Index
A
Active electric dampers
control current, 581
position and acceleration response, 582
response to guideway irregularities, 583–584
schematics, 579
Active guideway MAGLEV
iron-core urban PM-LSM
pictorial representation, 603, 604
three-phase stator winding and propulsion-guidance PM inductor, 605–606
multimover doubly fed LIM
coupling inductances, 607
field-oriented propulsion control, 608–609
low-speed propulsion performance, 609
superconducting
feeding system of propulsion, 602, 604
generic magnetic bogie, 602
integrated propulsion-levitation guidance, 602, 604
JR-MLX, 601
levitation-guidance coil, 603
propulsion and levitation coils, 601–602
transrapid
aerodynamic safety, 601
commercialization in 2002, 596
generic supply system, 598–599
long stator cable three-phase winding, 597–598
propulsion efficiency and power factor, 598–599
propulsion structure with supply substations, 600
pure operation of LSM, 600
schematic representation, 596–597
Air-core configuration design, brushless motor, 444–445
Attraction levitation system (ALS)
control system performance
average control power, 550
electromagnet–guideway collision avoidance, 549–550
dynamic modeling
linearization, 544
single electromagnet–guideway system, 542–543
E-core topology, 534
eddy currents, 535
longitudinal end effect
airgap flux density and eddy current density, 540
eddy current, 538
levitation and drag forces, 540–541
robust control systems
fast current and force responses, 555
gain scheduling, 554
MAGLEV industrial transport platform, 556–558
sliding mode control, 554
SM-PI-current control system, 556
state feedback control
dc-dc converter, 548
vehicle lifting at standstill, 553–554
zero power sliding mode control, 558–562
C
Capacitor (electrostatic) LEM, 14
Close-loop position control, brushless motor
PID control, 447
Cogging force
double-sided flat PM-mover LOM, 490, 493
and longitudinal end effects, F-LPMSM
chamfering and widening the end tooth, 302
drag force, 302
methods, 303
two tooth-wound, 301
T-LPMSM, 337
tubular homopolar LOM, 468–469
Coil mover LOM
airgap PM flux density, 453–455
core sizing and losses, 456
inductance, 455
integrated microspeakers and receivers
characteristics, 458
harmonic distortion, 458
monopole source type diaphragm, 459
sound pressure for speakers, 462–463
multiple-coil topology, 452
two-coil mover two-PM pole stator LOM, 453
D
DC-excited linear synchronous motors (DCE-LSM)
circuit model for transients and control, 175–177
efficiency and power factor, 174–175
field-oriented control, 177–178
flat active ac stator configuration, 165–166
airgap flux density, 167
back-iron depth, 169
speed, 168
steady-state power for suspension, 170
phasor diagrams, 174
three-phase armature winding, 166
DC-polarized L-SRM MAGLEV, 629–630
Design methodology
Digital video camera focuser, 445–447
Direct thrust and flux control (DTFC) system
high-speed LIM
urban SLIM thrust control response, 123–125
low-speed LIM
block diagram, 120
observers for primary and secondary flux linkage, 119
slip frequency, 118
stator currents, primary flux and thrust, 120–122
Double-sided flat PM-mover LOM
FEM analysis
machine inductance vs. current, 489, 492
setup and magnetic field line, 488–489, 491
thrust vs. mover position and coil current, 489, 492
nonlinear model
current and position waves, 497
current magnitude, 496
dc and ac inductance vs. current, 495
flux derivative distribution, 490, 493
force coefficient vs current, 494
friction force, 490
voltage magnitude vs. mechanical output power, 496
parameters estimation, 497–498
performance improvements, 498–499
prototype configuration, 485
state-space model
constant load coefficient, 488–489
current and speed phase vs. frequency, 488, 490
current magnitude frequency response, 487
current vs. loading coefficient, 488, 490
displacement magnitude vs. loading coefficient, 488, 491
efficiency vs. output power, 488, 491
electromagnetic force, 486
magnitude displacement frequency response, 488
transfer functions, poles and zeros locus, 487–488
DTFC system, See Direct thrust and flux control (DTFC) system
Dynamic end-effect, LIM
