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by Ahmad Hemami
Electricity and Electronics for Renewable Energy Technology
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1 Energy and Electricity
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need for Energy
1.3 Renewable Energy
1.4 Electricity
1.5 Static Electricity
1.6 Safety at Work and Safety Rules
1.7 Chapter Summary
2 Basic Mathematics and Systems of Measurement Units
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ratio and Percentage
2.3 Area and Volume Ratios
2.4 Angles, Triangles, and Trigonometric Relationships
2.5 Principal Measurement Entities and Systems of Measurement
2.6 Other Measurement Entities and Their Derivation
2.7 Conversion between Systems of Measurement Units
2.8 Formulas, Relationships, and Equations
2.9 Chapter Summary
3 Atomic Structure of Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material Properties
3.3 Atom and Molecule
3.4 Atomic Structure of Materials
3.5 Differences between Materials
3.6 Similarities between Materials Based on Valence Electrons
3.7 Categorization of Materials: Conductors and Insulators
3.8 Electric Charge and Energy in Electrons
3.9 Chapter Summary
4 DC and AC Electricity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electricity Basics
4.3 Electricity Effects and Electrical Devices
4.4 Main Electric Components
4.4.1 Resistor
4.4.2 Inductor
4.4.3 Capacitor
4.5 Electric Circuit
4.6 Electric Flow
4.7 DC and AC
4.8 Electric Potential and Electric Current
4.9 Resistance to Electric Flow
4.9.1 Resistance of a Wire
4.10 Inductance
4.11 Capacitance
4.12 Chapter Summary
5 Voltage, Current, and Power
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electric Current
5.3 Electric Voltage
5.4 Ohm’s Law: Relationship between Voltage, Current, and Load Resistance
5.5 Measuring Electric Current
5.6 Measuring Electric Voltage
5.7 Multimeter
5.8 Measuring Resistance
5.8.1 Checking a Capacitor and an Inductor with an Ohmmeter
5.9 Electric Power
5.10 Measuring Electric Power and Energy
5.11 Chapter Summary
6 DC Circuits Relationships
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Series Circuit
6.3 Resistors in Series
6.4 Parallel Circuit
6.5 Resistors in Parallel
6.6 Combined Series and Parallel Resistors
6.7 Rule of Series Circuits
6.8 Rule of Parallel Circuits
6.9 Examples of Combined Circuits
6.10 Voltage Divider
6.11 Capacitors in DC Circuits
6.12 Inductors in DC Circuits
6.13 Power in DC Circuits
6.14 Chapter Summary
7 DC Motors and Generators
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Magnetism
7.3 Electricity and Magnetism
7.3.1 Magnetic Field of an Inductor
7.3.2 Electromagnet
7.4 Lorentz Force
7.5 Faraday’s Law
7.6 DC Machines
7.6.1 DC Machines Characteristic Curves
7.6.2 DC Motors
7.6.2.1 Permanent Magnet DC Motor
7.6.2.2 Series Wound DC Motor
7.6.2.3 Shunt Wound DC Motor
7.6.2.4 Compound Wound DC Motor
7.6.3 DC Generators
7.7 DC Sources in Parallel
7.7.1 Batteries in Parallel
7.7.2 DC Generators in Parallel
7.8 Efficiency
7.9 Chapter Summary
8 AC Circuits Relationships
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Vectors
8.3 AC Circuit Measurements and Values
8.4 Resistors in AC Circuits
8.5 Inductors in AC Circuits
8.5.1 Inductor Connected to AC
8.5.2 AC Current in an Inductor
8.5.3 Inductors in Series with Each Other
8.5.4 Inductors in Parallel with Each Other
8.6 Capacitors in AC Circuits
8.6.1 Capacitor Connected to AC Electricity
8.6.2 Current in AC Circuits Containing Capacitor
8.6.3 Capacitors in Series
8.6.4 Capacitors in Parallel
8.7 Power in Inductors and Capacitors
8.8 Phase Difference
8.8.1 Leading and Lagging
8.8.2 Phase Difference between Voltage and Current in AC Circuits
8.8.3 Use of Vectors to Show the Phase Difference
8.9 Power in AC
8.9.1 Impedance
8.9.2 AC Power
8.9.3 Power Factor
8.10 Series RLC Circuits
8.10.1 Power Factor in Series RLC Circuits
8.11 Parallel RLC Circuits
8.11.1 Power Factor in Parallel RLC Circuits
8.12 Voltage Divider in AC Circuits
8.13 Resonance
8.13.1 Resonance in Series Circuits
8.13.2 Resonance in Parallel Circuits
8.14 Power Factor Correction
8.15 Chapter Summary
Advanced Learning: AC Problem Solving Using Complex Numbers
Introduction
9 Three-Phase Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Three-Phase Electricity
9.3 Properties of a Three-Phase System
9.3.1 Wye Connection and Delta Connection
9.3.2 Voltage Relationships
9.4 Load Connection in Three-Phase Systems
9.4.1 Balanced Loads and Unbalanced Loads
9.4.2 Line Current and Phase Current
