Index

Symbols

0.0.0.0 address (IPCP), Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
255.255.255.255 (discovery protocol), Discovery protocol operations

A

A channels, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
A-law standard, Alternate Mark Inversion
AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol), Cisco HDLC
ABM (Asynchronous Balanced Mode), Introduction to HDLC, Configuring Cisco HDLC
ACCM (asynchronous control character map)
asynchronous lines and, Introduction to PPP
bundling maintenance and, Bundle creation
LCP configuration option code, LCP Configuration Options
PPP configuration option, Configuring PPP
ACFC (Address and Control Field Compression), LCP Configuration Options, Configuring PPP, Bundle creation
Ack-Rcvd (Ack-Received), The LCP State Engine
Ack-Sent, The LCP State Engine
acknowledgments, frames and, Information Frames (I-Frames)
actions and events in LCP, The LCP State Engine, The LCP State Engine
Acton, Lord (quote), PPP
Address and Control Field Compression (ACFC), LCP Configuration Options, Configuring PPP, Bundle creation
address byte (HDLC frame component), HDLC Framing
address field (PPP), PPP Encapsulation and Framing
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Discovery protocol operations
AIS (alarm indication signal)
defect, Performance Defects
failure condition table, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
keepalive transmission, Keepalive/AIS
LOF and, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
OOF and, Performance Defects
path failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
performance data and, Performance Data
physical layer diagnostic table, Red Alarm
purpose of, Alarms and the Superframe
T1 defect condition, Performance Defects
alarm signals
failures and, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling, Performance Defects
superframe and, Alarms and the Superframe
transmission durations, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
all-ones test, bit error rate and, Ones Density and the T1
all-zeros test, bit error rate and, Ones Density and the T1
Alternate Mark Inversion ) (see AMI)
alternating pulse polarity, Alternate Mark Inversion
American Bell, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
American National Standards Institute (see ANSI)
American Telephone and Telegraph (see AT&T)
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
BPV (bipolar violation) and, Errors
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
encoding alternative, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
excessive zeros (EXZ) and, Errors
line code errors and data, Line code errors
troubleshooting, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
AMI encoding, Alternate Mark Inversion, Ones Density and the T1
Amiel, Henri Frederique (quote), Frame Relay
analog loopback, troubleshooting, Loopback Testing
analog signals
aynchronous systems and, A Timing Taxonomy
beginnings (1876 through 1950), 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
early problems, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier
FDM as natural fit, Digitalization
analog systems, conversions, Channelized T1
ANI (Automatic Number Identification), Telephone numbers, part 2, Adding links to an existing bundle
anomaly (see error checking/detection)
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Codeset 5, LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
frame relay frame format and, LMI Frame Formats
LMI type, The Local Management Interface
Q.933 differences, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
standardization efforts, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
ANSI Committee T1, ANSI Committee T1
ANSI T1.101, Timing
ANSI T1.231, An Overview of the Monitoring Process, DS1 Standards
ANSI T1.403, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, Ones Density and the T1, DS1 Standards
ANSI T1.408, ISDN
ANSI T1.410, DS0 (DDS)
ANSI T1.617, Frame Relay
ANSI T1.617a Annex D, LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
ANSI T1.618, Frame Relay
Antisthenes (quote), Cable Pinouts and Serial Information
AppleTalk protocols
AARP, Cisco HDLC
PPP standards, Network Control Protocols
RS-422 and, Introduction to Serial Communications
Arendt, Hannah (quote), SNMP
ARM (Asynchronous Response Mode), Introduction to HDLC
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), Discovery protocol operations
Ascend ÒStackÓ protocols, A Generic Approach to MMP, Multilink PPP
ASCII, Timing and Synchronization, Termination messages (codes 5 and 6)
ASN.1, SNMP Foundations
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM), Introduction to HDLC, Configuring Cisco HDLC
asynchronous communications, Digitalization, A Timing Taxonomy, Introduction to PPP
asynchronous control character map (see ACCM)
Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM), Introduction to HDLC
AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph)
antitrust suit against, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
beginnings, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
DDS offering, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
Electronic Switching System (ESS), The Transistor and Computerization
extended superframe development, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
jack codes developed, RJ-48X
PRS and, A Timing Taxonomy
Telcordia and, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
(see also Bell Labs)
AT&T Technical Publication 54016, DS1 Standards
AT&T Technical Publication 62310, DS0 (DDS)
AT&T Technical Publication 62411, DS1 Standards
AUI (attachment unit interface), Pre-Connection Tasks
authentication
bundling maintenance and, Adding links to an existing bundle
configuring for cT1, Configuring Channelized T1
during initialization, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PAP and CHAP, Configuring PPP
PPP, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, PPP authentication
timing of, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
authentication protocol, LCP Configuration Options
Automatic Number Identification (ANI), Telephone numbers, part 2, Adding links to an existing bundle

B

B8ZS (Bipolar with Eight Zero Substitution)
BPVs (bipolar violations) and, Errors
capabilities of, Alternate Mark Inversion
clear channel capability and, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
EXZ (excessive zeros) and, Errors
line code errors and, Line code errors
line code from telco, Circuit Identification Information
ordering ISDN, Ordering, Provisioning, and Record Keepingfor ISDN
troubleshooting, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
B8ZS encoding, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability, Ones Density and the T1
B (bearer) channels
as subchannels, ISDN PRI
configuring ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
SF-framed links and, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
backhoe fade, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
BACP (Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol), Multi-Chassis MP (MMP)
balanced transmissions, Serial Line Signaling
Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP), Multi-Chassis MP (MMP)
bandwidth, exceeding supply, Frame Relay Network Overview
BCP (Bridging Control Protocol), Network Control Protocols
BECN (backward explicit congestion notification) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
Bell Labs, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings, The Transistor and Computerization
Bell Telephone Company, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
Bell, Alexander Graham, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
Bellcore (Telcordia), Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Bellcore (Telcordia) TR-NWT-000057, Channelized T1 Signaling
BER (bit error rate), Ones Density and the T1
BES (bursty errored seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
bipolar return to zero (see AMI)
bipolar violation (see BPV)
Bipolar with Eight Zero Substitution (see B8ZS)
biscuits, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
bit error rate (BER), Ones Density and the T1
bit order, HDLC Framing, Supervisory Frames (S-Frames), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
bit robbing technique (see robbed-bit signaling)
bit stuffing, Summary of Settings, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
bits
BECN and FECN, The Frame Relay Link Layer
PRM information element, Statistics Reported in the PRM
in superframe, The Original Superframe
used for CRC, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
BITS (building-integrated timing supply), Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
black hole effect, LMI Operations and Timers
blue alarm (superframe alarm condition), Alarms and the Superframe
BPV (bipolar violation)
all-zeros test, Ones Density and the T1
basic error event, Errors
captured in dsx1CurrentTable, The current statistical table
code word containing, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
errors, Errors
LES and, Performance Data
line errors and, The Extended Superframe (ESF), Line code errors
troubleshooting, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
Bridging Control Protocol (BCP), Network Control Protocols
broadcast, frame as in cHDLC, Cisco HDLC
buffers, overflow and underflow conditions, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
building-integrated timing supply (BITS), Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
bundle heads, Multi-Chassis MP (MMP), A Generic Approach to MMP, Discovery protocol operations
bundling
channels into frames, The Original Superframe
defined, Introduction to DS0
maintenance, Bundle Maintenance, Dropping links
MP architecture and, Bundling and the MP Architecture
Burke, Edmund (quote), Multiplexing and the T-carrier Hierarchy
burst duration/size, frame relay switch and, The Frame Relay Link Layer
bursty errored seconds (BES), Performance Data, The current statistical table