compensation
optimum goodness factor, 89
PM wheel, 90
reduction of thrust for transportation, 87–89
in row and connected in series, 89–90
quasi-one-dimensional field theory
continuity conditions, 76
decentralizing and centralizing forces, 72
entry and exit end waves, 77–78
secondary current density lines in high-speed, 74
time constant, 73
Dynamic modeling, ALS
linearization, 544
single electromagnet-guideway system, 542–543
E
Electromagnetic design methodology, L-SRM
close-loop control, 277
copper losses, 276
flux linkage, 274
force distribution factor system, 278–279
generic control system, 277–278
motion-sensorless control, 282
saturation factor, 275
specifications, 273
thrust control, 279
tubular three-phase, 274
F
Finite element field (FEM) analysis
double-sided flat PM-mover LOM, 488–489, 491–493
integrated microspeakers and receivers, 459, 462
linear dc homopolar-PM brushless motor, 442
PM twin-coil valve actuators, 420–421
tubular multi-PM-mover multi-coil LOM, 473–474
Flat linear permanent magnet synchronous motors (F-LPMSM)
cogging force and longitudinal end effects
drag force, 302
methods, 303
two tooth-wound, 301
design methodology
circuit parameters and vector diagram, 322–324
efficiency, power factor, and voltage at base thrust, 325
primary active weight, 326
primary sizing, 322
specifications, 320
three-phase generators, 326–327
dq model, with sinusoidal emf
equivalent circuits, 307
Park transformation, 306
PM-hybrid secondary and active stator, 305
structural diagram for propulsion, 307
thrust pulsations, 304
field oriented control, 313–316
MEC
airgap secondary, 295
model of, 296
multilayer field model
air-core with Halbach PM array, 293–294
airgap flux density, 291
inverse airgap function, 292
single-sided with iron-core primary, 289
slot flux ideal path, 292
structure, 290
multilayer field theory, air-core
active phase mmf angle shifts, 299–300
double-sided air-core, 298
fringing coefficient, 301
steady-state characteristics
flux weakening control, 309–313
maximum thrust/current control, 308–309
Flat SLIM with ladder
additional experience-based data, 130–133
number of turns and equivalent circuit parameters, 135–138
specifications, 130
Flux regulated reluctance machine, See Multiphase linear reluctance machine MAGLEV
Flux-reversal configuration, linear PM reluctance motors
airgap flux density, 385
antifringing, 380
chopped current control, 383
dimensions, 373
3D magnetic equivalent circuit model, 388
interior permanent magnet structure, 373–374
IPM primary, 382
main PM-ac coil primary, 379
performance, 374
primary E core, 371
resultant flux lines, 372
single-phase module, 389
slot leakage inductance, 382
three-phase modules, 389
thrust/phase vs. mover position, 379
topology, 371
vector diagram, 393
Four-coil-mover LOM
airgap PM flux density, 453–455
core sizing and losses, 456
inductance, 455
G
Generator control design, T-LPMSM, 335
active suspension damper, 365
12 coil/14 pole combination, 363
fixed and nonfixed dc link voltage, 365
high thrust density, 361
mechanical airgap, 361
12 teeth/14 PM poles, 362
H
Halbach configuration, 515–516
Harmonic distortion, 458
Homopolar linear synchronous motors (H-LSM), 42, 44
armature reaction magnetic field
force vs. power angle, 216–217
phasor diagram, 215
q axis reaction flux density, 213–214
steady-state characteristics, 217
U-shape leg ac coils, 214
construction and principle issues
armature coils, 210
two-and three-layer ac windings, 210–211
dc excitation airgap flux density and ac EMF, 211–213
H-LSM MAGLEV system See (Magnibus system)
longitudinal end effect
drag and normal force vs. speed, 219–220
ideal secondary induced currents, 218
preliminary design methodology
eight-shape ac coil winding, 220–221
preliminary design expressions, 222–224
primary core teeth saturation limit, 222
transverse leakage flux, dc excitation coils, 222
zero normal force, 221
transients and control
generic structural diagram, 225–226
vector (space phasor) diagram, 225
vector thrust and flux control, 226–227
Hooke–Jeeves optimization algorithm, 472–473
I
