C
reported result as mean of duplicate determinations,
173
determination in coal,
164
Canadian Institute for Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM),
84
capillary pressure curve,
424
set up for analysing content in coal,
166
Cassie-Baxter equation,
350
cement road map indicators,
24
dry feed cement manufacturing plant,
24
Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI),
488
centrifugal solid-liquid separation,
425–8
applications of centrifuges,
426
other centrifuge types,
428
screen bowl centrifuges,
427–8
screen scroll basket centrifuges,
426–7
solid bowl centrifuges,
428
vibrating basket centrifuges,
426
CFRI Oleo flotation process,
489
chain-and-bucket elevator system,
683–4
chamber filter press,
430
hydrofluoric acid process,
498
schematic representation,
499
ultra-clean coal (UCC) process,
499
schematic representation,
500
design characteristics,
722
circuit optimisation,
272–3
circuits used to minimise losses of carbonaceous matter in coarse coal,
332
deslime circuit with additional classification,
330
traditional by-zero circuit,
328
circular motion inclined screen,
253
circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC),
11
Bivitec screening principle,
513
cleanability index (CI),
575
classification targets,
264–6
dense medium separation,
273–87
technology options foe density separations,
266–7
wet gravity separation,
287–90
fine and ultrafine coal,
301–43
application of separation process,
303
dry fine coal separations,
338–42
fine gravity separators,
305–23
froth flotation technologies and circuit variations,
323–38
typical fine coal cleaning circuit,
304
generic coal preparation plant,
264
sample layout with four parallel circuits,
265
closed water conventional circuitry,
461–2
hydrocyclone operation,
260
ISO coal classification,
49
coarse and small, cleaning of,
263–96
dense medium separation,
273–87
wet gravity separation,
287–90
fine and ultrafine, cleaning of,
301–43
dry fine coal separations,
338–42
fine gravity separators,
305–23
froth flotation technologies and circuit variations,
323–38
in situ gasification,
28–9
ironmaking blast furnace,
power generation industry,
9–15
Australian vacuum disk filter,
460
Derrick stack sizer technology,
461
Plate and frame pressure filter,
460
South African fine DMC circuitry,
459
chemically treating raw coal for liberation,
481–4
coal quality characteristics,
469–70
estimating required liberation size,
470–3
milling coal for liberation,
473–81
properties for utilisation,
44–8
ASTM classification of coals by rank,
47
basis for reporting coal analyses,
45
solid-liquid separation technologies,
422–41
emerging and future trends,
437–40
SLS equipment selection,
433–7
surface chemistry fundamentals
fine coal handleability,
382–7
solid-liquid separation,
360–82
effect of coal rank on wettability,
349–51
variation in coal structure and carbon content with coal rank,
348
laboratory information management systems,
179
robotic automation and advanced coal techniques,
180
metallurgical (coking) and thermal coal test,
153–5
petrographic analysis,
176–8
coal bed methane (CBM),
28
coal breakers, crushers and sizers,
240–50
coal screening and classification,
251–61
belt conveyor technology,
628–31
belt strength for impact and chute design,
636–7
strength for tension,
634
design of large conveyor systems,
637–46
base-mounted helical drives for low head drive arrangement,
629
conveyor starting systems,
641–2
discrete element modelling of chutes,
645
illustration of low head drive arrangement,
630
large drive systems,
637–9
low head drive arrangements,
639
dynamics of starting and stopping,
642–45
‘S’ start curve with a pretension zone at the start,
630
integrated crushing systems,
646–51
250 t module for the ROM hopper,
638
arrangement of modular ROM hopper with sizer,
638
mobile and semi-mobile systems,
647–9
mobile elevator conveyor,
631
trends in conveyor design,
632–33
conventional troughed belts,
632
non-conventional conveyors,
632–3
coal-derived power plant ash,
22
Coal Export Terminal Operators Association (CETOA),
715
comparison of flotation recovery of fine coal, coal-pyrite and ore- pyrite,
360
effect of rank on flotability,
351–3
effect of petrographic composition and particle size on flotation kinetics,
353
minimum amount of frother and collector for optimum recovery of coals,
352
general concept with emulsification of oily collector and stage addition of reagents,
357
approximate values of some coal properties in different rank ranges,
34
coal properties and standards for classifications,
44–50
global carbon cycle interrupted for fossil fuel formation,
32
coal handleability,
382–7
Durham Cone discharge rate,
384
Durham Cone discharge rate for LC 3 and LC 8U coal samples,
386
Durham Cone Index vs moisture x fine ash fraction parameter,
383
schematic diagram of Durham Cone,
382