C

C channels, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
Cabanis, Pierre J. G. (quote), Mysteries of theCSU/DSU
cabling
common V.35 problems, Common V.35 Cabling Problems
common-ground and differential, Serial Line Signaling
ensuring compatibility, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
grounding, RJ-48X
local loopback tests for, Running loopback tests
physical layer standards, Serial
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
short haul LBO and, Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
tolerances and, Serial Line Signaling
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
call completion, E&M signaling and, E&M signaling
call initiation, E&M and, E&M signaling
call termination, MMP and, A Generic Approach to MMP
call type, voice and data, Configuring Channelized T1
Caller ID, Telephone numbers, part 2, Adding links to an existing bundle
Calling Line Identification (CLID), Telephone numbers, part 2
Caraffa, Cardinal Carlo (quote), T1 Performance Monitoring
Carlson, James, Introduction to PPP
Carrier Detect (CD), Common Serial Signals
Carrier Detect (DCD), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Carrier Sense (CS), Common Serial Signals
carriers, Digitalization, Frame Relay Network Overview, Running loopback tests
CAS (channel associated signaling), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, Signaling on cT1
Category 5 UTP, The Demarc, Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5
CCC (Clear Channel Capability), B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
CCITT (Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph), From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35, The Local Management Interface
CCP (Compression Control Protocol), Numbered Mode (code 11), Other PPP Extensions
CCS (common channel signaling), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, ISDN Signaling
CD (Carrier Detect), Common Serial Signals
central office (see CO)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), Configuring PPP, PPP authentication
Change of Frame Alignment (COFA) slips, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
channel associated signaling (CAS), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, Signaling on cT1
channel banks, as termination devices, The Original Superframe
channel data rate (CSU/DSU option), Summary of Settings
channel map (CSU/DSU option), Summary of Settings
channel order (CSU/DSU option), Summary of Settings
Channel Service Unit (see CSU/DSU)
channelized T1 (cT1), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, Channelized T1, Configuring Channelized T1, Channelized T1 Signaling
channels
bundling into frames, The Original Superframe
distinguishing start/end points, Multiplexing to Form the T1
as DS0s, Introduction to DS0
LAPD and, HDLC Framing
signaling methods and, ESF Signaling
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), Configuring PPP, PPP authentication
cHDLC (Cisco HDLC), Information Frames (I-Frames), Cisco HDLC, Configuring Cisco HDLC, Information elements
CIR (committed information rate), Frame Relay Network Overview
circuit ID sticker, The Demarc
circuits
circuit identification information, Circuit Identification Information
circuit-switched networks, Introduction to DS0
documentation on usage, CSU/DSU Configuration
MIB table, Circuit table
recommended documentation, Post-Connection
requirements for timing source, Internal timing
turn-up process for, Trading Packets
V.24 definitions, Common Serial Signals
Cisco
Gang of Four, The Local Management Interface
HDLC standards and, HDLC
Stack Group Bidding Protocol, A Generic Approach to MMP
web site for Ethernet type codes, Ethernet Type Codes
Cisco HDLC (cHDLC), Information Frames (I-Frames), Cisco HDLC, Configuring Cisco HDLC, Information elements
Cisco IOS, debug trace and, Before calling your equipment vendor
clarity, testing, Ones Density and the T1
Clear Channel Capability (CCC), B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
Clear to Send (CTS), Common Serial Signals, High-Speed Serial: V.35
CLID (Calling Line Identification), Telephone numbers, part 2
clock source
avoiding slips, Avoiding Slips
CSU/DSU configuration option, CSU/DSU Configuration, Summary of Settings
settings, CSU/DSU Configuration
clocking
at data ports, Clocking at the Data Port, Inverting the internal clock signal
at the network interface, Transmit Clocking at the Network Interface
FDL code words and, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
internal/inverted setting, CSU/DSU Configuration, Summary of Settings
synchronous communications and, Digitalization, A Timing Taxonomy
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
, Before calling your equipment vendor
(see also timing)
Close event, The LCP State Engine
Closed (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
Closing (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
closing flags, opening flags and, HDLC Framing
CO (central office)
delivery technology, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
end spans and, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
switches and ISDN signaling, ISDN Signaling
code rejection messages, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
code violation line (LCV), Errors
code violation path (CV-P), Errors
code words, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
Code-Reject, LCP Frames, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8), Bundling and the MP Architecture
Code-Reject (RXJ+) event, The LCP State Engine
Code-Reject (RXJ-) event, The LCP State Engine
Codeset 0, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
Codeset 5, LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
COFA (Change of Frame Alignment) slips, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
collisions, magic numbers and, Magic number (code 5)
combined nodes (in ABM environment), Introduction to HDLC
command/response (C/R) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer, Collecting Performance Data
committed information rate (CIR), Frame Relay Network Overview
common channel signaling (CCS), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, ISDN Signaling
common-ground transmission, Serial Line Signaling, High-Speed Serial: V.35
communication channels, FDL as, ESF Signaling
compatibility for cables, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
Compressed SLIP, Motivation, Background, and History
compression, Introduction to PPP, Configuring PPP, Bundle creation
Compression Control Protocol (CCP), Numbered Mode (code 11), Other PPP Extensions
computerization, transistors and, The Transistor and Computerization
Comte, Auguste (quote), Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
configuration option negotiation, Link Control Protocol (LCP)
configurations
channelized T1, Configuring Channelized T1
Cisco HDLC, Configuring Cisco HDLC
common CSU/DSU settings, Summary of Settings
examined for compability, Link configuration
FT1 guidelines, CSU/DSU Configuration
ISDN, Signaling, Configuring ISDN PRI
LBO, Configuring LBO Correctly
MIB table, The configuration table, The configuration table
PPP options, Configuring PPP
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
Configure-Ack, LCP Frames, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
Configure-Nak
bundling maintenance and, Bundle creation
LCP configuration messages and, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
magic numbers and, Magic number (code 5)
RFC 1332 and, RFC 1172-Style Address Assignment(IP Addresses; IPCP Option 1)
Configure-Reject
LCP configuration messages and, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
RFC 1332 and, RFC 1172-Style Address Assignment(IP Addresses; IPCP Option 1)
scn action, The LCP State Engine
Configure-Request
address negotiation and, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
bundling maintenance and, Bundle creation
LCP configuration messages and, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
magic numbers and, Magic number (code 5)
options example, LCP Configuration Options
congestion notification (FECN/BECN), The Frame Relay Link Layer
connectors
DA-15, DA-15
V.35 interface, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35, High-Speed Serial: V.35
Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT), From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35, The Local Management Interface
control bits, T1-carrier hierarchy, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
control byte (HDLC frame component), HDLC Framing
control characters for transparency, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
controlled slip seconds (CSS), Performance Data, The current statistical table
controlled slips, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad, Errors
conversions, analog and digital, Channelized T1
copper wiring
bipolar violations and, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
data streams and, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
end spans and, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
internal timing and, Internal timing
scenario, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
counters, LMI Operations and Timers, Near- and Far-End Statistics, The current statistical table
CPI and telephony costs, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier
C/R (command/response) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer, Collecting Performance Data
CRC (cyclic redundancy check)
bits used for, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
errors, CRC errors
performance data, Errors, Performance Data
crosstalk
defined and all-ones test, Ones Density and the T1
line build out and, Long-Haul Build Out
NEXT problems, The Demarc
RJ-48 and, Pre-Connection Tasks
shielded cable and, The Demarc
T1 considerations, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
troubleshooting, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
CS (Carrier Sense), Common Serial Signals
CS (controlled slip)
basic error event, Errors
characteristics, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
error, Errors
ES and, Performance Data
performance data, Performance Data
troubleshooting, Timing problems (controlled slips)
CSS (controlled slip seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit)
as serial DCE, Introduction to Serial Communications
collecting performance data, T1 Performance Monitoring
CS and, Performance Data
digital or analog loopback, Loopback Testing
end spans and, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
FDL as communication channel, ESF Signaling
from router with V.35, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
interfaces as bridges, T1 Circuit Timing
ISP responsibilities, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
loopback mode and AIS, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
permission when connecting, Pre-Connection Tasks
role clarification, Mysteries of theCSU/DSU, Summary of Settings
superframe alarm conditions, Alarms and the Superframe
synchronization process, Multiplexing to Form the T1
telco network and, The CSU/DSU: Your Network to the Telco Network
timing and synchronization, Timing and Synchronization
timing sources, A Timing Taxonomy
V.35 and, Introduction to Serial Communications
cT1 (channelized T1), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, Channelized T1, Configuring Channelized T1, Channelized T1 Signaling
CTS (Clear to Send), Common Serial Signals, High-Speed Serial: V.35
current statistical table (MIB), The current statistical table, The current statistical table
customer, as frame relay DTE, Frame Relay Network Overview
CV-L (code violation-line), Errors
CV-P (code violation-path), Errors
cycles, technology and, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
cyclic redundancy check (see CRC)

D

D channels
as subchannels, ISDN PRI
configuring ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
ESF-framed links and, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
D1 channel banks, The Original Superframe
D2 channel banks, The Original Superframe
D3 channel banks, The Original Superframe
D4 channel banks, The Original Superframe
D5 channel banks, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
DA-15 connectors, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, DA-15
DACS (digital access and cross-connect systems), The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
Data Carrier Detect (DCD), Common Serial Signals
data communications equipment (see DCE)
data corruption, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
data fields, HDLC Framing
data inversion, Summary of Settings
data link connection identifier (DLCI), Circuit Identification Information, Frame Relay Network Overview, Structure
Data Link Connection Management Interface (DLCMI), DLCMI Table, DLCMI Table
data ports, Clocking at the Data Port, Inverting the internal clock signal
Data Service Unit (see CSU/DSU)
Data Set Ready (DSR), High-Speed Serial: V.35
data streams, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World, Introduction to DS0, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
data terminal equipment (see DTE)
Data Terminal Ready (DTR), High-Speed Serial: V.35
data transmission, Alternate Mark Inversion, Transmit Clocking at the Network Interface
data types (MIB objects), The configuration table
dB (decibel), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
DCD (Carrier Detect), High-Speed Serial: V.35
DCD (Data Carrier Detect), Common Serial Signals
DCE (data communications equipment)
characteristics, Introduction to Serial Communications
CSU/DSU as, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
frame relay, Frame Relay Network Overview, LMI Operations and Timers
DCS (digital cross-connect system), The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
DDS (Digital Dataphone Service), Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks, DS0 (DDS)
DE (discard eligible) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
dead phase, PPP link states and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
debugging (see troubleshooting)
decibel (dB), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
DECnet protocol, Cisco HDLC, Network Control Protocols
default settings
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
LBO, Long-Haul Build Out
N391, LMI Operations and Timers
defects, An Overview of the Monitoring Process, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling, Performance Defects
Defense Information Infrastructure (DII), The total table
Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), The total table
definitions, v.24 circuit names, Common Serial Signals
Degraded Minutes (DM), The current statistical table
DELETE control characters, data transparency and, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
Demand dialing (configuration option), Configuring PPP
demarc
end span, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
extended demarc, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, The Demarc, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
installation, The Demarc, Pre-Connection Tasks
density requirement (n out of m), Performance Defects
deviation (jitter and wander), Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
dial-up connections (see modems)
Dialed Number Information Service (DNIS), Telephone numbers, part 2
differential cables
performance, Serial Line Signaling
serial line cabling and, Serial Line Signaling
differential signaling, data and clock signals, High-Speed Serial: V.35
digital access and cross-connect systems (DACS), The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
digital cross-connect system (DCS), The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
Digital Dataphone Service (DDS), Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks, DS0 (DDS)
digital encoding (mu-law and A-law), Alternate Mark Inversion
Digital Equipment Corporation (Gang of Four), The Local Management Interface
digital loopback, troubleshooting, Loopback Testing
digital networks, TDM and, Digitalization
digital signals, Digitalization, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
digital systems, conversions, Channelized T1
digital transmission, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
digitalization, Digitalization, Introduction to DS0
DII (Defense Information Infrastructure), The total table
DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency), The total table
DISA Circular 300-175-9, The total table, Timing
DISC (Disconnect) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
discard eligible (DE) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
Discard-Request, LCP Frames, Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
Disconnect (DISC) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Disconnected Mode (DM) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
discovery messages, format of, Discovery message format
discovery protocol, Discovery protocol operations
Disraeli, Benjamin (quote), High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
distortion, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
divestiture, RBOC and AT&T split, 1970-Present:The Modern Telephone Network
DLCI (data link connection identifier), Circuit Identification Information, Frame Relay Network Overview, Structure
DLCMI (Data Link Connection Management Interface), DLCMI Table, DLCMI Table
DLCs and PVC maximum, Information elements
DM (Degraded Minutes), The current statistical table
DM (Disconnected Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
DNIS (Dialed Number Information Service), Telephone numbers, part 2
DNS servers, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
documentation
circuits in use, CSU/DSU Configuration
clock settings, CSU/DSU Configuration
post connection, Post-Connection
Down event, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, The LCP State Engine
drain wires (in ISTP), The Demarc
dropping links, bundling maintenance and, Dropping links
DS0 interface
as digital stream, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
DS0 interface
configuring for cT1, Configuring Channelized T1
physical layer standards, DS0 (DDS)
T-carrier comparison table, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
DS1 interface
as network side, Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice
CS and frame, Errors
physical layer standards, DS1 Standards
RFC 2495, RFC 2495: DS1 MIB, DS1 trap
T-carrier comparision table, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
DS2 interface, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing, RFC 2495: DS1 MIB, DS1 trap
DS3 interface, Multiplexing and the T-carrier Hierarchy, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
DS4 interface, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
DSR (Data Set Ready), High-Speed Serial: V.35
DSU (see CSU/DSU)
DSX label (local side), Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice, Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
dsx1Channelization (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1CircuitIdentifier (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1CurrentBESs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentCSSs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentDMs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentESs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentLCVs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentLESs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentPCVs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentSEFSs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentSESs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentTable (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1CurrentUASs (MIB table entry), The current statistical table
dsx1IntervalTable (MIB interval table), The interval table
dsx1LineCoding (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1LineStatus (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1LineStatusTrap (DS1 trap), DS1 trap
dsx1LineType (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1LoopbackConfig (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1LoopbackStatus (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1SendCode (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1SignalMode (MIB object), The configuration table
dsx1TotalTable (MIB total table), The total table
dsx1TransmitClockSource (MIB object), The configuration table
DTE (data terminal equipment)
characteristics, Introduction to Serial Communications
clocking, CSU/DSU Configuration, Summary of Settings
CRC errors and, CRC errors
frame relay, Frame Relay Network Overview, LMI Operations and Timers
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
router as, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency), E&M signaling
DTR (Data Terminal Ready), High-Speed Serial: V.35
dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF), E&M signaling
duty cycle for pulses, Alternate Mark Inversion