Instantaneous thrust, L-SRM
flux linkage/current/position curves, 260
pulsations, 262
standstill test setup, 260
three-phase configuration, 261
Integrated microspeakers and receivers
characteristics, 458
harmonic distortion, 458
monopole source type diaphragm, 459
sound pressure for speakers, 462–463
Interurban SLIM vehicles, 161–162
Iron-mover stator PM LOM, 500–501
J
Janeway curve, 550
L
LEM, See Linear electric machines (LEM)
LIM, See Linear induction motors (LIM)
Linear dc homopolar-PM brushless motor
air-core configuration design, 444–445
close-loop position control
PID control, 447
digital video camera focuser, 445–447
geometrical optimization design, FEM
definition of, variables, 442
initial and final variable vectors, 443
initial force vs. position, 443–444
principle and analytical modeling
flux lines and flux densities, 439–440
force per watt of copper losses, 441
geometry and flux paths, 438–439
Linear electric machines (LEM)
electromagnetic field theory
energy relations, 7
Lorenz force equation, 1
material constitutive laws, 5
Maxwell’s equation, 4
Poisson, Laplace and Helmholtz quations, 5–6
positive circulation on closed path, 2
resistor, inductor and capacitor, 7–9
rotor of field, 3
forces in electromagnetic fields
Lorenz force density expression, 12
LIM
components, 38
double-and single-sided, 35–36
goodness factor, 37
with passive guideway, 24
tubular with disk shape laminations and secondary copper rings, 39
linear synchronous motor with active guideway, 24–25
LSM
active guideway with dc excitation on MAGLEV vehicle board, 40–41
active guideway with dc superconducting excitation, 40, 42
classification, 39
homopolar linear synchronous motor, 42, 44
urban Korean MAGLEV with LIM propulsion, 42–43
magnetostriction effect, 29–30
multilayer conductor in slot, 25–26
permanent magnets
characteristic in second quadrant, 19
linear demagnetization curve, 19–20
local magnetic saturation, 21
piezoelectric and magnetostriction effect materials, 27–29
resistivity, 23
soft magnetic materials
magnetization curve and hysteresis cycle, 18
permeabilities, 19
solenoids and linear oscillatory machines
microphone/speaker, linear vibrator and moving coil PM actuator, 46, 48
resonant oscillator with PM and iron mover, 47, 49
speaker with handheld and waterproof, 47, 49
springless resonant LOM, 50–51
Linear electromagnetic machines (LEM), See Linear electric machines (LEM)
Linear induction motors (LIM), 15–17
circuit models of high-speed SLIMS
airgap reactive and active secondary power balance, 108–109
equivalent circuit with simplified end effect impedance, 108
GEC, thrust/speed curves, 108–109
theory vs. experiments, CIGGT, 108–109
variable parameters, 110
components, 38
double-and single-sided, 35–36
dynamic end-effect compensation
optimum goodness factor, 89
PM wheel, 90
reduction of thrust for transportation, 87–89
in row and connected in series, 89–90
dynamic end-effect quasi-one-dimensional field theory
continuity conditions, 76
decentralizing and centralizing forces, 72
entry and exit end waves, 77–78
secondary current density lines in high-speed, 74
time constant, 73
edge effects
airgap flux density and secondary current density components, 68–69
electric conductivity reduction, 70
magnetic field of secondary current, 67
trajectory of induced secondary currents, 64, 66
finite element field analysis, 86–88
flat and tubular low-speed See (Low-speed LIM)
flat SLIM with Al on iron
characteristics, 103
results, 104
transverse cross section, 101
flat SLIM with ladder secondary, low speed, 104–106
goodness factor, 37
high-speed
divider with dynamic end effect, 95–96
urban SLIM thrust control response, 123–125
large airgap fringing, 63
low-speed flat DLIM
components, 99
divider with dynamic end effect, 95–96
equivalent circuit, 98
longitudinal and transverse cross sections, 97–98
motoring and regenerative braking operation modes, 100
repulsion and normal forces, 101
MAGLEV system
characterization, 614
and dc controlled electromagnets, 617
efficiency, 617
field-oriented control, 614
integrated propulsion-levitation guideway, 617
LINIMO HSST, 615
