Index

Numbers & Symbols

!= (not equal to), 34

& (ampersand), 74, 162

* (asterisk) symbol, 74

{} (curly braces), 25

< (less than), 34

<= (less than or equal to), 34

== (equal to), 34

> (greater than), 34

>= (greater than or equal to), 34

% (modulo) operator, 304–305,

4-bit mode, 172, 177

5-volt linear regulator, 4

5×7 LED dot matrix, 134

74HC595 Shift Register IC, 48, 116–118, 122, 124, 129, 134

7-segment LED displays, 155

840 tie-point breadboard, 22

8-bit mode, 177

8×8 LED dot matrix display, 129, 134

A

access control system

circuit connections, 348

code overview, 351–356,

parts required, 347

project code, 348–351,

Adafruit shield, 215

Add File option, 18

addChar function, 409, 412

additive color model, 63

AFMotor.h library, 215

analog input/outputs, 57

Analog Pin 4 (SDA), 339

Analog Pin 5 (SCL), 339

analogRead command, 57

analogWrite() function, 60, 194

Anthros art installation, 5

API key, 376

Archive Sketch option, 18

Arduino

advantages of, 1

components, 4

extensions, 5

getting started with, 6–10,

internal pull-up resistors, 48

introduction to, 3–6,

as open source, 4

programming, 4

testing, 10

uploading sketch, 10–12,

uses of, 3

variants, 5

Arduino Boards menu, 10

Arduino Bootloader, 5, 18

Arduino Duemilanove, 6

Arduino Forum, 1, 18

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 4

appearance of, 13

board and port selection, 8–10,

downloading, 2–6

installation, 7–8,

introduction to, 12–19,

Arduino Mega 2560, 5

Arduino menu, 16

Arduino Project, 1

Arduino projects

1-wire digital temperature sensor, 283–291

access control system, 347–356

basic touch screen, 259–266

DC motor control, 99–104

digital barograph, 245–257

digital pressure sensor, 231–245

dual 8-bit binary counters, 124–128

dual servo control, 196–201

email alert system, 384–393

Ethernet shield, 359–367

interactive LED chase effect, 54–57

interactive traffic lights, 38–48

Internet weather display, 368–383

joystick servo control, 201–206

L293D motor driver IC, 104–108

LCD control, 171–181

LCD temperature display, 182–188

LED chase effect, 51–54

LED displays, 129–169

LED fire effect, 66–68

LED flasher, 21–31

light sensor, 92–96

line following robot, 219–229

materials needed for, 2

motor shield, 213–219

piezo knock sensor, 89–92

piezo sounder alarm, 81–85

piezo sounder melody player, 85–89

pulsating lamp, 58–60

RFID reader, 343–346

RGB mood lamp, 61–66

RSS weather reader, 401–414

S.O.S. Morse Code Signaler, 31–34

SD card read/write, 317–317

serial controlled mood lamp, 68–79

serial temperature sensor, 279–283

servo control, 192–196

shift register 8-bit binary counter, 111–124

stepper control, 207–213

temperature SD datalogger, 327–340

touch screen keypad, 266–272

touch screen light controller, 272–278

traffic lights, 34–37

Twitterbot, 393–401

ultrasonic alarm, 305–312

ultrasonic distance display, 298–305

ultrasonic rangefinder, 293–298

ultrasonic theremin, 312–314

Arduino Tools menu, 9

Arduino-based boards, 4

array data type, 42

arrays, 53, 142

data type, 53

dots[], 252, 255

endTag, 411

RGB2, 64

two-dimensional, 142–143

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 159

ASCII characters, 159–160, 353

ASCII code, 159

ASCIITable sketch, 15

Atmega chip, 4, 18, 19, 61, 137, 156

Atmega8U2 chip, 4

Atmega32 chip, 42

Atmega168 chip, 42

Atmega328 chip, 42, 155, 156

Atmel AVR Microprocessor, 3–4

attach command, 194

Austria Microsystems AS1107, 145

Auto Format function, 18

available() command, 365

B

base 10 number system, 114

basicPrintDemo() function, 177

battery assisted passive (BAP), 345

baud rate, 15, 71

begin() command, 364

bi-color dot matrix displays, 129

bi-color LEDs, 31