E

E&M signaling
call completion, E&M signaling
call initiation, E&M signaling
idle state, E&M signaling
wink start, E&M signaling
E1 interface, Introduction to DS0, RFC 2495: DS1 MIB, DS1 trap
E2 interface, RFC 2495: DS1 MIB, DS1 trap
EA (extended address) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer, Collecting Performance Data
Echo-Reply
LCP link integrity messages and, Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
magic numbers and, Magic number (code 5)
Echo-Request
bundling and, Bundling and the MP Architecture
LCP link integrity messages and, Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
magic numbers and, Magic number (code 5)
Echo-Response, Bundling and the MP Architecture
ECP (Encryption Control Protocol), Other PPP Extensions
ED (Endpoint Discriminator)
bundling maintenance and, Adding links to an existing bundle
class values table, Endpoint Discriminator (LCP Option 19)
LCP option code, Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19)
EIA/TIA 464, Channelized T1 Signaling
Electronic Switching System (ESS), The Transistor and Computerization
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (quote), Connecting the Umbilicus: GettingT1 Connectivity
encapsulation
cHDLC configuration option, Configuring Cisco HDLC
configuring frame relay, Configuring Frame Relay
configuring ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
enabling PPP option, Configuring PPP
LCP and, Link Control Protocol (LCP)
MP, MP Encapsulation, MP Encapsulation
PPP, Introduction to PPP, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
with RFC 1490, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, SNAP
encoding schemes, Alternate Mark Inversion
Encryption Control Protocol (ECP), Other PPP Extensions
end spans
CSU/DSU to CO, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
network outages and, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
to CO, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
transmission losses in, Long-Haul Build Out
Endpoint Discriminator (see ED)
equalization, Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice, Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
error checking/detection
alternating pulse polarity and, Alternate Mark Inversion
CRC, CRC errors
defects as, An Overview of the Monitoring Process
flags and, HDLC Framing
framing, Framing errors
in QRS tests, Ones Density and the T1
on leased-line circuits, Alternate Mark Inversion
line and path, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
T1 performance monitoring, Errors
timer expiration, LMI Operations and Timers
error checking/detection
(see also troubleshooting)
, Alternate Mark Inversion
(see also troubleshooting)
error table (MIB), Error table
Error Threshold Counter (N392), LMI Operations and Timers
errored second type B (ESB), Performance Data
errored seconds (ES), Performance Data, The current statistical table
errored seconds-line (ES-L), Performance Data
errored seconds-path (ES-P), Performance Data
ErrType, table of potential values, Error table
ES (errored seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
ES-L (errored seconds-line), Performance Data
ES-P (errored seconds-path), Performance Data
ESB (errored second type B), Performance Data
ESF (extended superframe)
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
errors and, Performance Defects, Errors, Performance Data
FE and, Errors
features of, The Extended Superframe (ESF), ESF performance reporting
line framing from telco, Circuit Identification Information
OOF defect and, Performance Defects
ESS (Electronic Switching System), The Transistor and Computerization
establishment phase, PPP link states and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
Ethernet, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces, Cisco HDLC, Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5, Ethernet Type Codes
Ethernet 802.2 LLC, Introduction to HDLC
EtherTalk protocol, Cisco HDLC
Ethertype, OUI and, SNAP
events, The LCP State Engine, The LCP State Engine, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
excessive zeros (EXZ), Errors, Performance Data
Exchange Information (XID) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
explicit timing, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface, Receive clock timing
extended address (EA) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer, Collecting Performance Data
extended demarc, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, The Demarc, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
extended superframe (see ESF)
extensibility, PPP and, PPP
external timing, CSU/DSU Configuration
EXZ (excessive zeros), Errors, Performance Data

F

facilities data link (FDL), ESF Signaling, Summary of Settings
failures, alarms and signaling, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling, Performance Defects
far end alarm (see RAI)
far end table (MIB), The far end tables
far-end counters, statistics and, Near- and Far-End Statistics
FCC (Federal Communications Commision), Pre-Connection Tasks, Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, RJ-48X
FCS (frame check sequence), HDLC Framing, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
FDL (facilities data link), ESF Signaling, Summary of Settings
FDM (frequency division multiplexing), Digitalization
FE (frame bit error), Performance Defects, Errors
FECN (forward explicit congestion notification) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
fiber optics, 1970-Present:The Modern Telephone Network, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
FinagleÕs Law (MurphyÕs Law), Loopback Testing
First Rule, troubleshooting, Calling the telco
flags, HDLC Framing, The Frame Relay Link Layer
foreign exchange (FXS) ground start, Foreign exchange ground start
foreign exchange (FXS) loop start, Foreign exchange loop start
foreign exchange office (FXO), Foreign exchange ground start
formats
discovery messages, Discovery message format
LCP frames, LCP Frames, Other messages
link quality report, Quality protocol (code 4)
performance report message format, ESF Signaling
formula for decibels, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) bit, The Frame Relay Link Layer
fractional T1 (FT1), Multiplexing to Form the T1, CSU/DSU Configuration
fragmentation
fragment numbers, Fragment loss case 1.
MP, MP Fragmentation and Reassembly, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
frame bit error (FE), Performance Defects, Errors
frame check sequence (FCS), HDLC Framing, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
frame components
flag, HDLC Framing
formats, PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
frame bit sequences, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
frame check sequences, Frame Relay
frame loss, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
headers, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
Frame Reject (FRMR) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
frame relay
address mapping, Configuring Frame Relay
configuring, Configuring Frame Relay
maximum number of PVCs, Information elements
network overview, Circuit Identification Information, Frame Relay Network Overview, Frame Relay Network Overview
problems, Frame Relay Problems
protocol used by T1 lines, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
RFC 2115, RFC 2115: Frame Relay DTE MIB, Traps
standards, Frame Relay
switches, The Frame Relay Link Layer
Frame Relay Forum (FRF), The Frame Relay Link Layer, The Local Management Interface, Frame Relay Forum
frames
as layer 2 construct, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
bundling channels into, The Original Superframe
defined, Multiplexing to Form the T1
errors in, Framing errors
HDLC components, HDLC Framing, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
LMI formats, LMI Frame Formats, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
MP variations, MP Encapsulation
framing bits
signaling framing bits, The Original Superframe
synchronization and, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
T1-carrier hierarchy, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
terminal framing bits, The Original Superframe
framing considerations
CSU/DSU configuration option, CSU/DSU Configuration, Summary of Settings
LOF failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
n out of m density requirement, Performance Defects
PPP, Introduction to PPP, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
RFC 1662, Introduction to PPP
slip events and, Slip events
frCircuitDlci (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitReceivedBECNs (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitReceivedDEs (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitReceivedFECNs (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitReceivedFrames (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitReceivedOctets (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitSentDEs (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitSentFrames (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitSentOctets (MIB object), Circuit table
frCircuitState (MIB object), Circuit table
frDLCIStatusChange (MIB object), Traps
frDlcmiAddressLen (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiErrorThreshold (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiFullEnquiryInterval (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiMaxSupportedVCs (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiMonitoredEvents (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiPollingInterval (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frDlcmiState (MIB object), DLCMI Table
frequency division multiplexing (FDM), Digitalization
frErrFaults (MIB object), Error table
frErrType (MIB object), Error table
FRF (Frame Relay Forum), The Frame Relay Link Layer, The Local Management Interface, Frame Relay Forum
FRF.1.1 frame relay standards, Frame Relay
FRF.1.2 frame relay standards, The Frame Relay Link Layer, Frame Relay
FRF.1 frame relay standards, The Local Management Interface
FRMR (Frame Reject) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
FT1 (fractional T1), Multiplexing to Form the T1, CSU/DSU Configuration
FXO (foreign exchange office), Foreign exchange ground start
FXS (foreign exchange station), Foreign exchange ground start, Foreign exchange loop start

G

Gang of Four, The Local Management Interface
Gauge32 counters, The current statistical table
glare, E&M signaling, Signaling
global DLCIs, unique identifiers in, Frame Relay Network Overview
GND (Signal Ground), High-Speed Serial: V.35
GPS (Global Positioning System), A Timing Taxonomy
ground start signaling, Foreign exchange ground start
grounding cables, RJ-48X
guidelines for leased lines, The total table

H

HDLC (High-level Data Link Control Protocol)
overview, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
performance report message and, Collecting Performance Data
PPP foundation in, PPP
problems, HDLC Problems
specification example, International Organization for Standardization
standards for, HDLC
U-frame codes, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
, Cisco HDLC, Numbered Mode (code 11)
(see also Cisco HDLC)
(see also mod-128)
(see also mod-8)
headers, Frame Relay Network Overview, Information elements
Heraclitus (quote), History of the U.S. Telephone Network
hints, Link configuration, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4)
Hopper, Grace (quote), Reference
hunt groups, multiple lines in, Telephone numbers, part 1