potential control system, 618
propulsion performance, 615–616
schematic representation, 614–615
primary slot opening, equivalent magnetic airgap, 64–65
scalar close-loop control, 113–114
sensorless direct thrust and flux control
topologies
back-iron flux, 60
DLIM, 61
magnetic circuit, 58
magnetic vs. mechanical airgap, 57
pole winding, 60
short end-coil windings, 57, 59
short-primary-mover configuration, 55–56
single-and two-layer three-phase windings, 57–58
traveling wave, 59
transients and control
tubular SLIM with ladder secondary, 106–107
tubular with disk shape laminations and secondary copper rings, 39
vector control
calculation of speed, thrust, efficiency and power factor, 116–117
characteristics, 118
components, 114
field-oriented LIM control, 117
mechanical characteristics, 115–116
Linear oscillatory generator (LOG); See also Linear oscillatory single-phase PM motors (LOM)
with bidirectional converter control, 503–504
Bode plots stability analysis, 503
Stirling engine linear prime mover, 501–503
Linear oscillatory single-phase PM motors (LOM)
classification, 451
coil mover
integrated microspeakers and receivers, 458–464
multiple-coil topology, 452
two-coil mover two-PM pole stator LOM, 453
iron-mover stator PM LOM, 500–501
PM-mover
double-sided flat PM-mover LOM, 485–499
topology, 464
tubular homopolar LOM, 464–470
tubular multi-PM-mover multi-coil LOM, 470–485
Linear reluctance synchronous motors (L-RSM)
control
direct thrust and normal force, 250–251
DTFC, 251
dq model
propulsion force, 238
steady-state and secondary coordinates, 237
thrust and normal force, 239
low speed, design methodology
circuit parameter expressions, 244–245
peak thrust verification, maximum speed, 247–248
primary active weight, 248
magnetization inductances
multiple flux barrier secondary L-RSM, 234–235
steady-state characteristics
dq axis model equivalent circuit, 240
vector control, 239
thrust pulsations reductions, 235–237
topology, 232
Linear switched reluctance motors (L-SRM)
average thrust and energy conversion ratio, 262
converter rating, 263
density of, 253
electromagnetic design methodology
close-loop control, 277
copper losses, 276
flux linkage, 274
force distribution factor system, 278–279
generic control system, 277–278
motion-sensorless control, 282
saturation factor, 275
specifications, 273
thrust control, 279
tubular three-phase, 274
instantaneous thrust
flux linkage/current/position curves, 260
pulsations, 262
standstill test setup, 260
three-phase configuration, 261
principle of operation, 257–259
PWM converters
hysteresis current control, 269–270
variable dc link voltage buck-boost converter, 272–273
small signal model
current, thrust and load force calculation, 267–269
state space equations and equivalent circuit
linear approximations, 265–266
multiphase equation of, 265
single-phase circuit with propulsion and suspension, 264
voltage equation, 263
topologies
ALA secondary generic control system, 256–257
four-phase, double-sided, flat configuration, 253–254
generic control system, 254–255
phase current waveform, 256
pole pitches, 253
single-phase, saturated, half-secondary pole, flat, single-sided configuration, 253–254
six-phase, bipolar, two-level current, 256
three-phase, flat, single-sided configuration, 253–254
three-phase tubular configuration with disk-shaped laminations, 254–255
Linear synchronous motors (LSM)
active guideway with dc excitation on MAGLEV vehicle board, 40–41
active guideway with dc superconducting excitation, 40, 42
classification, 39
DCE See (DC-excited linear synchronous motors (DCE-LSM))
H-LSM See (Homopolar linear synchronous motors (H-LSM))
homopolar linear synchronous motors See (Homopolar linear synchronous motors (H-LSM))
industrial usage
advantages, 44
air-core, 45
ball-screw/timing belt rotary steppers vs. PM-LSM, 44–45
brush-dc PM linear motor, 46
superconducting magnet See (Superconducting magnet linear synchronous motors (SM-LSM))
urban Korean MAGLEV with LIM propulsion, 42–43
LOM, See Linear oscillatory single-phase PM motors (LOM)
Low-speed LIM
flat SLIM with ladder