binary counters, 111–128

dual 8-bit binary counters, 124–128

shift register 8-bit binary counter, 111–124

binary number system, 113–115

bipolar motors, 208, 211, 213

bitmask, 120, 122, 157

bitshift command, 139

bitshift operator, 122

bitwise AND (&) operator, 120, 122, 157

bitwise NOT (~) operator, 121

bitwise operators, 120–122, 157, 354

bitwise OR (|) operation, 121, 354

bitwise rotation, 144

bitwise XOR (^) operator, 121

BlankLine variable, 365

board selection, 8–10

boolean data type, 42

boolean operators, 44

boolean variables, 119

bootloader, 5

breadboards, 22, 27–28

break command, 187

buttons, 45

byte data type, 42

bytes, 88

C

C language, 4

calibration routine, 226–227

casting, 60

CdS (Cadmium-Sulfide), 94

changeLED() function, 54

changeLights() function, 39

char data type, 42

checkCard() function, 355–356

checkForResponse() function, 381–382

checksums, 354

chrPointer variable, 158

circular shift, 144

clean_buffer() function, 378

clear string (clearStr) function, 410, 412

clearDisplay() function, 156

client.println() command, 366

client.read() command, 365

clockPin, 157

clone boards, 4

.close() command, 326

colors, 63, 66

comments, code, 23

comparison operators, 34

components

breadboard, 27–28

buttons, 45

LED, 30, 31

pull-down resistors, 46–48

pull-up resistors, 47–48

resistor, 28–30

computer programs, 4

condition parameter, 33

conditional operators, 271

conditions, nested, 44

constrain() function, 65, 77

control structures, 43

Copy for Forum option, 18

counter variable, 252

createChar() function, 180

createGlyphDemo() function, 180

curly braces {}, 25

cursor() function, 179

.csv (comma separated values) file, 380

D

DallasTemperature library, 285, 289–291, 329, 392

DATA command, 389

data type array, 53

data types, 41–42

dataPin, 157

DC motors, 99–110

L293D motor driver IC, 104–108

power supply, 99–102

simple motor control, 99–104

circuit connections, 100

code overview, 101–102

hardware overview, 102–104

parts required, 100

project code, 101

decimal numbers, 114–115

decode mode register, 155

define directives, 86–88

detach() function, 195

DeviceAddress variables, 289

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 399

digital barograph

circuit connections, 246–247

code overview, 252–257

parts required, 245

project code, 247–252

digital pins, 21, 54, 102

Digital Pin 2, 43, 48

Digital Pin 8, 83, 88–89, 112

Digital Pin 9, 103, 222, 294–296

Digital Pin 10, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 33

Digital Pin 11, 58, 60, 102

Digital Pin 13, 12

sending analog values to, 60

setting pinMode, 48

digital pressure sensors

circuit connections, 232–233

code overview, 236–244

parts required, 231–232

project code, 233–236

digital temperature sensors, 283

circuit connections, 284

code overview, 289–291

parts required, 283

project code, 284–289

setting resolution of, 290

digitalRead statement, 43

digitalWrite statement, 48

diodes, 103

direction variable, 54

disconnect_pachube() function, 381

display() function, 177

displayDigit() function, 304, 311

dot matrix displays, 129

basic animation, 129–139

circuit connections, 130–132

code overview, 137–139

hardware overview, 134–135

parts required, 129

pins required for, 131

project code, 132–134

Pong game, 164

circuit connections, 164

code overview, 166–169

parts required, 164

project code, 164–166

scrolling message, 144

circuit connections, 145–147

code overview, 155–163

hardware overview, 152–155

parts required, 145

project code, 147–152

scrolling sprite, 139

code overview, 141–144

project code, 139–141

dotCursor variable, 252

dots[] array, 252, 255

double data type, 42