schematic illustration of the effect of coal wettability o,
385
dedusting and dust suppression,
696–7
defrosting of railway wagons,
698,
699
pre-set barge loading pattern,
701
real-time terrain stockyard model,
700
self-unloading barges,
697
transhipment equipment,
696
apron and belt feeders,
662–3
drag chain conveyors,
663
high-angle conveyors,
665–6
in-plant conveyors,
657–8
mobile and movable/shiftable conveyors (overburden, rejects),
663–5
pipe conveyor capacities,
662
pipe conveyor in difficult terrain,
660
pipe conveyor principle,
660
simultaneous conveying in upper and lower strand,
662
tailings and overburden stacking system,
664
fully mobile sizing station,
693–5
mobile sizing stations,
694
ship loading/unloading and train loading/unloading,
680–92
A-frame type shiploader,
681
batch loading vs volumetric loading,
691–2
bucket wheel type barge unloader,
686
continuous bucket elevator type ship-unloader,
684
continuous screw type unloader,
685
fixed type barge shiploader,
682
main components for train loading stations,
690
train loading station,
690
boom type bucket wheel reclaimer,
673
bridge type scraper reclaimer,
678
bucket wheel machines,
672–4
coal stackyard with stacker and reclaimer,
672
design of bucket wheel reclaimer,
675
double bucket wheel bridge type reclaimer,
676
inside view of coal storage silo, EuroSilo,
679
introduction to stacking,
667–72
portal scraper with two reclaim booms,
677
special applications (silos, screw reclaimer),
677–9
stockyard arrangements,
671
stockyard with tripper car stacking,
672
generic flow chart coal handling,
655
generic flow chart coal processing and handling,
656
coal handling and preparation plant (CHPP),
264
supply chain management for bulk materials,
589–626
customer-related management aspects,
604–14
implementation approach,
593–7
transportation by rail and sea,
705–30
achieving high shiploading rates and safe carriage of cargo,
714–7
coal port and shipping route projects in planning or progress,
724–5
coal transportation system,
705–6
deballasting and transportable moisture limit,
717–8
delivery-cycle challenges,
720–1
optimisation of existing facilities,
719–20
pit-to-port and end user simulation,
718–9
ships and ship loading,
710–3
trends in cargo shipping,
721–3
trends in terminal developments,
723–4
coal extraction form for underground and surface,
194
consolidation and financing,
221–2
systems and information,
210–14
Cat 6060 Hydraulic Excavator,
202
remoteness of mining operations,
203
transition and progression,
195
coal particle breakage,
475
lithotypes, microlithotypes and abnormal conditions,
67–71
macerals and minerals,
55–66
modern techniques development,
77–9
petrographic characteristics impact on coal properties,
71–6
rank impact on maceral composition,
74–6
approximate Ep values for coal cleaning equipment,
574
approximate increase in RD cutpoints for various coal types and efficiency values,
576
calculations for partition curve construction,
570
calculations for partition curve simulations,
572
common transition functions used for partition curve fitting,
573
impacts of misplaced material,
574–6
models used for partition simulations,
573
need for simulations,
568
partition curves for perfect and imperfect separations,
569
process simulation,
571–4
simple partition curve plot,
571
total plant yield as function of difference in RD
50,
575
design and case studies in economic impact,
445–66
current metallurgical coal plant design,
450–3
current steam coal circuit design,
445–9
poorly liberated coals,
458–61
water constrained plants,
461–5
industrial case studies,
577–83
benefits of improved dewatering,
581–3
dense medium circuit cutpoints,
577–8
effect of reducing moisture on overall plant production,
582
justification of equipment upgrades,
580–1
quality control strategies,
580
real-time quality control,
578–80
washability data for parallel dense medium circuits,
577
optimisation, simulation and control,
560–84
simplified flowsheet for a modern parallel-circuit coal processing facility,
561
yield maximisation,
562–8
ash content of float-sink fractions vs reciprocal of relative density,
567
blending calculations,
562
clean coal products obtained by treating parallel streams at constant cumulative ash and incremental ash,
565
combined clean coal ash and yield for combined dense medium vessel circuits,
564
correlation with relative density,
566–8
direct approach for maximising yield,
562–3,
564
maximising yield via constant incremental quality,
563,
565–6
simple coal blending calculations,
562
People’s Republic of China,
95–6
United States of America,
88–93
assessment variable factors,
103
World coal reserves,
103–5
People’s Republic of China,
95–6
United States of America,
88–93
laboratory sample preparation,
147
variable nature of coal particle composition,
112
sample preparation,
