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T1: A Survival Guide
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T1: A Survival Guide
by Matthew Gast
T1: A Survival Guide
T1: A Survival Guide
Preface
Audience
Overture for Book in Black and White, Opus 3
Assumptions This Book Makes
Conventions Used in This Book
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
1. History of the U.S. Telephone Network
1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier
The Transistor and Computerization
Digitalization
1970-Present:The Modern Telephone Network
The Problems with T-carrier
The Rise of Data and the Internet
2. T1 Architectural Overview
Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
The CSU/DSU: Your Network to the Telco Network
The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
3. Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
Introduction to DS0
Alternate Mark Inversion
Timing and Synchronization
B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
4. Multiplexing and the T-carrier Hierarchy
Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
Multiplexing to Form the T1
Ones Density and the T1
The Original Superframe
Alarms and the Superframe
The Extended Superframe (ESF)
ESF Signaling
Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
ESF performance reporting
Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
5. Timing, Clocking,and Synchronization in the T-carrier System
A Timing Taxonomy
T1 Circuit Timing
Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
Transmit Clocking at the Network Interface
Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
Internal timing
Clocking at the Data Port
Receive clock timing
Internal data port clocking
External data port clocking
Inverting the internal clock signal
Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
Avoiding Slips
6. Mysteries of theCSU/DSU
Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice
Long-Haul Build Out
Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
Configuring LBO Correctly
T1 CSU/DSUs
RAI/Yellow Alarm Signal
Keepalive/AIS
Loopback and Other Test Functions
CSU/DSU Configuration
Summary of Settings
7. Connecting the Umbilicus: GettingT1 Connectivity
Ordering
T1 Installation and Termination
The Demarc
Circuit Identification Information
Pre-Connection Tasks
Trading Packets
Troubleshooting
Post-Connection
8. High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
Introduction to HDLC
HDLC Framing
Information Frames (I-Frames)
Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
Cisco HDLC
SLARP
Polling, sequence numbers, and the keepalive
Configuring Cisco HDLC
9. PPP
Introduction to PPP
PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PPP Encapsulation and Framing
Transparency
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
The LCP State Engine
Relation of Link Managementto the LCP State Engine
Link initialization
Link configuration
Link termination
LCP Frames
Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
Termination messages (codes 5 and 6)
Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
Identification message (code 12)
Other messages
LCP Configuration Options
Maximum Receive Unit (code 1)
Quality protocol (code 4)
Magic number (code 5)
Numbered Mode (code 11)
Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19)
PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
RFC 1172-Style Address Assignment(IP Addresses; IPCP Option 1)
RFC 1332-Style Address Negotiation(IP Address; IPCP Option 3)
Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
Nonstandard Option for Subnet-MaskAssignment (Option 144)
Configuring PPP
10. Frame Relay
Frame Relay Network Overview
The Frame Relay Link Layer
Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490
Direct NLPID Encapsulation
SNAP
The Local Management Interface
LMI Operations and Timers
LMI Frame Formats
Information elements
LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
Configuring Frame Relay
11. T1 Troubleshooting
Basic Troubleshooting Tools and Techniques
Loopback Testing
Running loopback tests
Calling for Help
Calling the telco
Before calling your ISP
Before calling your equipment vendor
Troubleshooting Outline
Physical Layer Problems
Red Alarm
Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5
Yellow Alarm/RAI
A common culprit: LBO
Other diagnoses
Troubleshooting table
Other Error Conditions
Timing problems (controlled slips)
Bipolar violations (line code violations)
Link Layer Problems
General Link Layer Problems
PPP Problems
Frame Relay Problems
HDLC Problems
A. Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI
Channelized T1
Signaling on cT1
E&M signaling
Foreign exchange ground start
Foreign exchange loop start
Other methods
Ordering, Provisioning, and Record Keeping for cT1
One- or two-way calling
Telephone numbers, part 1
Telephone numbers, part 2
Signaling
Record Keeping for Later Problems
Configuring Channelized T1
ISDN PRI
ISDN Signaling
Ordering, Provisioning, and Record Keepingfor ISDN
Telephone numbers
Signaling
Record Keeping
Configuring ISDN PRI
B. Multilink PPP
Multilink PPP
Bundling and the MP Architecture
MP Encapsulation
MP Fragmentation and Reassembly
Fragment loss detection
Fragment loss case 1.
MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
LCP Options for MP
Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit (LCP Option 17)
Short Sequence Number header format (LCP Option 18)
Endpoint Discriminator (LCP Option 19)
Bundle Maintenance
Bundle creation
Adding links to an existing bundle
Dropping links
C. T1 Performance Monitoring
Collecting Performance Data
Statistics Reported in the PRM
CRC errors
Framing errors
Line code errors
Slip events
Near- and Far-End Statistics
An Overview of the Monitoring Process
Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
Performance Defects
Errors
Performance Data
D. SNMP
RFC 2495: DS1 MIB
Differences from T1.231
The Structure of the MIB
The configuration table
The current statistical table
The interval table
The total table
The far end tables
DS1 trap
RFC 2115: Frame Relay DTE MIB
Structure
DLCMI Table
Circuit table
Error table
Traps
PPP MIBs
RFC 1471: Link Control Protocol MIB
PPP Link Group
Link status table
Link configuration table
RFC 1471: LQR Group
LQR table
LQR configuration table
LQR extensions (optional)
RFC 1471: Test Group
RFC 1473: IP Group
IP table
IP configuration table
E. Cable Pinouts and Serial Information
Introduction to Serial Communications
Serial Line Signaling
Common Serial Signals
High-Speed Serial: V.35
Common V.35 Cabling Problems
RJ-48X
DA-15
F. Reference
Standards Bodies
ANSI Committee T1
International Telecommunications Union
Frame Relay Forum
International Organization for Standardization
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Physical Layer Standards
DS0 (DDS)
DS1 Standards
Timing
Serial
Channelized T1 Signaling
ISDN
Frame Relay
HDLC
Ethernet Type Codes
PPP
Motivation, Background, and History
Current State-of-the-Art PPP
Network Control Protocols
Multilink PPP
Other PPP Extensions
PPP authentication
SNMP
SNMP Foundations
SNMP Version 2
SNMP Version 3
SNMP MIBs Related to T1
Glossary
Index
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Preface
T1: A Survival Guide
Matthew Gast
Editor
Mike Loukides
Copyright © 2001 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
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