do-while loop, 324

drawPoints() function, 253–254

DrawRect command, 252

DS1307 RTC (Real Time Clock) chip, 327, 339

DS18B20 digital temperature sensor, 283, 327

dual 8-bit binary counters

circuit connections, 125–126

code and hardware overview, 127–128

parts required, 124

project code, 126–127

Dual H-Bridge, 107

dual servo control, 196–201

circuit connections, 196–197

code overview, 199–201

parts required, 196

project code, 197–199

Duemilanove, 4–6

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 399

E

Edit menu, 17

electromagnets, in stepper motors, 211

email alert system, 384

code overview, 387–392

project code, 384–387

endTag array, 411

.errorCode() command, 323

error messages, 16

error_P function, 322

Ethernet shield, 401

circuit connections, 360

code overview, 363–367

parts required, 359

project code, 360–363

Ethernet.begin command, 378

Ethernet.h library, 363

EthernetDHCP library, 393, 399–400

EthernetDNS library, 393

external libraries, 132, 137, 144

F

File menu, 11, 17

FillRect() command, 253, 255

fire effect, 66–68

circuit connections, 66

code overview, 68

parts required, 66

project code, 67

firstChrRow, 159–160

flash memory, 156

float data type, 42

floating pins, 265

floating state, 46

for loop, 33–34

FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip, 4

function calls, 45

functions, 24–25, 45. See also specific functions

Toolbar button, 14

Verify/Compile, 18

passing control to, 54

G

GET command, 407–408

.get() command, 336–337

getPressure() function, 253

getTemp() function, 282

.getTempC() function, 290, 361, 365, 383

getTemperature() function, 338, 361–362, 365–367, 392

getTemperatures() function, 372, 379, 383

getTimeDate() function, 336, 338

GLCD.h library, 252

global scope, 34

H

Hardware Timer, 137

H-Bridge, 107–108

heatsink, 105

Help menu, 19

hexadecimal numbers, converting ASCII characters to, 353

high impedance, 265

HTML (or HyperText Markup Language), 366

HTTP request, 366

HTTP version 1.1, 366

I

I/O (input/output) pins, 4

I²C (Inter-IC) protocol, 339–340

ID12 readers, 343

IDE menus, 16

IDE window, 16

if statement, 43

impedance, 265

Import Library option, 18

include command, 137

increment parameter, 33

index variable, 352

indexes, 354

initialization parameter, 33

initMAX7219() function, 157

installation

Mac OSX, 7

Vista, 7

Windows 7, 7

Windows XP, 7

integer data types, 41–42

integers, 24

integrated circuits, 28

intensity register, 154

intensity() function, 157

interactive traffic lights, 38–48

circuit connections, 38–39

code overview, 41–45

hardware overview, 45–48

parts required, 38

project code, 39–41

Internet weather display, 368–383

code overview, 376–383

project code, 371–375

interrupt routine, 139

IP address, 362, 364, 384, 388

ISR (Interrupt Service Routine), 137

J

Joystick Servo Control, 201–206

circuit connections, 201–203

code overview, 204, 205

parts required, 201

project code, 204

jumper wires, 30

K

keypad, touch screen

circuit connections, 267–268

code overview, 270–272

parts required, 266–267

project code, 268–270

keywords, 24

L

L293D motor driver IC, 104–108

circuit connections, 105

code overview, 106–107

hardware overview, 107–108

parts required, 104

project code, 105–106

last_connect, 379

lcd object, creating, 270

lcd.clear() function, 177

LCDs. See liquid crystal displays

Least Significant Byte, 157

LED (light emitting diode) displays, 129–170

basic animation, 129–139

circuit connections, 130–132

code overview, 137–139

hardware overview, 134–135

parts required, 129

project code, 132–134

dot matrix display, 129

multiplexing, 135–137

Pong game, 164–169

circuit connections, 164

code overview, 166–169