140–6
coal breakers, crushers and sizers,
240–50
coal screening and classification,
251–61
boom type bucket wheel reclaimer,
674
bucket wheel reclaimer design 1,
675
bucket wheel reclaimer design 2,
675
bucket wheel reclaimer designs,
675
coal stackyard with stacker and reclaimer,
672
stockyard arrangements,
671
stockyard with tripper car stacking,
672
bridge type scraper reclaimer,
678
double bucket wheel bridge type reclaimer,
676
portal scraper with two reclaim booms,
677
special applications (silos, screw reclaimer)
inside view of coal storage silo, EuroSilo,
679
introduction to stacking,
667–72
special applications (silos, screw reclaimer),
677–9
Coal Board deep cone thickener,
556
deep cone thickening to produce ‘paste, ’,
555–7
generic process flow diagram coal tailings treatment,
531
synthetic polymers as flocculants and the development of high rate thickening,
533–5
FLSmidth E-Duc schematic,
534
solids concentration vs settling flux and flocculant dosage,
534
tailings’ dewatering technologies,
545–52
belt filter press photo,
551
comparative cost information,
551–2
continuous-belt filter press,
550
fully automatic filter press,
548
recessed plate filter presses,
547–50
rotary vacuum disc filter,
547
bridge type thickener,
536
column type thickener,
537
K factors for thickening applications,
541
single pinion central drive-heads,
540
thickener drive-head with epicyclic primaries powering conventional main gear-and-bearing assembly,
539
traditional ‘worm-and-wheel’ type drive,
538
thickener tank configurations,
540–4
E-Cat thickener photo,
544
elevated concrete tank,
542
on-ground concrete tank,
543
flocculant preparation and dosing systems,
544–5
relative settling characteristics of particles,
533
sedimentation theory,
532–3
tailings ponds (open circuit),
545
water recirculation, discharge and process control,
552–5
clarified water circulation,
552–4
reactor-clarifier photo,
555
water treatment prior to discharge,
554
coal transportation system,
705–6
coal port and shipping route projects in planning or progress,
724–5
coal terminal developments,
724
developing the Panama Canal,
724
global terminal expansions and new facilities in development,
725
deballasting and transportable moisture limit,
717–8
delivery-cycle challenges,
720–1
optimisation of existing facilities,
719–20
pit-to-port and end user simulation,
718–9
correct flat top profile has smooth airflow over the rail car,
709
dust and spillage control,
708–10
incorrect load level in rail car causes airflow turbulence,
709
shiploading rates and safe carriage of cargo,
714–7
are shiploading rates too high?,
716–7
hull stress levels,
715–6
regulations of the IMO regarding the safe carriage of cargo on the oceans,
714–5
ships and ship loading,
710–3
designing a shiploading system,
712–3
importance of early planning – greatest effects on project costs,
713
shiploading planning parameters, design variables and factors affecting efficiency,
713
trends in cargo shipping,
721–3
Brazil class 327 000 dwt bulk carrier,
723
Chinamax design characteristics,
722
Newcastle Max – coal carrier,
722
trends in terminal developments,
723–4
typical transportation system,
707
vessel and shiploader types and loading plans,
711–2
vessel loading plans,
712
vessel types and sizes,
711
additives in preparation of CWs,
397–9
effect of concentration of sodium salt of naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate,
399
schematic diagram of concentrated suspensions,
400
coal content and coal heating value,
390
coal reverse flotation,
401–3
PSS10 dispersant effect on apparent viscosity from forward flotation concentrates,
402
PSS10 dispersant effect on apparent viscosity from reverse flotation tailings,
403
schematic diagram of coal forward and reverse flotation process,
402
effect of coal particle-size distribution on rheology,
391–2
bimodal particle samples,
391
effect of -20µm fraction content on viscosity of bimodal CWS,
392
effect of coal surface properties on rheology,
392–7
apparent viscosity of CWS prepared from three different coal samples,
395
effect of humic acids on wettability of bituminous coal o,
394
relation between apparent viscosity and coal content for different coals,
397
relation between coal content at 100 mPa.s and coal equilibrium moisture,
398
yield stress values for aqueous suspensions of bituminous coal,
393
coal over geologic time,
37–40
peat swamp condition and presence of minerals,
41–4
pyrite filling a preserved plant cell in fusinite and pyrite,
42
standards for various coal analyses,
43
metallurgical industry,
76
column type thickener,
537
Combined Reserves International Reporting Standards Committee (CRIRSCO),
81,
93
minimum ash values estimation by crushing washing coal preparation plant,
470
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD),
721
computational fluid dynamics (CFD),