additional experience-based data, 130–133
number of turns and equivalent circuit parameters, 135–138
specifications, 130
tubular SLIM with cage
additional experience-based data, 140
equivalent circuit parameter expressions, 140–141
generic configuration, 139
number of turns per phase and equivalent circuit parameters, 144–146
optimization design, 147
power factor and efficiency, 146
LSM, See Linear synchronous motors (LSM)
M
Magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC)
airgap flux density calculation, 294
airgap secondary, 295
magnetic reluctances, 296
model of, 296
sinusoidal flux density-time variation, 297
structure of, 294
Magnibus system
airgap sensor coils
and acceleration sensors, 621–622
complete levitation control system, 620–621
levitation model, 620
levitation takeoff and landing, 622–623
Magnibus-01 data, 620
position sensors, 622, 624–625
responses to perturbations from H-LSM, 622, 624
schematic representation, 619
single quadrant fast-thyristor dc–dc converter, 621–622
MATLAB–Simulink solver, 480–481, 490
MEC, See Magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC)
MPC-LPMRM, See Multi-pole coil linear PM reluctance motors (MPC-LPMRM)
Multiaxis linear PM motor drives (M-LPMD)
ac power-fed primary mover, 511–512
iron-core ac-fed primary mover, 511–512
micron positioning control
equations of motions, 522
forces on mover, 521
linear PM configuration, 517–518, 520
Lyapunov stability method, 523
saturation function, 522
nanometer-positioning MAGLEV stage
circular 50 nm motion, 528
3D impeller-shape motion, 528, 530
load perturbation tests, 528
parabolic shape bowl controlled motion, 528, 530
z-and x-axis (axial) forces, 52
rectangular ac coils
force and torque, 516
Halbach configuration, 515–516
surface magnetic charge method, 515–516
three coil group configuration, 517, 519–520
six DOF control, MAGLEV stage
experimental results, 524, 526
levitation and lateral forces, 524
voice–coil linear motors, 523, 525
Multilayer analytical field theory, PM
2D FEM, 348
Fourier series, 343
quasi-Halbach array, 342
Multilayer field model, F-LPMSM
active phase mmf angle shifts, 299–300
air-core with Halbach PM array, 293–294
airgap flux density, 291
double-sided air-core, 298
fringing coefficient, 301
inverse airgap function, 292
single-sided with iron-core primary, 289
slot flux ideal path, 292
structure, 290
Multiphase linear reluctance machine MAGLEV, 630–632
Multiple flux barrier (MFB)
design, 235
qualitative airgap flux-density variation, 234
Multi-pole coil linear PM reluctance motors (MPC-LPMRM)
characteristics, 369
2D and 3D FEM analyses, 397
energy converter
antifringing effect, 395
hexagonal wave generator, 395
window height, 396
flux-reversal configuration
airgap flux density, 385
antifringing, 380
chopped current control, 383
dimensions, 373
3D magnetic equivalent circuit model, 388
interior permanent magnet structure, 373–374
IPM primary, 382
main PM-ac coil primary, 379
performance, 374
primary E core, 371
resultant flux lines, 372
single-phase module, 389
slot leakage inductance, 382
three-phase modules, 389
thrust/phase vs. mover position, 379
topology, 371
vector diagram, 393
flux-switching
primary/secondary teeth combinations, 377
2 teeth/coil and 4 teeth/coil, 376
three-phase symmetric sinusoidal current control, 377
N
Nanometer-positioning MAGLEV stage
circular 50 nm motion, 528
3D impeller-shape motion, 528, 530
load perturbation tests, 528
parabolic shape bowl controlled motion, 528, 530
z-and x-axis (axial) forces, 52
Normal-flux ladder secondary RFLS, 576–577
drag power, 577
levitation and drag forces, 575
schematic representation, 574
Normal-flux SC RFLS
ladder secondary See (Normal-flux ladder secondary RFLS)
levitation goodness factor, 567
schematic diagram, 566
sheet secondary
current density lines, 571
current density vs. motion direction, 571–572
levitation and drag force, 571–573
normal-flux superconducting coil, 570
SC field distribution, 569
Null-flux RFLS
levitation and drag forces, 577
P
Passive electric dampers (PED), 579
Passive guideway MAGLEV
description, 613
LIM