I

I-frame (information frame), Information Frames (I-Frames)
IA (implementation agreement), Frame Relay Forum
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
Ethernet type codes and, Ethernet Type Codes
queries to address, Discovery protocol operations
standards body, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
web site for PPP protocol numbers, Current State-of-the-Art PPP
IBM, SDLC development, Introduction to HDLC
identification (LCP type code), LCP Frames
identification message, Identification message (code 12)
idle state, E&M signaling, Foreign exchange ground start, Foreign exchange loop start
IE (information element), Information elements, Information elements, Statistics Reported in the PRM
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) specifications, International Organization for Standardization
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Ethernet Type Codes
IEEE 802, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), HDLC Framing, PPP, Internet Engineering Task Force
ifExtnsTestResult (PPP Test Group object), RFC 1471: Test Group
implementation agreement (IA), Frame Relay Forum
InARP (Inverse ARP), Configuring Frame Relay
inband signaling, Summary of Settings, Signaling on cT1
incoming calls, Foreign exchange loop start, Incoming call handling
indicators (CSU/DSU table), T1 CSU/DSUs
individually shielded twisted pair (ISTP), The Demarc
inference, from pulse reception, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
information element (IE), Information elements, Information elements, Statistics Reported in the PRM
information frame (I-frame), Information Frames (I-Frames)
InGoodOctets counter (PPP LQR Group), LQR table
Initial (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
initialization, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
initialize restart counter (irc) action, The LCP State Engine
InLQRs counter (PPP LQR Group), LQR table
installation
and termination for T1, T1 Installation and Termination
ordering T1 connectivity, Ordering
post connection, Post-Connection
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Ethernet Type Codes
Integrated Services Digital Network (see ISDN)
interfaces (see network interfaces)
interference, The Demarc, Serial Line Signaling
internal timing, Internal timing
International Alphabet 5, LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) specifications, International Organization for Standardization
International Organization for Standardization (see ISO)
International Telecommunications Union (see ITU)
Internet, The Rise of Data and the Internet, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (see IANA)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), HDLC Framing, PPP, Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Protocol (see IP)
Internet Service Provider (see ISP)
Internetwork Packet Exchange (see IPX)
interoperability, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
interruptions, backhoe fade, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
interval table (MIB), The interval table
Inverse ARP (InARP), Configuring Frame Relay
IP (Internet Protocol)
cHDLC protocol code, Cisco HDLC
fragmentation contrasted with MP, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
fragments, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
NLPID assignments, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490
packets, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PPP, Configuring PPP, IP table, Network Control Protocols
PPP initializing links, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
protocol-rejection messages and, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
SLARP numbering in, SLARP
SNAP encapsulation and, SNAP
stack configuration, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
state machine diagram, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
IP Address (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
IP addresses
assigned by ISP, Circuit Identification Information
cHDLC configuration option, Configuring Cisco HDLC
configuring for cT1, Configuring Channelized T1
configuring frame relay, Configuring Frame Relay
PPP and, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
IP Addresses (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
IP configuration table (PPP IP Group), IP configuration table
IP Subnet Mask (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
IPCP (IP Control Protocol), Introduction to PPP, PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol, Nonstandard Option for Subnet-MaskAssignment (Option 144)
IPSec security associations, Link configuration
IPv4 routers, Introduction to PPP
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
cHDLC protocol code, Cisco HDLC
packet initialization, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PPP initializing links, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PPP standards, Network Control Protocols
protocol-rejection messages and, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
SNAP encapsulation and, SNAP
state machine diagram, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
IPXCP negotiation/packet initialization, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
irc (initialize restart counter) action, The LCP State Engine
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
fragmentation-loss rules scenario in, Fragment loss case 1.
levels of service and, Multilink PPP
LMI frame formats and, LMI Frame Formats
signaling, ESF performance reporting, HDLC Framing
standards, ISDN
, The Frame Relay Link Layer
(see also LAPD)
ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, ISDN PRI
ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
features, ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
ISDN and, Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, ISDN PRI
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
bit order in diagrams, HDLC Framing
HDLC specification, Introduction to HDLC
standards body, International Organization for Standardization
ISO 8824, SNMP Foundations
ISO 33090, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
ISO/IEC 2593, Serial
ISO/IEC 3309, HDLC Framing, International Organization for Standardization, HDLC
ISO/IEC 4335, HDLC
ISO/IEC 7776, Current State-of-the-Art PPP
ISO/IEC TR 9577, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, Frame Relay
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
as subsidiaries, Ordering
assigning IP addresses, Circuit Identification Information
calling for help, Calling the telco, Before calling your ISP
circuit turn-up process, Trading Packets
connection needed, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
filing affidavits, Pre-Connection Tasks
link diagram, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
MP and, Multilink PPP
protocol support, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
responsibilities for supplying, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
ISTP (individually shielded twisted pair), The Demarc
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
bit order in diagrams, HDLC Framing
HDLC as basis for LAP, Introduction to HDLC
LMI type, The Local Management Interface
nomenclature for frame relay, The Frame Relay Link Layer
overview, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
protocols, ESF performance reporting, Direct NLPID Encapsulation
specifications, LMI Frame Formats
standards committee, International Telecommunications Union
ITU Recommendation E.164, Multilink PPP
ITU Recommendation G.821, Timing
ITU Recommendation G.826, Timing
ITU Recommendation Q.921, ISDN, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation Q.922, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation Q.930, ISDN
ITU Recommendation Q.931, ISDN
ITU Recommendation Q.933, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation Q.933 Annex A, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
ITU Recommendation T.50, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation V.4, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation V.24, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.28, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.35, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.36, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.37, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.38, Serial
ITU Recommendation V.54, Serial
ITU Recommendation X.25, Frame Relay
ITU Recommendation X.263, Frame Relay
ITU Series V standards, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union-telecommunications sector), From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35, International Telecommunications Union

J

jack codes, AT&T development of, RJ-48X
jitter, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
JTC (Joint Technical Committee), International Organization for Standardization

K

KA (keepalive)
functions, LMI Operations and Timers
SLARP protocol and, Polling, sequence numbers, and the keepalive
transmission, Keepalive/AIS
kbps (phone company definition), Introduction to DS0
Kettering, C. F. (quote), T1 Architectural Overview
kronos, A Timing Taxonomy

L

L2F (Layer Two Forwarding), Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol
L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol), Incoming call handling
LAN (local area network), Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
LAP (Link Access Procedure), Introduction to HDLC, HDLC Framing, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), Numbered Mode (code 11)
LAPD (Link Access Procedure, D Channel)
defined, ESF performance reporting
LAPF compared with, The Frame Relay Link Layer
performance report message based on, Collecting Performance Data
Q.921 and, ISDN Signaling
variation on LAPD, HDLC Framing
LAPF Core (Q.922), The Frame Relay Link Layer
LAPM (Link Access Procedure for Modem), HDLC Framing
Layer Two Forwarding (L2F), Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), Incoming call handling
LBO (line build out)
common settings, Configuring LBO Correctly
CSU/DSU configuration option, CSU/DSU Configuration, Summary of Settings
estimating during installation, Circuit Identification Information
overview, Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice, Configuring LBO Correctly
short-haul and long-haul contrasted, Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
troubleshooting, A common culprit: LBO
LCP (Link Control Protocol)
actions and events, The LCP State Engine, The LCP State Engine
bundling and, Bundling and the MP Architecture
Open command to, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
options for MP, LCP Options for MP, Endpoint Discriminator (LCP Option 19)
PPP and, Introduction to PPP, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, Link Control Protocol (LCP), Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19)
state engine, Relation of Link Managementto the LCP State Engine, Link termination
LCV (line code violation), Errors, The current statistical table
leased lines
as expensive option, Frame Relay Network Overview
authentication and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
DDS connections, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
link termination and, Link termination
performance guidelines for, The total table
LES (line errored seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
line build out (see LBO)
line code
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
errors, Line code errors
line speed and, Circuit Identification Information
troubleshooting violations, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
line code violation (LCV), Errors, The current statistical table
line equalization, Line Build Out: Moving BetweenTheory and Practice, Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
line errored seconds (LES), Performance Data, The current statistical table
Link Access Procedure (LAP), Introduction to HDLC, HDLC Framing, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
Link Access Procedure for Modem (LAPM), HDLC Framing
Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB), Numbered Mode (code 11)
Link Access Procedure, D Channel (see LAPD)
Link Configuration packets (LCP packet class), Link Control Protocol (LCP)
link configuration table (PPP Link Group), Link configuration table
Link Control Protocol (see LCP)
Link Dead (PPP link state), PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
link integrity messages, Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
link integrity verification information element, Information elements
Link Integrity Verification Polling Timer (T391), LMI Operations and Timers
link layer
MP as fragmentation mechanism, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
PPP and, PPP, Introduction to PPP, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
problems in, Link Layer Problems, HDLC Problems
protocols used in, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
Link Maintenance packets (LCP packet class), Link Control Protocol (LCP)
link management
adding to existing bundle, Adding links to an existing bundle
LCP state engine and, Relation of Link Managementto the LCP State Engine, Link termination
link configuration, Link configuration
link encapsulation, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
link establishment, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
link initialization, Link initialization
link monitoring, Link Control Protocol (LCP)
link quality monitoring, Bundle creation
link termination, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, Link Control Protocol (LCP), The LCP State Engine, Link termination
link thrashing, A Generic Approach to MMP
PPP, Introduction to PPP
steps in initializing, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
subordinancy in, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
techniques for multiple, Multilink PPP
link mode (cHDLC configuration option), Configuring Cisco HDLC
Link Quality Monitoring (LQM), Quality protocol (code 4), Configuring PPP
link status table (PPP Link Group), Link status table, Link status table
LL (Local Loopback), High-Speed Serial: V.35
LLC (Logical Link Control), Introduction to HDLC
LMI (Local Management Interface)
configuring frame relay, Configuring Frame Relay
features, The Local Management Interface, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
information needed, Circuit Identification Information
LMI Annex A, The Local Management Interface, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
LMI Annex D, LMI Annex D (ANSI T1.617a Annex D)
LMI Annex G, The Local Management Interface
loading coils, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
Local Loopback (LL), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Local Management Interface (see LMI)
localTiming (dsx1TransmitClockSource), The configuration table
LOF (loss of frame)
failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
physical layer diagnostic table, Red Alarm
red alarm problems, Red Alarm
logical addresses (SAPI and TEI), Collecting Performance Data
Logical Link Control (LLC), Introduction to HDLC
Long Range Navigation (LORAN), A Timing Taxonomy
loop timing, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing), Avoiding Slips, CSU/DSU Configuration
loop-start signaling, Foreign exchange loop start
loopback considerations
AIS failure and, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
local or remote, Loopback and Other Test Functions, Loopback Testing, Running loopback tests
magic numbers and, Introduction to PPP, Magic number (code 5)
received clock signal and, External data port clocking
remote smart jack and, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
retention signal, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
RJ-48X and, RJ-48X
testing, Loopback Testing
loopTiming (dsx1TransmitClockSource), The configuration table
LORAN (Long Range Navigation), A Timing Taxonomy
LOS (loss of signal)
defect, Performance Defects
failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
failure condition table, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
LES and, Performance Data
physical layer diagnostic table, Red Alarm
red alarm problems and, Red Alarm
T1 defect condition, Performance Defects
loss of frame (see LOF)
loss of signal (see LOS)
LQM (Link Quality Monitoring), Quality protocol (code 4), Configuring PPP
LQR, LQR extensions (optional)
LQR Group, LQR table, LQR configuration table
Lucent (MCMP), A Generic Approach to MMP, Lucent (Ascend) Multi-Chassis MP (MCMP)

