SUBSTR function versus

syntax

SCANOVER option, INFILE statement

SELECT groups

SELECT statement

semantic errors

semicolon (;)

common errors

SET statement

BY statement and

concatenating data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Concatenating Syntax

END= option

interleaving data sets

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
Interleaving Syntax

one-to-one reading

Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets: The Basics
One-to-One Reading Syntax

reading data sets

Reading a Single Data Set to Create Another
Understanding How Data Sets Are Read

reading Excel data

Steps for Reading Excel Data
SET Statement

RETAIN statement and

syntax

single observation from multiple records

line pointer controls

Using Line Pointer Controls
Combining Line Pointer Controls

overview

reading records non-sequentially

reading records sequentially

single observation per detail record

conditional processing

DATA step processing

displaying results

dropping variables

overview

reading detail records

retaining variable values

single observation per header record

DATA step processing

determining end of external file

DO group actions

overview

reading detail records

single record, multiple observations from

overview

reading repeating blocks of data

reading same number of repeating fields

reading varying number of repeating fields

SKEWNESS statistic, MEANS procedure

SORT procedure

BY statement

Example: PROC SORT
Example: Merge in Descending Order

examples

sorting data in list reports

syntax

sorting data in list reports

statistics

quantile

summary

STD statistic

MEANS procedure

Selecting Statistics
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

STDDEV statistic, MEANS procedure

STDERR statistic

MEANS procedure

STEP statement

STOPOVER option, INFILE statement

storing

formats

SAS files

How SAS Files Are Stored
Referencing a File in an Aggregate Storage Location

strings

See character strings

STYLE= option

syntax

Changing the Appearance of HTML Output
Changing the Appearance of PDF Output

subgroups, finding observations in

subsetting data

subsetting IF statement

examples

Example: Subsetting IF Statement
Overview

finding year

functionality

Subsetting Data
Where to Specify the DROP= and KEEP= Data Set Options

selecting matching observations

syntax

SUBSTR function

functionality

Automatic Numeric-to-Character Conversion
Overview of the SUBSTR Function

positioning

replacing text

SCAN function versus

syntax

subtotaling variables

Requesting Subtotals
Example: Determining the Report Layout

sum statement

accumulating totals

DO loops and

reading data sets

Execution Phase
Execution Phase [2]

syntax

SUM statement, PRINT procedure

creating customized layouts

generating column totals

requesting subtotals

syntax

SUM statistic

MEANS procedure

sum variables, initializing

SUMMARY procedure

creating summarized data sets

PRINT option

Creating a Summarized Data Set Using PROC SUMMARY
Example: Creating an Output Data Set

summary statistics

SUMWGT statistic

MEANS procedure

syntax errors

Types of Errors
Syntax Errors

system options

changing

finding quickly

modifying via OPTIONS statement

setting

specifying observations

T

T statistic

MEANS procedure

TABLES statement, FREQ procedure

creating n-way tables

creating two-way tables

CROSSLIST option

examples

LIST option

NOCOL option

NOCUM option

NOFREQ option

NOPERCENT option

NOROW option

syntax

TABLES Statement Syntax
Creating Two-Way Tables

target variables

defined

missing values and

temporary array elements

temporary variables

Specifying Variables in PROC MEANS
Finding the First and Last Observations in Subgroups
Overview

testing programs

automatic variables

character strings

conditional processing

Example: Conditional Processing
Providing an Alternative Action

data set variables

hypothesis testing

limiting observations

PUT statement

TIME function

TIMEw. format

TIMEw. informat

The Basics of Using Informats
The TIMEw. Informat

TITLE statement

canceling

examples

modifying

quotation marks in

specifying in list reports

TITLES command

TITLES window

TO clause, DO statement

TODAY function

trailing at-sign (@)

Holding the Current Record with a Line-Hold Specifier
Using the Single Trailing At-Sign (@) to Hold the Current Record
Retaining the Values of Variables

trailing blanks, removing

Overview of the LEFT and RIGHT Functions
Overview of the TRIM Function
Overview of the CATX Function