parts required, 164

project code, 164–166

scrolling message, 144–163

circuit connections, 145–147

code overview, 155–163

hardware overview, 152,–155

parts required, 145

project code, 147–152

scrolling sprite, 139–144

code overview, 141–144

project code, 139–141

LED Driver ICs, 144

LED effects, 51–80

fire effect, 66–68

circuit connections, 66

code overview, 68

parts required, 66

project code, 67

interactive LED chase effect, 54–57

circuit connections, 55

code overview, 56–57

hardware overview, 57

project code, 56

LED chase effect, 51–54

circuit connections, 51–52

code overview, 53–54

parts required, 51

project code, 52–53

pulsating lamp, 58–60

circuit connections, 58

code overview, 60

parts required, 58

project code, 59–60

RGB mood lamp, 61–66

circuit connections, 61

code overview, 63–66

parts required, 61

project code, 61–63

serial controlled mood lamp, 68–79

code overview, 71–79

project code, 69–70

pseudo-code, 77–79

LED flasher, 21–31

circuit, 22

code overview, 23–27

connections, 22

entering code, 23

hardware overview, 27–31

LedControl objects

creating instance of, 166

parameters required by, 166

LedControl.h library, 166, 303

ledOutput, 158

ledState Boolean value, 276

ledValue, 91

libraries, 18

DallasTemperature, 285, 289–291, 329, 392

external, 132, 137, 144

LedControl.h, 166, 303

LiquidCrystal, 171–181, 270

Matrix, 144

Onewire, 284, 329

pgmspace, 155, 161

SdFat, 319, 322

Servo.h, 191, 194–195, 199

SoftwareSerial.h, 351

SPI.h, 363

Stepper, 18, 210–211

TimerOne, 132, 137, 141, 156

Twitter, 394, 397

Wire.h, 334

Wprogram.h, 334

light controller, touch screen, 272

circuit connections, 273–274

code overview, 276–278

parts required, 272–273

project code, 274–276

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), 92–96

light emitting diode (LED), 30–31,. See also LED displays

light sensor, 92–96

circuit connections, 93

hardware overview, 94–96

parts required, 92

project code, 93–94

linear actuator, 196

linear regulator, 4

liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 171–189

basic LCD control

code overview, 176–181

hardware overview, 181

parts required, 171

pin connections, 172–173

project code, 173–176

LCD temperature display, 182–188

circuit connections, 182

code overview, 185–188

parts required, 182

project code, 183–185

workings of, 181

LiquidCrystal object, 176, 185

LiquidCrystal.h library, 171–181, 270

LM335 analog temperature sensor, 279–280

LM35DT temperature sensor, 183

loadPin, 157–158

local scope, 34, 75

Logic Analyzer, 117

logic circuits, 45–46

logic statements, 44

logic states, 45–46

logical AND (&&) operator, 44, 353

logical operators, 44, 271, 353

Logical OR (||) operator, 44

long data type, 41–42

loop() function, 24–25, 163

LV-MaxSonar ultrasonic range finder, 293

M

MAC (Media Access Control) address, 364

Mac OSX installation, 7

maintain command, 400

map() function, 167, 277

Master API Key, 370

matchTag function, 411, 413

Matrix library, 144

MAX7219 chips, 152–155, 163

pin diagram, 152

register address map, 154

serial data format, 153

timing diagram for, 153

MAX7219 LED Display Driver chips, 144–145, 298

memory

data types and, 42

flash, 156

SRAM, 156

memset command, 378

messages window, 13

microblogging, 393

millis() function, 43, 160, 163, 377, 379, 390, 398, 400

mills() function, 379

modulo % operator, 304–305

Morse Code, 31

Most Significant Byte, 157

motor shield

about, 218

line-following robot using, 219

circuit connections, 220–222

code overview, 225–229

parts required, 220

project code, 223–225

types of, 219

using, 213

circuit connections, 214–215

code overview, 217–218

hardware overview, 218–219