M

M-block connector, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
magic numbers
asynchronous links use of, Introduction to PPP
bundling maintenance and, Bundle creation
LCP option code, LCP Configuration Options, Magic number (code 5)
PPP configuration option, Configuring PPP
master/slave timing characteristics, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
MAX access server, Lucent (Ascend) Multi-Chassis MP (MCMP)
Maximum Receive Unit (see MRU)
Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit (see MRRU)
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Configuring PPP
MCMP (Multi-Chassis MP), A Generic Approach to MMP, Lucent (Ascend) Multi-Chassis MP (MCMP)
message types (ESF code words), Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
messageOriented (dsx1SignalMode), The configuration table
messages, Configuration messages (codes 1, 2, 3, and 4), Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI, Collecting Performance Data
MF (multifrequency), E&M signaling
MIB
for PPP, PPP MIBs, IP configuration table
RFC 2115, RFC 2115: Frame Relay DTE MIB, Traps
SNMP, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
structure of, The Structure of the MIB, DS1 trap
MIB tables
circuit, Circuit table
configuration, The configuration table, The configuration table
current statistical, The current statistical table, The current statistical table
error, Error table
far end, The far end tables
interval, The interval table
total, The total table
Microsoft DNS and WINS servers, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
Mill, John Stuart (quote), Multilink PPP
MMP (Multi-Chassis MP), Multilink PPP, Multi-Chassis MP (MMP), Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol
mod-8, Information Frames (I-Frames), Numbered Mode (code 11)
mod-128, Information Frames (I-Frames), Numbered Mode (code 11)
modems
as asynchronous communications, Digitalization
asynchronous systems and, A Timing Taxonomy
compared with DTE, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
configuring for cT1, Configuring Channelized T1
establishing paths, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
ITU standards, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
LAPM and, HDLC Framing
Numbered Mode and, Numbered Mode (code 11)
power output limitations of, Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI
PPP and, Introduction to PPP
Starting state and, The LCP State Engine
Monitored Events Count (N393), LMI Operations and Timers
monitoring considerations, The Local Management Interface, An Overview of the Monitoring Process
monopoly, AT&T as regulated, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
most recent fragment (MRF) number, Fragment loss case 1.
MP (Multilink PPP)
features, Multilink PPP, Dropping links
fragmentation, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
frames, MP Encapsulation
MRRU and, LCP Configuration Options, Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19)
standards, Multilink PPP
MP+ (LCP configuration option code), LCP Configuration Options
MRAC-34 connector, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
MRF (most recent fragment) number, Fragment loss case 1.
MRRU (Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit)
bundling maintenance and, Adding links to an existing bundle
LCP option code, Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19), Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit (LCP Option 17)
multilink LCP configuration option code, LCP Configuration Options
MRU (Maximum Receive Unit)
LCP option code, LCP Configuration Options, Maximum Receive Unit (code 1)
PPP configuration option, Configuring PPP
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit), Configuring PPP
mu-law standard, Alternate Mark Inversion
Multi-Chassis MP (see MCMP for Lucent solution MMP for nonproprietary solution)
multifrequency (MF), E&M signaling
Multilink Endpoint Discriminator (LCP codes), LCP Configuration Options
Multilink Multinode Bundle Discovery Protocol (RFC 2701), A Generic Approach to MMP
Multilink PPP (see MP)
multiplexing
frame relay and, Frame Relay Network Overview
functions and DCSs, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
T-carrier hierarchy and, Multiplexing and the T-carrier Hierarchy, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
MurphyÕs Law (quote), T1 Troubleshooting

N

N391 (Status Polling Counter), LMI Operations and Timers
N392 (Error Threshold Counter), LMI Operations and Timers
Naks, hints in, Link configuration
NAT, bringing up circuits, Trading Packets
national ISDN-2 (NI-2) specification, ISDN Signaling
navigational systems (GPS and LORAN), A Timing Taxonomy
NCP (Network Control Protocol)
features, PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol, Nonstandard Option for Subnet-MaskAssignment (Option 144)
network layer protocol phase and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
packet initialization, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
PPP and, Introduction to PPP, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, PPP Encapsulation and Framing, Network Control Protocols
PPP initializing links, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
near-end counters, Near- and Far-End Statistics
near-end crosstalk (NEXT), The Demarc, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
negotiation
configuration option, Link Control Protocol (LCP)
LCP, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
of magic numbers, Configuring PPP
timing of messages and, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
NetBIOS protocol
DNS and WINS server assignments, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
PPP standards, Network Control Protocols
protocol-rejection messages and, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
Network Control Protocol (see NCP)
Network Facilities Associated Signaling (NFAS), ISDN PRI
Network Interface Unit (NIU), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
network interfaces
line or payload loopbacks, Loopback Testing
receive clock inference, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
RJ-48X standard, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
transmit clocking, Transmit Clocking at the Network Interface
Network Layer Protocol Identifier (NLPID), Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, Direct NLPID Encapsulation
network layer protocol phase (PPP link state), PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
network masks, Configuring Cisco HDLC
network timing, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
network-protocol management (PPP), Introduction to PPP
NEXT (near-end crosstalk), The Demarc, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
NFAS (Network Facilities Associated Signaling), ISDN PRI
NI (network interface), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, Loopback Testing
NI-2 (national ISDN-2) specification, ISDN Signaling
NIU (Network Interface Unit), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
NLPID (Network Layer Protocol Identifier), Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, Direct NLPID Encapsulation
noise, analog signal problems, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier
Non-Return to Zero Inverted (NRZI), HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
Normal Response Mode (NRM), Introduction to HDLC
Nortel, A Generic Approach to MMP
Northern Telecom (Gang of Four), The Local Management Interface
notification requirement, Pre-Connection Tasks
NRM (Normal Response Mode), Introduction to HDLC
NRZI (Non-Return to Zero Inverted), HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
Numbered Mode, LCP Configuration Options, Numbered Mode (code 11)
Nyquist criterion, Introduction to DS0

O

OAM&P, The Problems with T-carrier
OCU (Office Channel Unit), The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
off-hook, E&M signaling and, E&M signaling
on-hook, E&M signaling and, E&M signaling
one (1), Ones Density and the T1
as mark, Alternate Mark Inversion
as voltage pulse, Alternate Mark Inversion
one (1)
all-ones test, Ones Density and the T1
one-way calling, ordering, One- or two-way calling
ones density, Ones Density and the T1
OOF (out of frame)
defect, Performance Defects
ES and, Performance Data
LOF and, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
SES and, Performance Data
T1 defect condition, Performance Defects
Open command, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
Open event, The LCP State Engine
Open state, The LCP State Engine
opening flags, closing flags and, HDLC Framing
ordering, Ordering, Provisioning, and Record Keeping for cT1, Ordering, Provisioning, and Record Keepingfor ISDN
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect)
models, The CSU/DSU: Your Network to the Telco Network, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
protocols, Direct NLPID Encapsulation, Network Control Protocols
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), SNAP
out of frame (see OOF)
outgoing calls, Foreign exchange ground start, Foreign exchange loop start
OutLQRs counter (PPP LQR Group), LQR table

P

packets
as layer 3 construct, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
fragmenting for transmission, MP Encapsulation
IPXCP negotiation, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
LCP classes of, Link Control Protocol (LCP)
RFC 1661 and RFC 1662, Introduction to PPP
trading, Trading Packets
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), Configuring PPP, PPP authentication
Part 68 (USOC jack codes), RJ-48X
path code violation (PCV), Errors, Performance Data, The current statistical table
PBX (Private Branch Exchange), Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization), Foreign exchange ground start, Channelized T1 Signaling
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), Introduction to DS0
PCV (path code violation), Errors, Performance Data, The current statistical table
PDH/SDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), A Timing Taxonomy
peer-initiated link initialization, Link initialization
peer-initiated link termination, Link termination
performance considerations
defects and degradation, An Overview of the Monitoring Process
differential transmission and, Serial Line Signaling
list of defects, Performance Defects
monitoring, T1 Performance Monitoring, Performance Data
reports, ESF performance reporting, Summary of Settings, Collecting Performance Data
performance data
as monitor component, An Overview of the Monitoring Process
collecting, Collecting Performance Data, Near- and Far-End Statistics
FDL and, ESF Signaling
problem list, Performance Data, Performance Data
performance report message (PRM), Collecting Performance Data, Statistics Reported in the PRM, Near- and Far-End Statistics
permanent virtual circuit (PVC), Frame Relay Network Overview, Information elements
P/F (poll/final) bit, HDLC Framing
PFC (Protocol Field Compression)
bundling maintenance and, Bundle creation
LCP configuration option code, LCP Configuration Options
PPP configuration option, Configuring PPP
PGND SHD (Protective Ground Shield), High-Speed Serial: V.35
phase lock loop (PLL), Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
phase locked (timing/synchronization), B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
physical layer
initializing, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
LAN interface to, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
PPP initializing links, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
problems in, Physical Layer Problems, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
physical layer standards, Physical Layer Standards, ISDN
physical topologies (SDLC), Introduction to HDLC
PID (Protocol Identifier), SNAP
pinouts
female DA-15, DA-15
RJ-48X, RJ-48X
smart jack, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
V.35 pin assignments, High-Speed Serial: V.35, High-Speed Serial: V.35
PLL (phase lock loop), Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
point of presence (see POP)
Point-to-Point Protocol (see PPP)
poll/final (P/F) bit, HDLC Framing
polling, Polling, sequence numbers, and the keepalive, The Local Management Interface
Polling Verification Timer (T392), LMI Operations and Timers
POP (point of presence)
defined, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
discovery operation at, Discovery protocol operations
frame relay setup and, Frame Relay Network Overview
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
authentication, PPP authentication
configuration options, Configuring PPP
encapsulation, Dropping links
encapsulation and framing, PPP Encapsulation and Framing
events defined by standard, The LCP State Engine, The LCP State Engine
IP addresses and, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
logical link states, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
MIBs for, PPP MIBs, IP configuration table
NCP and IPCP, PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol, Nonstandard Option for Subnet-MaskAssignment (Option 144)
NLPID assignments, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490
problems, PPP Problems
protocol used by T1 lines, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
standards for, PPP, PPP authentication
transparency, Transparency
PPP Design, Implementation, and Debugging (Carlson), Introduction to PPP
PPP Link Group, PPP Link Group, Link configuration table
pppDiscardTest (object), RFC 1471: Test Group
pppEchoTest (object), RFC 1471: Test Group
pppIpConfigAdminStatus (object), IP configuration table
pppIpConfigCompression (object), IP configuration table
pppIpLocalMaxSlotId (object), IP table
pppIpLocalToRemoteCompressionProtocol (object), IP table
pppIpOperStatus (object), IP table
pppIpRemoteMaxSlotId (object), IP table
pppIpRemoteToLocalCompressionProtocol (object), IP table
pppLinkConfigFcsSize (object), Link configuration table
pppLinkConfigInitialMRU (object), Link configuration table
pppLinkConfigMagicNumber (object), Link configuration table
pppLinkConfigReceiveACCMap (object), Link configuration table
pppLinkConfigTransmitACCMap (object), Link configuration table
pppLinkStatusBadAddresses (counter), Link status table
pppLinkStatusBadControls (counter), Link status table
pppLinkStatusBadFCSs (counter), Link status table
pppLinkStatusLocalMRU (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusLocalToPeerACCMap (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusLocalToRemoteACCompression (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusLocalToRemoteProtocolCompression (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusPacketTooLongs (counter), Link status table
pppLinkStatusPeerToLocalACCMap (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusPhysicalIndex (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusReceiveFcsSize (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusRemoteMRU (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusRemoteToLocalACCompression (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusRemoteToLocalProtocolCompression (object), Link status table
pppLinkStatusTransmitFcsSize (object), Link status table
pppLqrConfigPeriod (object), LQR configuration table
pppLqrConfigStatus (object), LQR configuration table
pppLqrExtnsLastReceivedLqrPacket (object), LQR extensions (optional)
pppLqrInGoodOctets (object), LQR table
pppLqrInLQRs (object), LQR table
pppLqrLocalPeriod (object), LQR table
pppLqrOutLQRs (object), LQR table
pppLqrQuality (object), LQR table
pppLqrRemotePeriod (object), LQR table
PRI (see ISDN PRI)
primary DNS (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
primary NBNS (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
Primary Rate Interface (see ISDN PRI)
primary reference source (PRS), A Timing Taxonomy, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
printing ASCII termination requests, Termination messages (codes 5 and 6)
Private Branch Exchange (PBX), Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization), Foreign exchange ground start, Channelized T1 Signaling
PRM (performance report message), Collecting Performance Data, Statistics Reported in the PRM, Near- and Far-End Statistics
problems
bipolar violations, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
cables, Running loopback tests
common V.35 cabling, Common V.35 Cabling Problems
frame relay, Frame Relay Problems
glare in E&M signaling, E&M signaling
HDLC, HDLC Problems
in carrierÕs network, Running loopback tests
incorrect clock settings, General Link Layer Problems
PPP, PPP Problems
slip events, Slip events
timing, Timing problems (controlled slips)
timing in serial circuits, Running loopback tests
using loopback testing, Running loopback tests
, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
(see also troubleshooting)
proprietary, Cisco HDLC
protection switching, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
Protective Ground Shield (PGND SHD), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Protocol Field Compression (see PFC)
Protocol Identifier (PID), SNAP
protocol numbers (web site), Current State-of-the-Art PPP
Protocol-Reject
address negotiation and, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
bundling and, Bundling and the MP Architecture
LCP rejection message, Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
protocols
bundling and, Bundling and the MP Architecture
cHDLC table codes, Cisco HDLC
configuring for cT1, Configuring Channelized T1
IANA standards, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
LAPD, ESF performance reporting
major vendors and MMP, A Generic Approach to MMP
NCPS and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
network control standards, Network Control Protocols
not publicly documented, Multilink PPP
used by T1 lines, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
PRS (primary reference source), A Timing Taxonomy, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Introduction to DS0
pulse density (ones density), Ones Density and the T1
pulses
alternating polarity and error detection, Alternate Mark Inversion
clock inference from, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
DSX-1 interface and, Short-Haul Build Out (Line Equalization)
tendencies of, Alternate Mark Inversion
timing/synchronization, Timing and Synchronization
PVC (permanent virtual circuit), Frame Relay Network Overview, Information elements
PVC status information element, Information elements