characterization, 614
and dc controlled electromagnets, 617
efficiency, 617
field-oriented control, 614
integrated propulsion-levitation guideway, 617
LINIMO HSST, 615
potential control system, 618
propulsion performance, 615–616
schematic representation, 614–615
merits, 633
multiphase linear reluctance machine, 630–632
transverse-flux PM-LSM
airgap flux, 628
generic levitation and propulsion control, 628
schematic representation, 627
thrust multiplier character, 629
vector diagram, 627
Passive secondary suspension system, 550–551
Permanent magnets (PM)
brushless motor, linear dc homopolar See (Linear dc homopolar-PM brushless motor)
LEM
characteristic in second quadrant, 19
linear demagnetization curve, 19–20
local magnetic saturation, 21
plunger solenoid
shielding solenoids, 415
PM-less solenoid design
FEM direct geometric optimization design, 415
on–off valve actuator, 410–411
twin-coil valve actuators
circuit model and open-loop dynamics, 424–426
close-loop position sensor and sensorless control, 427–433
geometrical FEM optimization design, 421–424
topology and principle, 417–420
Plunger solenoids
circuit equations and force, 12–14
dynamic nonlinear magnetic and electric circuit model, 408–409
eddy currents and magnetic saturation
conductivity and permeability, 404
field penetration, 406
iron plate, 405
transient response, 407
uses, 408
PM
FEM direct geometric optimization design, 415
on–off valve actuator, 410–411
shielding solenoids, 415
twin-coil valve actuators, pM
close-loop position sensor and sensorless control, 427–433
FEM-assisted circuit model and open-loop dynamics, 424–426
FEM-assisted position estimator, 426–427
geometrical FEM optimization design, 421–424
topology and principle, 417–420
PM-mover LOM
double-sided flat mover
FEM analysis, 488–489, 491–493
parameters estimation, 497–498
performance improvements, 498–499
prototype configuration, 485
topology options, 464
tubular homopolar LOM
current vs. resonance frequency, 469–470
efficiency, 470
emf calculation, 468
with interior single-coil stator, 464, 467
magnetic circuit model, 466, 467
tubular multi-PM-mover multi-coil LOM, 470–485
Power levitation goodness factor, 567
PWM converters
hysteresis current control, 269–270
variable dc link voltage buck-boost converter, 272–273
R
Repulsive force levitation system (RFLS)
coil-PM repulsive force levitation system, 587–590
damping oscillations
active electric dampers, 579, 581–584
passive electric dampers, 579
passive electric dampers and SSS, 580, 584–586
SSS, 580
normal-flux superconducting coil
ladder secondary See (Normal-flux ladder secondary RFLS)
levitation goodness factor, 567
schematic diagram, 566
sheet secondary See (Sheet secondary normal-flux RFLS)
null-flux superconducting coil, 575–578
Repulsive magnetic wheel, 586–587
Robust control systems, ALS
fast current and force responses, 555
gain scheduling, 554
MAGLEV industrial transport platform, 556–558
sliding mode control, 554
SM-PI-current control system, 556
S
Scalar close-loop control, LIM, 113–114
Secondary suspension system (SSS)
schematic representation, 580
Sensorless direct thrust and flux control (DTFC) system
high-speed LIM
urban SLIM thrust control response, 123–125
low-speed LIM
block diagram, 120
observers for primary and secondary flux linkage, 119
slip frequency, 118
stator currents, primary flux and thrust, 120–122
Sheet secondary normal-flux RFLS
current density lines, 571
current density vs. motion direction, 571–572
levitation and drag force, 571–573
normal-flux superconducting coil, 570
SC field distribution, 569
SLIM
arrangements for transportation, 149–150
high-speed SLIM design See (Interurban SLIM vehicles)
medium speed SLIM design See (Urban SLIM vehicles)
Soft magnetic materials, LEM
magnetization curve and hysteresis cycle, 18
permeabilities, 19
Solenoids and linear oscillatory machines
microphone/speaker, linear vibrator and moving coil PM actuator, 46, 48
resonant oscillator with PM and iron mover, 47, 49
speaker with handheld and waterproof, 47, 49
springless resonant LOM, 50–51
Space phasor model
LIM
coordinates, 110