TRANWRD function

TRIM function

TRUNCOVER option, INFILE statement

two-way frequency tables

U

UCLM statistic, MEANS procedure

underscore (_)

UNIX environment

SAS library implementation

How SAS Files Are Stored
Assigning Librefs

storing files

unbalanced quotation marks

Unbalanced Quotation Marks
Correcting the Error in the UNIX Operating Environment

unmatched observations

excluding

handling

UPCASE function

Finding a String Regardless of Case
UPCASE Function

UPDATE statement

USS statistic

MEANS procedure

V

validating data

VALUE statement, FORMAT procedure

assigning formats to variables

functionality

HIGH keyword

LOW keyword

OTHER keyword

specifying value ranges

syntax

VAR statement

MEANS procedure

Validating and Cleaning Data
Selecting Statistics
Specifying Variables in PROC MEANS
OUTPUT Statement Syntax

PRINT procedure

The PROC PRINT Step
Example: ID Statement and VAR Statement

VAR statistic

MEANS procedure

variable attributes

data sets

Variable Attributes
Data Set Variables

format considerations

variable lists

as array elements

function arguments and

variable-length records

variables

See also arrays
See also character variables
See also numeric variables
See also variable attributes

accumulating totals

assigning formats

Assigning Formats to Variables
Common Tasks and Their Corresponding Statements
The WORDDATEw. Format

assigning labels

Label
Suppressing Table Information
Common Tasks and Their Corresponding Statements

assigning values conditionally

Categorizing Values
The Basics of Using SELECT Groups

attributes

Variable Attributes
Format

counter

creating or modifying

creating/modifying

default names

DO groups

dropping

format overview

functionality

generating totals

index

Counting Iterations of DO Loops
Decrementing DO Loops
Nesting DO Loops
Examples: Referencing Elements of an Array

informat overview

initializing

Initializing Variables
Initializing Sum Variables

labels for

length of

Length
Specifying Variable Length

missing values

naming conventions

Rules for Variable Names
Specifying Variable Names

reading ranges

renaming

requesting subtotals

Requesting Subtotals
Example: Determining the Report Layout

retaining values

SELECT groups

selecting in list reports

selecting to drop and keep

specifying in FREQ procedure

specifying in MEANS procedure

specifying lengths

specifying names in programs

subsetting data

sum

target

Target Variables
Example: Finding the Date

temporary

Specifying Variables in PROC MEANS
Finding the First and Last Observations in Subgroups
Overview

testing programs

types of

VARNUM option

CONTENTS procedure

CONTENTS statement, DATASETS procedure

W

w. format

w.d format

w.d informat

When Automatic Conversion Occurs
The Basics of Using Informats
Reading Standard Numeric Data with the w.d Informat

web browsers

See browsers

WEEKDATEw. format

WEEKDAY function

SAS Date Functions
Overview of the WEEKDAY Function

WHEN statement

WHERE statement, DATA step

automatic conversions and

reading Excel data

WHERE statement, PRINT procedure

CONTAINS operator

examples

specifying compound expressions

specifying expressions

syntax

Windows environment

SAS library implementation

How SAS Files Are Stored
Assigning Librefs

storing files

unbalanced quotation marks

Unbalanced Quotation Marks
Correcting the Error in the Windows Operating Environment

WORDDATEw. format

Work library

writing observations explicitly

Y

YEAR function

examples

functionality

manipulating date values

syntax

Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions
Overview of YEAR, QTR, MONTH, and DAY Functions [2]

typical use

YEARCUTOFF= system option

functionality

handling four-digit years

handling two-digit years

Handling Two-Digit Years
Using Dates and Times in Calculations

YRDIF function

SAS Date Functions
DATDIF and YRDIF Functions

Z

z/OS environment

SAS library implementation

How SAS Files Are Stored
Assigning Librefs

unbalanced quotation marks

Unbalanced Quotation Marks
Correcting the Error in the z/OS Operating Environment