Q

Q.921, ISDN Signaling
Q.922, The Frame Relay Link Layer
Q.930, ISDN Signaling
Q.931, ISDN Signaling
Q.933, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
Q.933 Annex A, The Local Management Interface
Q.933 protocol, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490
QRS (quasi random signal) tests, Ones Density and the T1
Quality protocol (LCD option code), LCP Configuration Options, Quality protocol (code 4)
queries, bundle heads and, Discovery protocol operations

R

R1 signaling in ITU recommendations, Other methods
radio services, AT&T experiments with, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
RADIUS servers, Configuring Channelized T1
RAI (remote alarm indication)
failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
troubleshooting, Yellow Alarm/RAI
yellow alarm signal, RAI/Yellow Alarm Signal
, Alarms and the Superframe
(see also yellow alarm)
RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies), 1970-Present:The Modern Telephone Network, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
RC (Receive Clock), Common Serial Signals
RCA (Receive Configure-Ack) event, The LCP State Engine
RCLK (Receive Clock), Common Serial Signals
RCN (Receive Configure-Nak), The LCP State Engine
RCR+ event (Reception of Configure-Request), The LCP State Engine
RCR- event (Reception of Configure-Request), The LCP State Engine
RD (Receive Data), Common Serial Signals
RD (Request Disconnect) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
RD A (Receive Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RD A (Receive Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RD+ (Receive Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RD- (Receive Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
reassembly, MP Fragmentation and Reassembly, MP as a link layer fragmentation mechanism
receive alarm (condition), Alarms and the Superframe
Receive Clock (RC, RXC, RCLK), Common Serial Signals
Receive Configure-Ack (RCA), The LCP State Engine
Receive Configure-Nak (RCN), The LCP State Engine
Receive Data (RD, RX), Common Serial Signals
Receive Data A (RD A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Data A (RD+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Data A (RX+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Data B (RD A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Data B (RD-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Data B (RX-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Echo-Request (RXR) event, The LCP State Engine
Receive Not Ready (RNR), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
Receive Protocol (RXJ+) event, The LCP State Engine
Receive Protocol (RXJ-) event, The LCP State Engine
Receive Terminate-Ack (RTA) event, The LCP State Engine
Receive Terminate-Request (RTR) event, The LCP State Engine
Receive Timing (RT), Common Serial Signals
Receive Timing (RT+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Timing (RT-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Timing (RxClk+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Timing (RxClk-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receive Unknown Code (RUC) event, The LCP State Engine
Received Line Signal Detector (RLSD), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Receiver Ready (RR), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
Reception of Configure-Request (RCR+) event, The LCP State Engine
Reception of Configure-Request (RCR-) event, The LCP State Engine
record keeping, Record Keeping for Later Problems, Record Keeping
red alarm, Alarms and the Superframe, Red Alarm
redundancy and SONET switching, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
reframing buffers and, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), 1970-Present:The Modern Telephone Network, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Registered Jack (RJ), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, RJ-48X
REJ (Reject), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
rejection messages (code and protocol), Code- and protocol-rejection messages (codes 7 and 8)
remote alarm conditions, Alarms and the Superframe
remote alarm indication (see RAI)
Remote Loopback (RL), Loopback Testing, Running loopback tests, High-Speed Serial: V.35
repeaters, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World, Alternate Mark Inversion
Report Type information element, Information elements
Request Disconnect (RD), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Request for Comments (RFC), Internet Engineering Task Force
Request Initialization Mode (RIM), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Request to Send (RTS), Common Serial Signals, High-Speed Serial: V.35
Request-Sent (Req-Sent), The LCP State Engine
Reset (RSET) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Reset-Ack, LCP Frames, Other messages
Reset-Req, Other messages
Reset-Request, LCP Frames
resistive loss, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
Reverse ARP Ethertype, SLARP
RFC (Request For Comments), Internet Engineering Task Force
RFC 1055 (PPP standards), Motivation, Background, and History
RFC 1144 (PPP standards), Motivation, Background, and History
RFC 1149 (April 1), Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
RFC 1155 (SNMP standards), SNMP Foundations
RFC 1157 (SNMP standards), SNMP Foundations
RFC 1172 (style address assignment), RFC 1172-Style Address Assignment(IP Addresses; IPCP Option 1)
RFC 1213 (SNMP standards), SNMP Foundations
RFC 1332 (style address negotiation), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol, RFC 1172-Style Address Assignment(IP Addresses; IPCP Option 1), RFC 1332-Style Address Negotiation(IP Address; IPCP Option 3), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1334 (PPP Authentication Protocols), PPP authentication
RFC 1376 (DNCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1377 (OSINLCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1378 (ATCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1471 (Link Control Protocol), RFC 1471: Link Control Protocol MIB, Link configuration table, RFC 1471: LQR Group, LQR extensions (optional), SNMP MIBs Related to T1
RFC 1472 (PPP Security Group), SNMP MIBs Related to T1
RFC 1473 (PPP IP Group MIB), RFC 1473: IP Group, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
RFC 1490 (InARP), Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, SNAP, Configuring Frame Relay, Frame Relay
RFC 1547 (PPP standards), Motivation, Background, and History
RFC 1552 (IPXCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1570 (PPP LCP Extensions), Identification message (code 12), Other messages, Other PPP Extensions
RFC 1661 (PPP), Introduction to PPP, Magic number (code 5), Dropping links, Current State-of-the-Art PPP
RFC 1662
PPP framing information, Introduction to PPP
PPP in HDLC-like Framing, Current State-of-the-Art PPP
stuffing procedures, Transparency
unnumbered mode control and, Numbered Mode (code 11)
RFC 1663 (Numbered Mode), LCP Configuration Options, Numbered Mode (code 11), Current State-of-the-Art PPP
RFC 1717 (multilink specification), Short Sequence Number header format (LCP Option 18)
RFC 1812 (requirements for IPv4 routers), Introduction to PPP
RFC 1877 (IPCP extensions), Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132), Network Control Protocols
RFC 1905 (SNMPv2 standards), SNMP Version 2
RFC 1934 (MP+), Multilink PPP
RFC 1962 (CCP), Other PPP Extensions
RFC 1968 (ECP), Other PPP Extensions
RFC 1989 (PPP Link Quality Monitoring), Quality protocol (code 4), Other PPP Extensions
RFC 1990 (PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)), Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19), Multilink PPP, Adding links to an existing bundle, Multilink PPP
RFC 1994 (CHAP), PPP authentication
RFC 2043 (SNACP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 2097 (NBFCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 2115 (SNMP MIB standard), RFC 2115: Frame Relay DTE MIB, Traps, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
RFC 2125 (PPP standards), Multilink PPP
RFC 2153 (PPP Vendor Extensions), Other messages, LCP Configuration Options, Other PPP Extensions
RFC 2284 (EAP), PPP authentication
RFC 2290 (Mobile-IPv4 Configuration Option for PPP IPCP), Network Control Protocols
RFC 2341 (L2F), Multilink PPP
RFC 2390 (Inverse ARP), Frame Relay
RFC 2427
Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay, Frame Relay
NLPID format preferred, SNAP
update of RFC 1490, Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490
RFC 2433 (CHAP extensions), PPP authentication
RFC 2495 (SNMP MIB standard), RFC 2495: DS1 MIB, DS1 trap, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
RFC 2570 (SNMPv3 standards), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2571 (SNMP Management), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2572 (SNMPv3 standards), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2574 (SNMPv3 standards), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2575 (SNMPv3 standards), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2576 (SNMPv3 standards), SNMP Version 3
RFC 2578 (SMIv2), SNMP Version 2
RFC 2579 (SMIv2), SNMP Version 2
RFC 2661 (L2TP), Multilink PPP
RFC 2664 (IPv4 routers), Introduction to PPP
RFC 2701 (Bundle Discovery Protocol), A Generic Approach to MMP, Multilink PPP
RFC 2759 (CHAP Extensions, Version 2), PPP authentication
RFC 2878 (BCP), Network Control Protocols
RIM (Request Initialization Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
ringing, Ones Density and the T1
RJ (Registered Jack), The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, RJ-48X
RJ-11 telephone jack, RJ-48X
RJ-45, Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5, RJ-48X
RJ-48, Pre-Connection Tasks, Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5, DA-15
RJ-48X, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, RJ-48X
RL (Remote Loopback), Loopback Testing, Running loopback tests, High-Speed Serial: V.35
RLSD (Received Line Signal Detector), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RNR (Receive Not Ready), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
robbed-bit signaling
channels and, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
cT1 and, Signaling on cT1
line provisions for, Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI
T-carrier systems and, The Problems with T-carrier
on T1 circuits, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
robbedBit (dsx1SignalMode), The configuration table
routers
as offload MMP servers, Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol
as PPP configuration option, Configuring PPP
as serial DTE, Introduction to Serial Communications
bringing up circuits, Trading Packets
frame relay configurations, Configuring Frame Relay
installation considerations, Circuit Identification Information
SLARP protocol, SLARP, Configuring Cisco HDLC
to CSU/DSU with V.35, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
troubleshooting transmission problems, External data port clocking
V.35 and, Introduction to Serial Communications
RR (Receiver Ready), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
RS-232 interface, Introduction to Serial Communications
RS-422 interface, Introduction to Serial Communications
RSET (Reset) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
RT (Receive Timing), Common Serial Signals
RT+ (Receive Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RT- (Receive Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RTA (Receive Terminate-Ack) event, The LCP State Engine
RTR (Receive Terminate-Request) event, The LCP State Engine
RTS (Request to Send), Common Serial Signals, High-Speed Serial: V.35
RUC (Receive Unknown Code) event, The LCP State Engine
rules, bundle establishment, Adding links to an existing bundle
RX+ (Receive Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RX- (Receive Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RXC (Receive Clock), Common Serial Signals
RxClk+ (Receive Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RxClk- (Receive Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
RXJ+ (Receive Protocol or Code-Reject) event, The LCP State Engine
RXJ- (Receive Protocol or Code-Reject) event, The LCP State Engine
RXR (Receive Echo-Request) event, The LCP State Engine