parts required, 213–214

project code, 215–217

motors, 103

bipolar, 208, 211, 213

controlling direction of, 218, 226

controlling speed of, 225

DC, 99–110

stepper, 207–213

turning off, 217

unipolar, 211, 212

multiplexing, 135–139

N

Nano, 6

NeoCat, 393

nested conditions, 44

New button, 14

noDisplay() command, 177

NOT (!) operator, 44

NOT bitwise operator (~), 138

noTone() function, 83, 89, 312

NULL character, 72

numChar integer, 72–73

O

O_APPEND flag, 337

O_CREAT flag, 325

O_EXCL flag, 325

O_READ flag, 326

O_WRITE flag, 325

Ohm, 28

OneWire library, 284, 289, 329

oops() function, 168

Open button, 14

open() command, 326

Optiboot, 5

or (logical OR ||) commands, 167

oscillator, 4

P

Pachube, 377–378, 383

Pachube website, 368–371, 375

pachube_data, 380

pachube_out() function, 379, 383

passive RFID, 345

PCB (Printed Circuit Board), 4

peizo sounder alarm, 81–85

circuit connections, 81

code overview, 83–84

hardware overview, 84–85

parts required, 81

project code, 82

persistence of vision, 135

pgm_read_byte command, 162

PGMPrint() command, 323

pgmspace library, 155, 161

photoresistor, 94

Physical or Embedded Computing platform, 3

piezo disc, 85

piezo knock sensor, 89–92

circuit connections, 90

code overview, 91–92

parts required, 89

project code, 90–91

piezo sounder, 84

piezo sounder melody player, 85–89

code overview, 86–89

project code, 85–86

Pin 13 LED, 12

pinMode, 48

pins/pinouts

between Arduino, IC, and dot matrix display, 146

between Mega and the GLCD, 246

changing mode between INPUT and OUTPUT, 48

for dot matrix display, 131

for L293D, 109

for LCD, 268

for MAX7219, 152

pointers, 73

Pong game, 164–169

port number, 364

port selection, 8–10

post() method, 398

post-decrement, 73

potential divider, 95

potentiometers, 54–57, 99, 164, 166

for DC motor control, 102

joystick, 202

Preferences option, 16

pressure sensors, 231–257

digital

circuit connections, 232–233

code overview, 236–244

parts required, 231–232

project code, 233–236

digital barograph

circuit connections, 246–247

code overview, 252–257

parts required, 245

project code, 247–252

print() command, 74, 177

println command, 74

printTemperature() function, 290

printTrend() function, 253–256

PROGMEM command, 156

Program Space utilities, 155–156

pull-down resistors, 38, 45–48

pull-up resistors, 47–48

pulsating lamp, 58–60

circuit connections, 58

code overview, 60

parts required, 58

project code, 59–60

pulse width, 60

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), 60

pulseIn command, 296

PWM functions, 194

Q

QUIT command, 390

R

random numbers, 64–65

random() function, 64–65

randomSeed command, 64, 167

read() command, 195, 326, 382

read_register16() function, 244

readPot() function, 310–311

request_pause, 379

resetEthernetShield() function, 378

resistance, 28

resistive touch screens, 262

resistors, 28–30

color codes, 29

pull-down, 38, 45–48

pull-up, 47–48

reverse voltage, 104

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) readers, 343–357

access control system

circuit connections, 348

code overview, 351–356

parts required, 347

project code, 348–351

battery assisted passive, 345

passive, 345

simple, 343

circuit connections, 344–345

hardware overview, 345–346

parts required, 343

project code, 345

RGB LEDs, 31, 63, 272

RGB mood lamp, 61–66

circuit connections, 61

code overview, 63–66

parts required, 61

project code, 61, 63

RGB values, 63–65, 70

RGB2 array, 64

robots

controlling two-wheeled, 213–219

line following, 219

circuit connections, 220–222

code overview, 225–229

parts required, 220

project code, 223–225

rotate value, 226

RSS (Really Simple Syndication), 401