284,
718
concentration criterion,
269
constant incremental quality,
563
continuous-belt filter press,
550
continuous electromagnetic processes,
491
continuous process,
482–3
continuous variation,
117
controlled retracting injection point (CRIP),
230
Conveyor Dynamics Incorporated,
632
Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association (CEMA),
628
counter-rotating flow,
306–7
crucible swelling number (CSN),
48,
171–3
heating coal to produce samples,
172
resultant coke buttons,
172
M
reactivity of maceral groups,
178
inertinite – fusinite,
59
inertinite – inertodetrinite,
61
inertinite – semifusinite,
60
vitrinite – desmocollinite,
58
within inertinite group,
62
within liptinite (exinite) group,
63
within vitrinite group in bituminous and anthracite coals,
56
batch electromagnetic,
490
schematic representation,
491
continuous electromagnetic,
491
integration of magnetic separation with pulverisation milling,
491–3
EXPORTech magnetic separators in orange structure,
494
schematic representation of MagMill process,
493
pre-treatment for magnetic separation,
494
schematic representation,
495
dense medium separation,
403
magnetite medium viscosity,
406–13
Casson yield stress and viscosity for four studied magnetite samples,
410
effect of magnetite particle size and medium solid content on Casson yield stress,
410
example of rheogram of slurry fitted with either Bingham or Casson model,
409
flow curves of tested samples,
408
frothers utilised in coal flotation,
356
medium composition effect on medium differential measured in 6˝ cyclone,
412
medium density differential effect on shear rate for 2 mm particle,
411
particle-size distributions,
407
particle size effect on effective shear rate,
411
settling phenomena,
404–5
maintenance control system,
212–14
maintenance planning and execution,
213
collection of ladles,
139
marketable reserve,
84,
86
material weight factor,
258
maximum instantaneous slope (MIS),
646
maximum packing fraction,
391
mean maximum vitrinite,
177
mean random vitrinite,
177
measured resources,
83,
92
measurement while drilling (MWD),
234
mechanical dewatering,
432
analysis of tertiary system,
134
cross-belt sampler cutter,
128
falling-stream sampler cutter,
128
general analysis sample mass for coal top size,
130
precision
vs. primary increment variance,
134
primary cross-belt sample cutter,
136
primary increment mass and coal flow rate relationship,
131
secondary stage of sampling system,
137
single, double and three stage system selection,
135–6
flow chart for determining sampling system requirement,
137
single-stage cross-belt sampling system,
135
two-stage sampling system,
136
membrane filter press,
431
remote control drills,
210
comparing different circuits,
455
compound spiral benefit,
452
Reflux classifier schematic drawing,
451
screen bowl centrifuge arch coal cardinal plant,
452
Metso stirred media detritor (SMD) mill,
479
MicroEnergy Systems inc. (MSI) Micronisation Mill,
474–5
conceptual illustration,
474
quality distribution,
69–70
Micronised Refined Coal process,
515–16
FL Smidth VXP Mill (Knelson- Deswik Mill),
480
summary of VXP Mill unit capabilities,
481
high pressure grinding rolls,
477
Metso stirred media detritor (SMD) mill,
478–9
MicroEnergy Systems inc. (MSI) Micronisation Mill,
474–5
schematic representation,
512
mineral liberation analysis (MLA),
472
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI),
11
mobile and movable/shiftable
conveyors (overburden, rejects),
663–5
moisture holding capacity,
154–5
monomaceral microlithotype,
70
motor full load torque (MFLT),
639
S
sample preparation,
140–6
gross sample to analysis sample,
140
calculation of heterogeneity factor, precision and increment mass,
115
Sapozhnikov plastometer,
175
screen bowl decanter centrifuges,
426,
427–8
screen opening shape factor,
259
screen scroll basket centrifuges,
426–7
screen scroll dryers,
459
capacities for ‘standard’ screens,
258
sedimentation theory,
532–3
separation performances,
310–11
settling phenomena,
404–5
‘shear thinning’ recirculation pump,
557
A-frame type shiploader,
681
right selection of shiploader,
681–3
comparison of different type of ship-unloaders,
689
continuous unloading,
683–6
discontinuous unloading,
686
double-lever luffing cranes,
687
double-lever luffing grab type ship-unloader,
688
gantry type grab ship-unloader,
687
gantry type ship-unloaders,
686–7
short term random variation,
117
Conn-Weld Inc pressure sieve bend test unit,
515
Conn-Weld repulp sieve bend,
514
single pinion central drive-heads,
540
single-roll crushers,
245
single stage mechanical sampling,
130,
135–6
effect of moisture and minus0.5 mm coal fines levels on coal handleability test results,
516
primary and tertiary sizers,
247
sizing centrifuges,
435–6
slewing shiploader,
680–1