S

S-frame (supervisory frame), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
SABME (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
SAIC (Bellcore/Telcordia), Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Salo, Tim (quote attribution), Standards Bodies
sampling theorem, Introduction to DS0
Sandburg, Carl (quote), Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI
SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier), Collecting Performance Data
SAPI 15, path and signal testing with, Collecting Performance Data
SARM (Set Asynchronous Response Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
sca (Send Configure-Ack) action, The LCP State Engine
scj (Send Code-Reject) action, The LCP State Engine
scn (Send Configure-Nak or Configure-Rej) action, The LCP State Engine
scr (Send Configure-Request) action, The LCP State Engine
SCR A (Serial Clock Receive A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SCR B (Serial Clock Receive A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SCT A (Serial Clock Transmit A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SCT B (Serial Clock Transmit B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SCTE (serial clock timing external) label, External data port clocking
SCTE (Serial Clock Transmit External) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
SCTE A (Serial Clock Transmit External A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SCTE B (Serial Clock Transmit External B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SD (Send Data), Common Serial Signals
SD+ (Send Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SD- (Send Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control), Introduction to HDLC, HDLC Framing
secondary DNS (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
secondary NBNS (IPCP), PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
SEF (severely errored framing), Performance Defects
SEF/AIS second (SAS-P) performance data, Performance Data
SEFS (Severely Errored Framing Second), The current statistical table
Selective Reject (SREJ), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
self-initiated link initialization, Link initialization
self-initiated link termination, Link termination
Send Code-Reject (scj) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Configure-Ack (sca) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Configure-Nak (scn) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Configure-Request (scr) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Data (SD), Common Serial Signals
Send Data A (SD+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Data A (TD A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Data A (TX+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Data B (SD-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Data B (TD B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Data B (TX-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Echo-Reply (ser) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Terminate-Ack (sta) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Terminate-Request (str) action, The LCP State Engine
Send Timing (ST+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Timing (ST-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Timing (TxClk+), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Send Timing (TxClk-), High-Speed Serial: V.35
sequence numbers, SLARP protocol and, Polling, sequence numbers, and the keepalive
ser (Send Echo-Reply) action, The LCP State Engine
Serial Clock Receive A (SCR A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Serial Clock Receive A (SCR B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
serial clock timing external (SCTE) label, External data port clocking
Serial Clock Transmit A (SCT A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Serial Clock Transmit B (SCT B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Serial Clock Transmit External (SCTE) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
Serial Clock Transmit External A (SCTE A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
Serial Clock Transmit External B (SCTE B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
serial communications
data ports as, Clocking at the Data Port
overview, Introduction to Serial Communications, Common Serial Signals
PPP and, Introduction to PPP
routers to T1s, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI), Collecting Performance Data
Service Profile Identifier (SPID), Telephone numbers
SES (severely errored seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended (SABME) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Set Asynchronous Response Mode (SARM) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Set Initialization Mode (SIM), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Set Normal Response Mode (SNRM) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Set Normal Response Mode Extended (SNRME) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
severely errored framing (SEF), Performance Defects
Severely Errored Framing Second (SEFS), The current statistical table
severely errored seconds (SES), Performance Data, The current statistical table
SF (superframe)
A and B channels, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
CRC errors, CRC errors
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
drawbacks, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
FE and, Errors
multiple frames as, Multiplexing to Form the T1
OOF defect and, Performance Defects
PCV and, Errors
SES and, Performance Data
standard, The Original Superframe
SGBP (Stack Group Bidding Protocol), Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol, Multilink PPP
SGND (Signal Ground), High-Speed Serial: V.35
shielding
pre-connection tasks for wiring, Pre-Connection Tasks
recommended distances for cables, The Demarc
signal leakage and, The Demarc
short sequence number (SSN), Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19), Short Sequence Number header format (LCP Option 18), Adding links to an existing bundle
shorting bars, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, RJ-48X
Signal Ground (GND or SGND), High-Speed Serial: V.35
signal loss
allowable levels, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
basic failure, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
deliberate with long-haul LBO, Long-Haul Build Out
signaling
cT1 and, Signaling on cT1, Other methods, Signaling, Configuring Channelized T1, Channelized T1 Signaling
degradation, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
E&M, E&M signaling, E&M signaling
failures and alarms, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling, Performance Defects
framing bits, The Original Superframe
ground start, Foreign exchange ground start
ISDN, ISDN Signaling, Signaling
leakage, The Demarc
loop start, Foreign exchange loop start
methods to separate channels, ESF Signaling
robbed bits and channels, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
serial lines, Serial Line Signaling, Serial Line Signaling
strength, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
testing, Collecting Performance Data
SIM (Set Initialization Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Simple Network Management Protocol (see SNMP)
SLARP (Serial Line ARP)
echo messages compared with, Link integrity messages (codes 9, 10, and 11)
router-to-router, SLARP, Configuring Cisco HDLC
sliding windows, Information Frames (I-Frames)
slips
controlled, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad, Errors
timing problems and, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad, Avoiding Slips
timing problems and events, Slip events
uncontrolled, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
smart jacks
AIS and, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
locations for, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
triggering remote loopback, Loopback Testing
SNA Control Protocol (SNACP), Network Control Protocols
SNA protocol, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, Network Control Protocols
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
monitoring, An Overview of the Monitoring Process
standards, SNMP, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
T1-related MIBs, SNMP, IP configuration table
SNMPv standards, SNMP Version 2, SNMP Version 3
SNRM (Set Normal Response Mode) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
SNRME (Set Normal Response Mode Extended) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
SONET (synchronous optical network)
benefits of, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
data streams and rings, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
PPP use with, PPP
protection switching, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
spans, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces, Alarms and the Superframe
spare capacity, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
specific access station (SAS) signaling, Other methods
specifications
differences between LMI, LMI Annex A (ITU-T Q.933 Annex A)
HDLC example, International Organization for Standardization
IEC, International Organization for Standardization
Q.922, The Frame Relay Link Layer
Registered Jacks, RJ-48X
RFC 1661, Introduction to PPP
switches, ISDN Signaling
, Magic number (code 5)
(see also entries beginning with RFC)
speed (T-carrier comparison table), Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
SPID (Service Profile Identifier), Telephone numbers
SREJ (Selective Reject), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
SSN (short sequence number), Multilink MRRU, SSN, and ED (codes 17, 18, and 19), Short Sequence Number header format (LCP Option 18), Adding links to an existing bundle
ST+ (Send Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
ST- (Send Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
sta (Send Terminate-Ack) action, The LCP State Engine
Stack Group Bidding Protocol (SGBP), Cisco MMP and the Stack Group Bidding Protocol, Multilink PPP
Standard Ethernet, troubleshooting, Differences between RJ-48, RJ-45, and straight-through Cat 5
standards
A-law, Alternate Mark Inversion
ANSI T1.403, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
dial-up and PPP, Introduction to PPP
for PPP, PPP, PPP authentication
frame relay, Frame Relay
HDLC, HDLC
ITU and, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35, International Telecommunications Union
JTC, International Organization for Standardization
kbps and, Introduction to DS0
mu-law, Alternate Mark Inversion
ones density, Ones Density and the T1
physical layer, Physical Layer Standards, ISDN
RJ numbers, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO
SNMP, SNMP, SNMP MIBs Related to T1
timing and synchronization, Timing and Synchronization
standards bodies, Standards Bodies, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Starting (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
state engines, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines, Dropping links
statistics
MIB and, The current statistical table
reported in PRM, Statistics Reported in the PRM, Near- and Far-End Statistics
Status Polling Counter (N391), LMI Operations and Timers
Stopped (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
Stopping (LCP engine state), The LCP State Engine
str (Send Terminate-Request) action, The LCP State Engine
StrataCom (Gang of Four), The Local Management Interface
Stratum 1-4 Bell system timing sources, A Timing Taxonomy
subchannels (B and D channels), ISDN PRI
subnet-mask assignment, Nonstandard Option for Subnet-MaskAssignment (Option 144)
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), Multiprotocol Encapsulation with RFC 1490, SNAP
supervisory frame (S-frame), Supervisory Frames (S-Frames)
SVC (switched virtual circuit), Frame Relay Network Overview
switch types, configuring ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
switches, DCS hardware as, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
synchronization
AIS and, Alarms and the Superframe
AMI and, Alternate Mark Inversion
bit stuffing and, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
CSU/DSU process, Multiplexing to Form the T1
framing bits and, The Extended Superframe (ESF)
ones density and, Ones Density and the T1
timing and, Timing and Synchronization
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), Introduction to HDLC, HDLC Framing
synchronous optical network (see SONET)