RSS Weather Reader, 401

code overview, 406–414

project code, 401–405

S

S.O.S. morse code signaler, 31–34

code overview, 33–34

project code, 32–3

Save button, 14

scan limit, 155

scope, variable, 34

SCP1000 absolute digital pressure sensor, 231

screenUpdate() function, 137–138, 143–144, 156, 163

screw terminal, 84

scroll() function, 158

scrollDisplayLeft() function, 178, 272

scrollDisplayRight() function, 178

scrollLCD() function, 271–272

SD cards, 317

initializing, 337

simple/read write, 317

circuit connections, 318

code overview, 322–327

parts required, 317

project code, 319–322

temperature SD datalogger, 327

circuit connections, 328–329

code overview, 334–339

hardware overview, 339–340

parts required, 327

project code, 329–334

SD/MMC Card Breakout Board, 317

SdFat.h library, 319, 322

SdFatUtil.h library, 319

secondChrRow, 159–160

Send button, 15

sendEmail function, 392

sensor bar, 221–222

sensors

1-wire digital temperature sensor, 283–291

analog temperature sensor, 279–280

digital pressure sensor, 231–245

light sensor, 92–96

piezo knock sensor, 89–92

pressure sensor, 231–257

serial temperature sensor, 279–283

serial buffer, 72

serial clock line (SCL), 339

serial communication, 71–74

serial controlled mood lamp, 68–79

code overview, 71–79

project code, 69–70

pseudo-code, 77–79

serial data line (SDA), 339

serial monitor, 15, 70

Serial Monitor button, 15

Serial Peripherals Interface (SPI), 238–240

Serial Port list, 10

serial temperature sensor

circuit connections, 280

code overview, 282–283

parts required, 279

project code, 280–281

serial window, 15

Serial.available() function, 72

Serial.begin() function, 71

Serial.flush() function, 71, 199

Serial.print() function, 74, 400

Serial.read() function, 73

serialEvent() function, 408

Serialprintln() function, 74

SerialPrintln_P command, 323

serial-to-parallel data conversion, 116

Servo.h library, 191, 194–195, 199

servo1, 194

servos, 191–206

continuous rotation, 195–196

Dual Servo Control, 196–201

Joystick Servo Control, 201–206

linear actuator, 196

position control, 195

servo control, 192–196

circuit connections, 193

code overview, 194–195

hardware overview, 195–196

parts required, 192

project code, 193

uses of, 191–192

.set() function, 337

setCursor() function, 178

setDigit() function, 305

SetDot () function, 253

setLED() function, 76, 77

.setLed() function, 168

.setResolution() function, 290

.setRow() function, 169

setServo routine, 200

.setSpeed() function, 210

setup() function, 24–26, 101, 163, 167, 324, 327

setupEthernet() function, 378, 383

shields, 5

shift registers, 111–129

8-bit binary counter, 111–124

circuit connections, 111–112

code overview, 118–124

hardware overview, 116–118

parts required, 111

project code, 112–113

daisy-chained, 124–128

shiftIt() function, 139, 144

shiftOut() function, 119, 127

Show Sketch Folder option, 18

sin() function, 60

sine waves, 60

single pole, double throw type (SPDT) switch, 299

sinVal float variable, 83

sizeof() function, 88, 378

Sketch menu, 18

Sketch Window, 13

sketches, 4

uploading first, 10–12

SoftwareSerial object, 351

SoftwareSerial.h library, 351

SONAR (sound navigation and ranging), 297

specifiers, 380

speed pins, 217

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), 231

SPI Control Register, 238, 239

SPI Status Register (SPSR), 240

SPI.h library, 363

spi_transfer() function, 242

splitString() function, 73–76, 200

sprintf command, 379–380, 399–400

SRAM (Static Random Access memory), 156

standard value resistors, 28

.start() function, 337

startAlarm() function, 311

step angle, 210

Stepper library, 18

stepper motors, 207

about, 211