effect on recovery for flotation systems with different mixing characteristics,
333
theoretical recovery as a function of active residence time for column cells,
334
soil water characteristics curve (SWCC),
424
solid-liquid separation,
360–82
effect of pH and hydrophobicity on coagulation of fine coal particles,
365
generalised zeta potential vs pH diagram for coals of various rank,
366
schematic illustration of two identically charged solid particles,
363
total interaction energy obtained by summation of an attraction curve,
364
emerging and future trends,
437–40
hybrid dewatering technologies,
438–9
improving the understanding of SLS,
439
other recent developments,
439–40
application range within particle size and product moisture range,
435
equipment used for dewatering coal,
434
equipment selection and sizing,
433,
435–6
schematic diagram of bridging flocculation and restabilisation,
366
flowsheet of Oilfloc test set-up,
379
oil distribution on moist agglomerates,
377
centrifugal filters, vacuum and pressure filters,
423
dewatering fundamentals,
424
driving forces for SLS,
423
filtration and sedimentation,
423
flowsheet of coal palletising circuit with pelletisation disk,
380
influence of ash content of coal samples,
381
coagulation and flocculation,
424–5
fractional dewatering approach and coarse addition,
425
thickening prior to filtration,
425
SLS equipment selection,
433–7
advantages and disadvantages,
436–7
stability of mineral suspensions,
361–2
variation in water content during various stages of processing,
361
water circuit of coal preparation plant,
361
specified sampling precision,
129
fine coal spiral conditions and performances,
307–10
conventional vs compound circuits at an operating processing plant,
310
effect of dry solids feed rate on SG cut-point and probable error,
309
separation performance comparison,
309
operating principle,
306–7
fundamental principles of particle separation by density,
307
repulping box on SX7 compound,
308
ultrafine coal spiral operating conditions and performances,
310–11
process performance and efficiency data from Coalberg seam coal cleaning,
311
stationary discrete Gaussian random function,
118
steam coal circuit design,
445–9
Australian thermal coal processing plant circuitry,
446
deslime column flotation plant,
449
South African thermal coal processing plant,
448
US thermal coal processing plant,
447
comparing different circuits,
457
development of blast furnace capacity,
17
projected steelmaking routes in 2050,
16
steeply dipping bed (SDB),
230–1
stripping ratio (SR),
101
sub-bituminous coal,
72,
73
subeconomic resources,
93
determination in coal,
162
super-absorbent polymers (SAP),
557–8
‘super-cycle’ commodity market,
626
supersonic column flotation machines,
487–8
supply chain execution (SCE),
603–4
supply chain management (SCM)
bulk materials in coal industry,
589–626
essential elements,
590–1
customer issues management,
606–12
customer-related management aspects,
604–14
controlling product quality parameters,
612
customer response process,
608
customer support management,
604–5
product evaluation process,
607
production flow management,
605–6
target grade averages flowsheet for product quality parameter,
610
target variability flowsheet for product quality parameter,
609
typical metallurgical coking coal specification,
611
implementation approach,
593–7
business process integration,
596
customer-supplier relationship management,
596–7
integrating and managing business processes across the supply chain,
594
overlapping responsibilities across supply chain development activities,
595
supply chain relationships,
597
collaborative approaches,
622–4
customer focused supply chain cost allocation,
624
laser range-finder block diagram,
617
laser scanner at the port of Hamburg,
619
pit-to-port management systems,
618–22
silo vs global optimisation,
615
raw material supply chain for iron ore supply to an integrated steelworks,
599
SCOR process reference model,
601
risk assessment tools (Enterprise Risk Management),
613–14
supply chain processes,
591–3
elements of a supply chain,
591
factors affecting change in dynamic supply chain,
603
supply chain execution,
603–4
supply chain operations reference model (SCOR),
598
supply chain planning,
598
supply chain processes,
591–3
elements of a supply chain,
591
fine coal handleability,
382–7
solid-liquid separation,
360–81
surface properties of coal,
347–51
viscosity of suspension,
387–9
operating bucketwheel excavator,
201
mechanical drive haul truck,
208
IPC and conveyor transport,
209
P&H 2800 series rope shovel,
206
Wirtgen surface miner,
207
suspension viscosity,
387–9
rheological curves for Newtonian and several non-Newtonian fluids,
388
schematic graph of concentration dependence of relative viscosity,
388
syngenetic mineral,
63,
64
General Comminution Inc. (GCI),
478
schematic arrangement,
477