9.5 Three-Phase Loads
9.5.1 Three-Phase Relationships for Balanced Loads
9.5.2 Power in Three-Phase Electricity
9.5.3 Power Factor Correction for Three-Phase Circuits
9.5.4 Star-Delta Switch
9.6 Use of Vectors in Three-Phase Electricity
9.6.1 Current Relationships
9.7 Unbalanced Loads
9.8 Chapter Summary
Advanced Learning: Mathematical Representation of Three-Phase Systems
Introduction
Expression for AC Voltage
Three-Phase System
10 Transformers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 An Illustrative Example
10.3 Single-Phase Transformer
10.3.1 Transformer Fundamental Construction
10.3.2 Multi-Output Transformers
10.4 Ideal Transformer
10.4.1 Voltage Relationship
10.4.2 Current Relationship
10.5 Autotransformer and Isolation Transformer
10.5.1 Autotransformer
10.5.2 Isolation Transformer
10.6 Transformer Mounting
10.7 Three-Phase Transformers
10.8 Transformer Applications and Power Rating
10.9 Transformer Efficiency
10.10 Transformer Circuits
10.10.1 Transformer Model
10.10.2 Primary-Secondary Load Interchange
10.10.3 Measurement of Copper Loss and Core Loss
10.11 Chapter Summary
Advanced Learning: Real Transformer Circuit Analysis
11 AC Motors and Generators
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Main Categories of AC Machines
11.3 Rotating Magnetic Field
11.4 Synchronous Machines
11.4.1 Synchronous Motors
11.4.2 Synchronous Generator
11.4.3 Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Machines
11.4.4 Single-Phase Synchronous Machines
11.5 Asynchronous or Induction Machines
11.5.1 Three-Phase Wound Rotor Induction Machine
11.5.2 Squirrel Cage Induction Machine
11.5.3 Characteristics of Three-Phase Induction Machine
11.5.4 Single-Phase Induction Machine
11.6 Induction Motors
11.6.1 Classes of Electric Motors
11.6.2 Starting of Single-Phase Induction Motors
11.6.3 Dynamic Braking
11.7 Other Motors
11.7.1 Universal Motor
11.7.2 Reluctance Motor
11.7.3 Hysteresis Motor
11.8 Notes on Application of Electric Machines
11.8.1 Mechanical Power
11.8.2 Efficiency
11.8.3 Duty Cycle
11.8.4 Back Electromotive Force
11.8.5 Power Factor Correction
11.8.6 Nameplate Information
11.9 Chapter Summary
12 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Power Transmission and Distribution
12.2.1 Substation
12.3 Electric Cables
12.3.1 Overhead Conductors
12.3.2 Electrical Properties of Electric Wires and Cables
12.3.3 Insulated Conductors and Ampacity
12.4 Fault Detection and Protective Measures
12.4.1 Electric System Faults
12.4.2 Grounding
12.4.2.1 What Point Must Be Grounded?
12.4.2.2 Grounding in Power Transmission
12.5 Transmission Lines
12.5.1 Transmission Lines Effects
12.5.2 Line Inductance
12.5.3 Line Capacitance
12.6 Rules for Network Problems
12.6.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
12.6.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
12.6.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
12.6.4 Principle of Superposition
12.6.5 Norton’s Theorem
12.7 High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
12.8 Chapter Summary
Advanced Learning: Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence for Fault Analysis
13 Electronic Components, Functions, and Devices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electric and Electronic Devices
13.3 Categories of Electronic Devices
13.4 Semiconductor Materials
13.5 Functions of Electronic Devices
13.5.1 Amplification
13.5.2 Rectification
13.5.3 Signal Generation
13.5.4 Timing
13.5.5 Modulation and Demodulation
13.5.6 Filtering
13.5.7 Packaging and Storage
13.6 Blending DC and AC Signals
13.7 Chapter Summary
14 Diode
14.1 Introduction
14.2 PN Junction
14.3 Forward and Reverse Bias
14.4 Diode
14.5 Diode Characteristic Curve
14.6 Testing a Diode
14.7 Diodes in a Circuit
14.8 Diodes in Series and Parallel
14.9 Light-Emitting Diode
14.10 Chapter Summary
15 Regulating Diodes and Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Zener Diode
15.3 Zener Diode Application
15.4 Application Examples
15.5 Zener Diodes in Series and Parallel
15.6 Diac and Triac
15.6.1 Diac
15.6.2 Triac
15.6.3 Testing a Triac
15.7 Presentation of Electronic Circuits Diagrams
15.8 Chapter Summary
16 Diode Rectifiers and Filters
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Half-Wave Rectifier
16.3 Full-Wave Rectifier
16.4 Bridge Rectifier
16.5 Ripple and Filters
16.6 Three-Phase Rectifiers
16.7 Small DC Power Supplies
16.8 More on Filters
16.8.1 High Pass and Low Pass Filters
16.8.2 Band Pass and Band Reject Filters
16.8.3 Quality Q