sudden ac symmetrical input, 113
types of controls, 112
L-RSM
propulsion force, 238
steady-state and secondary coordinates, 237
thrust and normal force, 239
SSS, See Secondary suspension system (SSS)
State feedback control, ALS
dc-dc converter, 548
Superconducting MAGLEV
feeding system of propulsion, 602, 604
generic magnetic bogie, 602
integrated propulsion-levitation guidance, 602, 604
JR-MLX, 601
levitation-guidance coil, 603
propulsion and levitation coils, 601–602
Superconducting magnet linear synchronous motors (SM-LSM)
eight-shape-stator-coil
configuration, 198
integrated propulsion-levitation guidance system., 199, 201
low temperature system, 185
normal and lateral forces
components, 198
coordinates, 197
Neumann inductance formula, 196
stator coil, and asymmetric stator placement, 195–196
switches to decentralizing mode, 198–200
symmetric and asymmetric placement, 194–195
technical circuit theory
emf, inductance and resistance, 188–190
magnetic field of rectangular coil in air, 186–188
phasor diagram, power factor, and efficiency, 190–193
T
T-LPMSM, See Tubular linear permanent magnet synchronous motors (T-LPMSM)
Transrapid
aerodynamic safety, 601
commercialization in 2002, 596
generic supply system, 598–599
long stator cable three-phase winding, 597–598
propulsion efficiency and power factor, 598–599
propulsion structure with supply substations, 600
pure operation of LSM, 600
schematic representation, 596–597
Transverse-flux PM-LSM MAGLEV
airgap flux, 628
generic levitation and propulsion control, 628
schematic representation, 627
thrust multiplier character, 629
vector diagram, 627
Tubular linear permanent magnet synchronous motors (T-LPMSM)
air-core three-phase windings, 366
core losses, 348
armature flux density, 349–350
primary three-phase mmf, 349
speed variation with, 350
design methodology, 354
airgap flux density, 357
copper losses and efficiency, 360
number of turns per coil, 359–360
slot mmf for peak thrust, 357–358
specifications, 355
direct thrust and flux control, 353–354
field oriented control
generic generator, 353
linear position sensor, 351
maximum thrust/current conditions, 352
open loop PWM, 352
fractionary three-phase ac winding, 336–337
generator control design, 335
active suspension damper, 365
12 coil/14 pole combination, 363
fixed and nonfixed dc link voltage, 365
high thrust density, 361
mechanical airgap, 361
12 teeth/14 PM poles, 362
interpole PM-secondary, 335–336
PM field distribution
2D FEM, 348
Fourier series, 343
quasi-Halbach array, 342
primary iron core, 366
semiclosed slots lead, 335
short primary with long PM-secondary, 334–335
six-coil (slot)/4 PM pole combination, 333
technical theory
Carter coefficient, 337
double layer windings, 340
flux conservation, 337
three-phase emfs, 339
winding factors, 338
tubular configuration, 366
Tubular multi-PM-mover multi-coil LOM
configuration, 465
general design aspects, 470–472
Hooke–Jeeves optimization algorithm, 472–473
MATLAB code, 472
nonlinear circuit model, 478
close-loop sinusoidal current control, 483–485
open-loop voltage application, 481–482
schematic representation, 480–481
optimization design methodology, 472–473
simplified linear circuit model, 474–481
specifications, 470
Tubular SLIM with cage
additional experience-based data, 140
equivalent circuit parameter expressions, 140–141
generic configuration, 139
number of turns per phase and equivalent circuit parameters, 144–146
optimization design, 147
power factor and efficiency, 146
Two-coil mover two-PM pole stator LOM, 453
U
Urban SLIM vehicles
additional data from experience, 150–151
aluminum edge effect, 152
dynamic end effect influence, 156–158
leakage inductance effect, 154
peak thrust capability, 154–156
secondary back-iron permeability, 153
secondary thermal design, 158–161
V
Vector control, LIM
calculation of speed, thrust, efficiency and power factor, 116–117
characteristics, 118
components, 114
field-oriented LIM control, 117
mechanical characteristics, 115–116
Vehicle lifting at standstill, 553–554
Vertical null-flux RFLS, 577
Voice–coil LEM equations and force, 14