basic stepper control

circuit connections, 208–209

code overview, 210–211

hardware overview, 211–213

parts required, 207

project code, 209–210

increasing resolution of, 213

object creation, 210

setting speed of, 210

step angle, 210

step sequence for, 212

types and sizes, 211

stepper.h library, 210–211

Stop button, 14–15

.stop() command, 337, 367

strcmp() function, 356, 410

String Compare function, 356

string data type, 42

string manipulation, 73–76

stripboard, 105

strLen() function, 380, 412

strLength variable, 159

strncpy command, 410

strstr command, 382

strtok command, 75–76

strtol (String to long integer) command, 77

switch/case command, 186–187

switches, 45

T

tactile switches, 38, 45

tag string (tgrStr), 410

temperature scales

converting between, 282, 290

temperature SD datalogger, 327

circuit connections, 328–329

code overview, 334–339

hardware overview, 339–340

parts required, 327

project code, 329–334

temperature sensors, 279–291

calibrating, 281

digital, 283

circuit connections, 284

code overview, 289–291

parts required, 283

project code, 284–289

serial

circuit connections, 280

code overview, 282–283

parts required, 279

project code, 280–281

temporary string (tmpStr), 410

Timer1 function, 138

TimerOne library, 132, 137, 141, 156

timestamp command, 325

tmpStr (temporary string), 410

toFahrenheit() function, 290

tone() command, 83

toneVal variable, 83

Toolbar, 13–14

Toolbar button functions, 14

Tools menu, 18

touch function, 272

touch screens, 259–278

basic

circuit connections, 260–261

code overview, 264–266

hardware overview, 262–263

parts required, 259

project code, 261–262

light controller, 272

circuit connections, 273–274

code overview, 276–278

parts required, 272–273

project code, 274, 276

resistive, 262

touch screen keypad, 266

circuit connections, 267–268

code overview, 270–272

parts required, 266–267

project code, 268, 270

touch() function, 264, 277–278

traffic lights, 34–37

code, 36–37

connections, 35–36

parts required, 35

transistors, for DC motor control, 99, 102–103

tri-color LEDs, 31

trimmer potentiometer, 279, 281

truth tables, 44

tweet() function, 400

Twitter library, 394, 397

Twitterbot, 393

code overview, 396–401

project code, 393–396

Two Wire Interface (TWI), 339

two-dimensional arrays, 142–143

U

UBLB command, 244

ultrasonic alarm

circuit connections, 306–307

code overview, 309–312

parts required, 306

project code, 307–309

ultrasonic distance display

circuit connections, 299–301

code overview, 303–305

parts required, 298–299

project code, 301–303

ultrasonic rangefinder, 293–315

simple

circuit connections, 293–294

code overview, 295–296

hardware overview, 297

parts required, 293

project code, 294–295

ultrasonic theremin, 312

code overview, 313–314

project code, 312–313

unipolar motors, 211–212

unlock() function, 356

Uno board, 4–6

unsigned char data type, 42

unsigned int data type, 42

unsigned long data type, 41–42

Upload to I/O Board button, 15

USB A to Mini-B cable, 6

USB cable, 6

USB socket, 4

User-Agent request-header, 381

V

variable names, 24

variable scope, 34

variables, 24

direction, 54

local scope, 75

storage of, 42

Verify/Compile button, 14, 18

Vin pin, 208

Vista installation, 7

void keyword data type, 42

voltage, 28

voltage divider, 95

W

wait() function, 398

while() function, 72, 323

while loop, 73

Windows 7 installation, 7

Windows XP installation, 7

Wire.h library, 334

word data type, 42

WProgram.h library, 334

write() function, 181, 323

write_register() function, 241

writeCRLF() function, 323

writeString() function, 324

X, Y, Z

XML (Extensible Markup Language), 401

XOR (Exclusive OR), 354