Conclusion
by Edward J. Stepanksi Ph.d., Larry Hatcher, Norm O'Rourke
A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS® for Univariate & Multivariate Statistics, Second Edition
- Copyright
- Praise for the Second Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Using This Book
- Basic Concepts in Research and DATA Analysis
- Introduction to SAS® Programs, SAS® Logs, and SAS® Output
- Data Input
- Introduction: Inputting Questionnaire Data versus Other Types of Data
- Entering Data: An Illustrative Example
- Inputting Data Using the DATALINES Statement
- Additional Guidelines
- Inputting a Correlation or Covariance Matrix
- Inputting Data Using the INFILE Statement Rather than the DATALINES Statement
- Controlling the Output Size and Log Pages with the OPTIONS Statement
- Conclusion
- Reference
- Working with Variables and Observations in SAS® Datasets
- Exploring Data with PROC MEANS, PROC FREQ, PROC PRINT, and PROC UNIVARIATE
- Measures of Bivariate Association
- Assessing Scale Reliability with Coefficient Alpha
- t Tests: Independent Samples and Paired Samples
- One-Way ANOVA with One Between-Subjects Factor
- Introduction: The Basics of One-Way ANOVA, Between-Subjects Design
- Example with Significant Differences between Experimental Conditions
- Example with Nonsignificant Differences between Experimental Conditions
- Understanding the Meaning of the F Statistic
- Using the LSMEANS Statement to Analyze Data from Unbalanced Designs
- Conclusion
- Assumptions Underlying One-Way ANOVA with One Between-Subjects Factor
- References
- Factorial ANOVA with Two Between-Subjects Factors
- Introduction to Factorial Designs
- Some Possible Results from a Factorial ANOVA
- Example with a Nonsignificant Interaction
- Example with a Significant Interaction
- Using the LSMEANS Statement to Analyze Data from Unbalanced Designs
- Conclusion
- Assumptions Underlying Factorial ANOVA with Two Between-Subjects Factors
- Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with One Between-Subjects Factor
- One-Way ANOVA with One Repeated-Measures Factor
- Factorial ANOVA with Repeated-Measures Factors and Between-Subjects Factors
- Introduction: The Basics of Mixed-Design ANOVA
- Some Possible Results from a Two-Way Mixed-Design ANOVA
- Problems with the Mixed-Design ANOVA
- Example with a Nonsignificant Interaction
- Example with a Significant Interaction
- Use of Other Post-Hoc Tests with the Repeated-Measures Variable
- Conclusion
- Assumptions Underlying Factorial ANOVA with Repeated-Measures Factors and Between-Subjects Factors
- References
- Multiple Regression
- Introduction: Answering Questions with Multiple Regression
- Background: Predicting a Criterion Variable from Multiple Predictors
- The Results of a Multiple Regression Analysis
- Example: A Test of the Investment Model
- Overview of the Analysis
- Gathering and Entering Data
- Computing Bivariate Correlations with PROC CORR
- Estimating the Full Multiple Regression Equation with PROC REG
- Computing Uniqueness Indices with PROC REG
- Summarizing the Results in Tables
- Getting the Big Picture
- Conclusion: Learning More about Multiple Regression
- Assumptions Underlying Multiple Regression
- References
- Principal Component Analysis
- Introduction: The Basics of Principal Component Analysis
- Example: Analysis of the Prosocial Orientation Inventory
- SAS Program and Output
- Steps in Conducting Principal Component Analysis
- An Example with Three Retained Components
- Conclusion
- Assumptions Underlying Principal Component Analysis
- References
- Choosing the Correct Statistic
- Datasets
- Critical Values of the F Distribution
- Books Available from SAS Press
- Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics
- Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics
- Index
Conclusion
Bivariate associations are the simplest types of associations studied and the statistics presented here (the Pearson correlation, the Spearman correlation, and the chi-square test of independence) are appropriate for examining most types of bivariate relationships encountered in the social sciences. With these relatively simple procedures behind you, you are now ready to proceed to other tests of group differences.
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