Appendix D: Mil and Circular Mil
by Ahmad Hemami
Electricity and Electronics for Renewable Energy Technology
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Author
- 1 Energy and Electricity
- 2 Basic Mathematics and Systems of Measurement Units
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Ratio and Percentage
- 2.3 Area and Volume Ratios
- 2.4 Angles, Triangles, and Trigonometric Relationships
- 2.5 Principal Measurement Entities and Systems of Measurement
- 2.6 Other Measurement Entities and Their Derivation
- 2.7 Conversion between Systems of Measurement Units
- 2.8 Formulas, Relationships, and Equations
- 2.9 Chapter Summary
- 3 Atomic Structure of Materials
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Material Properties
- 3.3 Atom and Molecule
- 3.4 Atomic Structure of Materials
- 3.5 Differences between Materials
- 3.6 Similarities between Materials Based on Valence Electrons
- 3.7 Categorization of Materials: Conductors and Insulators
- 3.8 Electric Charge and Energy in Electrons
- 3.9 Chapter Summary
- 4 DC and AC Electricity
- 5 Voltage, Current, and Power
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Electric Current
- 5.3 Electric Voltage
- 5.4 Ohm’s Law: Relationship between Voltage, Current, and Load Resistance
- 5.5 Measuring Electric Current
- 5.6 Measuring Electric Voltage
- 5.7 Multimeter
- 5.8 Measuring Resistance
- 5.9 Electric Power
- 5.10 Measuring Electric Power and Energy
- 5.11 Chapter Summary
- 6 DC Circuits Relationships
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Series Circuit
- 6.3 Resistors in Series
- 6.4 Parallel Circuit
- 6.5 Resistors in Parallel
- 6.6 Combined Series and Parallel Resistors
- 6.7 Rule of Series Circuits
- 6.8 Rule of Parallel Circuits
- 6.9 Examples of Combined Circuits
- 6.10 Voltage Divider
- 6.11 Capacitors in DC Circuits
- 6.12 Inductors in DC Circuits
- 6.13 Power in DC Circuits
- 6.14 Chapter Summary
- 7 DC Motors and Generators
- 8 AC Circuits Relationships
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Vectors
- 8.3 AC Circuit Measurements and Values
- 8.4 Resistors in AC Circuits
- 8.5 Inductors in AC Circuits
- 8.6 Capacitors in AC Circuits
- 8.7 Power in Inductors and Capacitors
- 8.8 Phase Difference
- 8.9 Power in AC
- 8.10 Series RLC Circuits
- 8.11 Parallel RLC Circuits
- 8.12 Voltage Divider in AC Circuits
- 8.13 Resonance
- 8.14 Power Factor Correction
- 8.15 Chapter Summary
- Advanced Learning: AC Problem Solving Using Complex Numbers
- 9 Three-Phase Systems
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Three-Phase Electricity
- 9.3 Properties of a Three-Phase System
- 9.4 Load Connection in Three-Phase Systems
- 9.5 Three-Phase Loads
- 9.6 Use of Vectors in Three-Phase Electricity
- 9.7 Unbalanced Loads
- 9.8 Chapter Summary
- Advanced Learning: Mathematical Representation of Three-Phase Systems
- 10 Transformers
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 An Illustrative Example
- 10.3 Single-Phase Transformer
- 10.4 Ideal Transformer
- 10.5 Autotransformer and Isolation Transformer
- 10.6 Transformer Mounting
- 10.7 Three-Phase Transformers
- 10.8 Transformer Applications and Power Rating
- 10.9 Transformer Efficiency
- 10.10 Transformer Circuits
- 10.11 Chapter Summary
- Advanced Learning: Real Transformer Circuit Analysis
- 11 AC Motors and Generators
- 12 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Power Transmission and Distribution
- 12.3 Electric Cables
- 12.4 Fault Detection and Protective Measures
- 12.5 Transmission Lines
- 12.6 Rules for Network Problems
- 12.7 High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
- 12.8 Chapter Summary
- Advanced Learning: Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence for Fault Analysis
- 13 Electronic Components, Functions, and Devices
- 14 Diode
- 15 Regulating Diodes and Applications
- 16 Diode Rectifiers and Filters
- 17 Transistor
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Junction Transistor
- 17.3 Transistor Size and Packaging
- 17.4 Transistors Connection and Biasing Configuration
- 17.5 Modes of Operation
- 17.6 How a Transistor Works
- 17.7 Transistor Properties
- 17.8 Transistor Main Functions
- 17.9 Transistor as a Switch
- 17.10 Transistor Amplifier
- 17.11 Biasing a Transistor
- 17.12 Chapter Summary
- 18 Transistor Circuits
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Transistor Characteristic Curves
- 18.3 Common-Emitter Amplifier
- 18.4 Common-Base Amplifier
- 18.5 Common-Collector Amplifier
- 18.6 Current Gain, Voltage Gain, and Power Gain in Amplifiers
- 18.7 Amplifier Classes
- 18.8 Input and Output Impedance
- 18.9 Coupling and Impedance Matching
- 18.10 Testing Transistors
- 18.11 Chapter Summary
- 19 Switchable Diodes and Gated Transistors
- 20 Power Converters
- 21 Electronic Power Converters in Wind Turbines and Solar Photovoltaic Systems
- 22 Digital Electronics
- 23 Logic Circuits and Applications
- 24 Encoders and Decoders
- Glossary
- Appendix A: Internal Resistance of Batteries and Battery Aging
- Appendix B: Switches
- Appendix C: Special Transformers
- Appendix D: Mil and Circular Mil
- Appendix E: Standard Resistors
- Appendix F: Quality Factor of RLC Circuits
- Appendix G: Structure of Logic Gates
- Index
Appendix D: Mil and Circular Mil
In the English system for measuring small lengths such as paper thickness and precision machining dimensions 1/1000 of an inch is used as the unit. It is called mil. For items that are round and have a circular cross section, like most wires, another small unit is used. This unit, called circular mil, is a unit of measure for area. One circular mil is the area of a circle whose diameter is 1 mil. In this respect, the area called a circular mil is
If the diameter of a wire is d mils, then its area is
By defining the circular mil, in fact, the multiplication by the factor π/4 is included in the unit, making the expression for measurement easier.
1000× of a circular mil is also used for larger sizes and is represented by kcmil or MCM.
Example D.1
If the diameter of a wire is 10 mil (0.01 in), what is the area in circular mil?
Solution
The area of this wire is 100 CM.
Note: Do not confuse CM (uppercase) with centimeter, cm (lowercase).
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