T

T-carriers
1950 through 1970, 1951-1970:The Birth of T-carrier, Digitalization
multiplexing and, Multiplexing and the T-carrier Hierarchy, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
problems with, The Problems with T-carrier
timing, clocking, and synchronization, Timing, Clocking,and Synchronization in the T-carrier System, Avoiding Slips
, The Problems with T-carrier
(see also T1 circuits)
T1 circuits
architectural overview, T1 Architectural Overview, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
as T-carrier, Digitalization
configuring ISDN PRI, Configuring ISDN PRI
costs and alternatives, The Rise of Data and the Internet
getting connectivity, Connecting the Umbilicus: GettingT1 Connectivity, Post-Connection
interfaces, Loopback Testing, Configuring ISDN PRI
Internet chronology, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
parameters, Configuring Channelized T1
performance monitoring, T1 Performance Monitoring, Performance Data
pricing, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
protocols for lines, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
RJ-48X jacks and, RJ-48X
roots, History of the U.S. Telephone Network
serial connections to routers, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
specifications, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
timing in, T1 Circuit Timing, Inverting the internal clock signal
top trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
T1.231, Line code errors, An Overview of the Monitoring Process, Performance Data, Differences from T1.231
T1.403, ESF Signaling
T3 circuits, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks
T391 (Link Integrity Verification Polling Timer), LMI Operations and Timers
T392 (Polling Verification Timer), LMI Operations and Timers
T5 circuits, Digitalization
Tannenbaum, Andrew (quote), Reference
TC (Transmit Clock) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
TCLK (Transmit Clock) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
TCP/IP, Information Frames (I-Frames), Numbered Mode (code 11), Motivation, Background, and History
tcpdump, troubleshooting with, Before calling your equipment vendor
TD (Transmit Data) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
TD A (Send Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TD B (Send Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TDM (time division multiplexing), Digitalization, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
technology, cyclic nature of, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
TEI (Terminal Endpoint Identifier), Collecting Performance Data
telco, The CSU/DSU: Your Network to the Telco Network, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability, Calling the telco
Telcordia, ISDN Signaling, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
telecommunications, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces, The End Span and Entry intothe Telecommunications World
telegraphs, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
telephone networks
basic digital transmission, Basic Digital Transmission on Telephone Networks, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
history of U.S., History of the U.S. Telephone Network, The Rise of Data and the Internet
signaling on T1 links, Telephone Signaling on T1 Links
U.S. as plesiochronous, A Timing Taxonomy
telephone numbers
ordering, Telephone numbers, part 1, Telephone numbers, part 2
ordering for ISDN, Telephone numbers
transmission (MF and DTMF), E&M signaling
Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI), Collecting Performance Data
terminal framing bits, The Original Superframe
Terminate-Ack, LCP Frames, Termination messages (codes 5 and 6), Dropping links
Terminate-Request
address negotiation and, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
bundling maintenance and, Dropping links
LCP termination messages and, Termination messages (codes 5 and 6)
LCP type code, LCP Frames
Termination (PPP link state), PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
Test (TEST) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Test Mode (TM), High-Speed Serial: V.35
testing
all-ones test, Ones Density and the T1
all-zeros test, Ones Density and the T1
loopback, Loopback and Other Test Functions, Loopback Testing
use of loopback retention signal, Code words: ESF alarms and instructions
1-in-8 test, Ones Density and the T1
path and signal, Collecting Performance Data
3-in-24 test, Ones Density and the T1
this layer down (tld) action, The LCP State Engine
this layer finished (tlf) action, The LCP State Engine
this layer started (tls) action, The LCP State Engine
this layer up (tlu) action, The LCP State Engine
3-in-24 test, Ones Density and the T1
throughTiming (dsx1TransmitClockSource), The configuration table
time division multiplexing (TDM), Digitalization, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
time slots, Multiplexing to Form the T1, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface, CSU/DSU Configuration
Time-Remaining (LCP type code), LCP Frames
timing
external timing, CSU/DSU Configuration
in T1 circuits, T1 Circuit Timing, Inverting the internal clock signal
internal timing, Internal timing
loop timing, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing), Avoiding Slips, CSU/DSU Configuration
network timing, Master/slave timing (also called network or loop timing)
physical layer standards, Timing
problems, Timing problems (controlled slips), Bipolar violations (line code violations), Slip events
synchronization and, Timing and Synchronization
taxonomy, A Timing Taxonomy, A Timing Taxonomy
variation and slips in signals, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad, Avoiding Slips
, CSU/DSU Configuration
(see also clocking)
tip and ring scheme (RJ-48X), RJ-48X
tld (this layer down) action, The LCP State Engine
tlf (this layer finished) action, The LCP State Engine
tls (this layer started) action, The LCP State Engine
tlu (this layer up) action, The LCP State Engine
TM (Test Mode), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TO+ event, The LCP State Engine
TO- event, The LCP State Engine
total table (MIB), The total table
TR 9577, Direct NLPID Encapsulation
traffic, Frame Relay Network Overview, Fragment loss case 1.
transistors, computerization and, The Transistor and Computerization
transmissions
steps for IP packets, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
timing and synchronization, Timing and Synchronization
tip and ring scheme, RJ-48X
unbalanced methods, Serial Line Signaling
Transmit Clock (TC, TCLK, TXC), Common Serial Signals
transmit clock source (CSU/DSU configuration options), Summary of Settings
Transmit Data (TD, TX), Common Serial Signals
Transmit Timing (see TT)
transparency, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing, Transparency
troubleshooting
bringing up circuit, Troubleshooting
calling for help, Calling for Help, Before calling your equipment vendor
common V.35 cabling problems, Common V.35 Cabling Problems
determining alarm declaration, Failures, Alarms, and Signaling
error conditions, Other Error Conditions
identification message usefulness in, Identification message (code 12)
link layer problems, Link Layer Problems, HDLC Problems
near-end and far-end statistics for, Near- and Far-End Statistics
outline, Troubleshooting Outline
physical layer problems, Physical Layer Problems, Bipolar violations (line code violations)
rules of fixing things, Calling the telco
T1 performance monitoring, T1 Performance Monitoring, Performance Data
tools and techniques, Basic Troubleshooting Tools and Techniques, Before calling your equipment vendor
top T1 trouble spots, Before calling your equipment vendor
with debug trace, Before calling your equipment vendor
yellow alarm diagnostics table, Troubleshooting table
, Troubleshooting
(see also error checking/detection)
trunk systems (see carriers)
TT (Transmit Timing) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
tunneling techniques, Multi-Chassis MP (MMP)
two-way calling, ordering, One- or two-way calling
TX (Transmit Data) serial signal, Common Serial Signals
TX+ (Send Data A), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TX- (Send Data B), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TXC (Transmit Clock), Common Serial Signals
TxClk+ (Send Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35
TxClk- (Send Timing), High-Speed Serial: V.35

U

U-frames (unnumbered frames), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
UA (Unnumbered Acknowledgment) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
UAS (Unavailable Seconds), Performance Data, The current statistical table
UI (Unnumbered Information), Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
uncontrolled slips, Slips: When Timing Goes Bad
Unix, tcpdump for troubleshooting, Before calling your equipment vendor
Unnumbered Poll (UP) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
UP (Unnumbered Poll) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
Up event
as trigger, PPP Network Controland the IP Control Protocol
LCP and, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
Lower layer up, The LCP State Engine
PPP initializing links, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
USOC (Universal Service Order Codes), RJ-48X
UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable, The Demarc

V

V.24 circuit, name definitions, Common Serial Signals
V.28 circuit, electrical characteristics, Common Serial Signals
V.35 circuit
as serial interface, Introduction to Serial Communications
common cabling problems, Common V.35 Cabling Problems
explicit timing with, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
high-speed serial, High-Speed Serial: V.35, Common V.35 Cabling Problems
pre-connection tasks, Pre-Connection Tasks
serial standard, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
signal compared with, PPP Logical Link Statesand State Machines
V.42 specification, HDLC Framing
Vail, Theodore, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
Van Jacobson compression, PPP Encapsulation and Framing, IP table, Motivation, Background, and History
vendor extensions, Other messages, LCP Configuration Options
vendor, calling for help, Before calling your equipment vendor
Vendor-Extension (LCP type code), LCP Frames
virtual connections, Frame Relay Network Overview
virtual private networks (VPNs), Frame Relay Network Overview
voice transmissions
channels, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings, Building the T-carrier Hierarchywith Multiplexing
digitalization, Introduction to DS0
errors in, Alternate Mark Inversion
voltage, Alternate Mark Inversion, Clocking at the Data Port
VPNs (virtual private networks), Frame Relay Network Overview

W

WAN, High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
wander, Receive Clock Inference on the Network Interface
web sites
ANSI Committee T1, ANSI Committee T1
April 1 RFC, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
DISA Circular 300-175-9, The total table, Timing
Ethernet type codes, Ethernet Type Codes
Frame Relay Forum, Frame Relay Forum
IANA, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force
ISO, International Organization for Standardization
ITU, International Telecommunications Union
ITU URL, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
PPP protocol numbers, Current State-of-the-Art PPP
quote attribution, Standards Bodies
RFCs, Internet Engineering Task Force
Telcordia, Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
Van Jacobson Usenet post, Motivation, Background, and History
Western Electric Manufacturing Company, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings, The Problems with T-carrier, The Original Superframe
Western Union, 1876-1950: Analog Beginnings
Westfield, Bill, HDLC
Winchester block connector, From the Router to the CSU/DSU with V.35
windows in HDLC, Information Frames (I-Frames)
wink start, E&M signaling
WINS servers, Microsoft DNS and WINS ServerAssignment (Options 129-132)
wire pairs in T1 circuits, Telecommunications Puzzle Pieces
wiring, The End Span: From the CSU/DSU to the CO, Loopback Testing, Access Aggregation with cT1 andISDN PRI

X

X.25, Frame Relay, Frame Relay
XCLK label, External data port clocking
XID (Exchange Information) command, Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
XOFF control characters, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing
XON control characters, HDLC Transparency and Bit Stuffing

Y

yellow alarm
CSU/DSU configuration options, Summary of Settings
RAI, RAI/Yellow Alarm Signal
superframe alarm conditions, Alarms and the Superframe
troubleshooting, Yellow Alarm/RAI

Z

Zeno (quote), Timing, Clocking,and Synchronization in the T-carrier System
zero (0)
as space, Alternate Mark Inversion
zero (0)
all-zeros test, Ones Density and the T1
B8ZS encoding, B8ZS and Clear Channel Capability
lack of voltage pulse, Alternate Mark Inversion
Zeroth Rule, Calling the telco
zrc (zero restart counter) action, The LCP State Engine
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