16.9 Chapter Summary
17 Transistor
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Junction Transistor
17.3 Transistor Size and Packaging
17.4 Transistors Connection and Biasing Configuration
17.5 Modes of Operation
17.6 How a Transistor Works
17.7 Transistor Properties
17.8 Transistor Main Functions
17.8.1 Switching Function
17.8.2 Amplification Function
17.9 Transistor as a Switch
17.10 Transistor Amplifier
17.11 Biasing a Transistor
17.12 Chapter Summary
18 Transistor Circuits
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Transistor Characteristic Curves
18.3 Common-Emitter Amplifier
18.4 Common-Base Amplifier
18.5 Common-Collector Amplifier
18.6 Current Gain, Voltage Gain, and Power Gain in Amplifiers
18.7 Amplifier Classes
18.8 Input and Output Impedance
18.9 Coupling and Impedance Matching
18.10 Testing Transistors
18.11 Chapter Summary
19 Switchable Diodes and Gated Transistors
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Field Effect Transistor
19.3 FET Types
19.4 JFET
19.5 MOSFET
19.6 Testing a MOSFET
19.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
19.8 Thyristor
19.9 Chapter Summary
20 Power Converters
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Inverter
20.2.1 Single-Phase Inverter
20.3 Thyristor-Based Three-Phase Rectifier
20.3.1 Revisiting Diode-Based Three-Phase Rectifiers
20.3.2 Substituting Diodes by Switchable Devices for Three-Phase Rectifiers
20.3.3 Voltage Control in Thyristor-Based Rectifier
20.4 Thyristor-Based Three-Phase Inverter
20.4.1 180° Conduction
20.4.2 120° Conduction
20.5 Power Converter
20.6 Pulse Width Modulation
20.6.1 DC Voltage Regulation by Pulse Width Modulation
20.6.2 PWM for AC Generation
20.6.3 PWM-Controlled Inverter
20.6.4 Pulse Width Modulation for Three-Phase Inverter
20.7 Application in Motor Drives
20.8 Chapter Summary
21 Electronic Power Converters in Wind Turbines and Solar Photovoltaic Systems
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Wind Turbine Basics
21.3 Solar Energy Systems
21.3.1 Photovoltaic Systems
21.3.2 Solar Heating Systems
21.4 AC-to-AC Power Converters
21.4.1 Unidirectional Back-to-Back Converters
21.4.2 Bidirectional Back-to-Back Converters
21.5 Synchronous Generator for a Wind Turbine
21.6 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
21.7 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
21.7.1 Wind Turbines with DFIG
21.7.2 How a DFIG Works
21.7.2.1 Subsynchronous Operation
27.7.2.2 Supersynchronous Operation
21.8 Chapter Summary
22 Digital Electronics
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Number Systems
22.2.1 Hexadecimal Number System
22.2.2 Binary Number System
22.2.3 Octal Number System
22.2.4 Conversion between Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers
22.2.5 Direct Conversion between Binary and Octal Numbers
22.3 Number Conversion and Precision
22.3.1 Bits and Bytes
22.3.2 Representation of Negative Binary Numbers
22.3.3 Precision in Analog-to-Digital Conversion
22.4 One’s and Two’s Complement
22.4.1 Addition
22.4.2 Subtraction
22.4.3 One’s Complement of a Binary Number
22.4.4 Two’s Complement of a Binary Number
22.4.5 Multiplication and Division of Unsigned Binary Numbers
22.5 Number Display and BCD
22.6 Sampling Analog Variables
22.6.1 Sampling
22.6.2 Clock Signal
22.7 Chapter Summary
23 Logic Circuits and Applications
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Logic Gates
23.2.1 AND Gate
23.2.2 OR Gate
23.2.3 NOT Gate
23.2.4 NAND Gate
23.2.5 NOR Gate
23.2.6 XOR Gate
23.3 Logic Gate Math Functions
23.3.1 Gate Functions by Definition
23.4 Boolean Algebra
23.4.1 Laws of Boolean Algebra
23.4.2 Application of Boolean Algebra Laws
23.4.3 Sum of Products and Product of Sums
23.5 K-Maps
23.5.1 K-Map for Two Inputs
23.5.2 K-Map for Three Inputs
23.5.3 K-Map for Four Inputs
23.5.4 Don’t Care Entries
23.6 Chapter Summary
24 Encoders and Decoders
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Flip-Flop
24.2.1 Basic Flip-Flop
24.2.2 Clock-Controlled Flip-Flops
24.2.3 Initialization
24.3 Latch
24.4 Flip-Flop Applications
24.5 Code Conversion
24.5.1 Decoder
24.5.2 Encoder
24.6 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
24.7 Chapter Summary
Glossary
Appendix A: Internal Resistance of Batteries and Battery Aging
Appendix B: Switches
Appendix C: Special Transformers
Appendix D: Mil and Circular Mil
Appendix E: Standard Resistors
Appendix F: Quality Factor of RLC Circuits
Appendix G: Structure of Logic Gates
Index
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