Index
A.c./a.c. conversion, 18/34–7
a.c. voltage regulator, 18/34
direct frequency converter, 18/35
cyclo, 18/35
matrix, 18/35
A.c. and d.c. systems, interaction between, 32/36–42
a.c./d.c. system strength, 32/36
classification of the a.c./d.c. system strength, 32/39
high SCR a.c./d.c. system, 32/39
low SCR a.c./d.c. system, 32/39
very low SCR a.c./d.c. system, 32/39–40
critical short-circuit ratios, 32/40–1
significance of, 32/40–1
‘island’ receiving system, 32/41–2
low short-circuit ratio, 32/42
a.c. and d.c. overvoltages, 32/42
conditions at the rectifier end, 32/42
recovery after a.c. and d.c. faults, 32/42
steady-state stability, 32/42
maximum available power, 32/38–9
maximum-power curve, 32/38
short-circuit ratio as a guide to system planning, 32/41
short-circuit ratios, 32/36–7
effective short-circuit ratio, 32/37
operational short-circuit ratios (OSCR, OESCR, OQESCR), 32/37
QESCR, 32/37
study of HVDC systems, 32/36
voltage/power curve, 32/37–8
Acceleration-torque-limit control (ATLC), 48/7
A.c./d.c. conversion, 18/26–34
line-frequency-switched rectifiers, 18/26–9
non-sinusoidal a.c.-side current, 18/29
wave-shape controlled rectifiers, 18/29–34
single-phase, 18/31
three-phase, 18/31–4
A.c. installations, 46/4
A.c. system damping controls, 32/34–6
d.c. link, 32/34–6
Adjust on test (AOT), 12/34
Advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGRs), 10/47
Aerial bundled conductors (ABC), 30/3
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), 27/30
Aircraft electric power, 47/12–13
Air-frame mounted accessory drives, 47/9–11
Airgap flux, 28/4–9
waveforms, 28/4
Alkaline fuel cell (AFC), 27/17
All-aluminium alloy conductors (AAAC), 5/5
All-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS), 30/3
Alumina trihydrate (ATH), 7/35
Aluminium conductor alloy reinforced (ACAR), 5/5
Aluminium, 5/4–5
electrical conductor applications, 5/5
mechanical properties, 5/5
others applications and its alloys, 5/5
resistivity, 5/4
standards, 5/5
American electric power (AEP), 41/35
American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 27/30
Analogue and digital circuits, 14/3
Analogue interfacing, 14/33–4
analogue to digital converters (ADCs), 14/33–4
digital to analogue conversion (DAC), 14/33
Analogues, 1/18
Anodising, 29/14–16
process, 29/14
vats, 29/16
workpieces, 29/16
cleaning, 29/16
Arab Organisation for Standardisation and Metrology (ASMO), 49/9
Arc welding, 10/3–29
electroslag and electrogas welding, 10/28–9
consumable-guide welding, 10/28
electrogas welding, 10/29
flux cored, 10/16–17
operation principles, 10/16
power source, 10/17
wire electrodes, 10/16–17
manual metal, 10/9–12
application, 10/12
electrode, 10/9
multi-operator transformer equipment, 10/11–12
power-factor correction, 10/10–11
power source, 10/9–10
single operator transformer equipment, 10/10
two-operator equipment, 10/10
metal cutting and gouging, 10/29
carbon arc process, 10/29
coated-electrode process, 10/29
plasma-arc process, 10/29
metal inert gas welding, 10/12–16
a.c. pulsed MIG, 10/16
d.c. metal transfer modes, 10/13–15
d.c. power source, 10/15
operation principles, 10/12–13
short circuiting control, 10/15–16
plasma welding, 10/24–8
a.c., 10/26
electrode and nozzle, 10/26
keyhole, 10/25–6
medium current, 10/24–5
microplasma, 10/24
operation principles, 10/24
plasma and shielding gas, 10/26–7
power source control, 10/3–9
a.c., 10/6–7
d.c., 10/4–6
intelligent control, 10/7
rating plate/power source specification, 10/7–8
relevant standards, 10/9
welding installations, 10/8
pulsed current, 10/27–8
submerged, 10/17–20
hot wire welding, 10/18
operation principles, 10/17–18
power source, 10/18
series arc—multipower, 10/19–20
series-single power source, 10/18–19
tungsten inert gas welding, 10/20–4
electrode, 10/20
operation principles, 10/20
power source, 10/20–2
pulsed current, 10/23–4
shielding gas, 10/20
TIG hot wire, 10/22–3
Arithmetic circuits, 14/24–7
binary arithmetic, 14/25–7
binary coded decimal (BCD), 14/27
number systems, bases and binary, 14/24–5
unit distance codes, 14/27
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 15/9
armature reaction, 28/20–2
cylindrical-rotor machine, 28/20
magnitudes and equivalence of stator and rotor m.m.f, 28/21–2
salient-pole rotor machine, 28/20–1
Armoured flexible conveyor (AFC), 48/9
Artificial intelligence (AI), 35/19
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 35/19
Assessment and test report (ATR), 25/11
Association of Short-Circuit Testing Authorities (ASTA), 49/14
Automatic generation control (AGC), 40/42
Automatic meter reading (AMR), 40/45
Automatic test equipments (ATE), 11/10
Automatic voltage regulator (AVR), 40/12
Auto-transformers, 33/21–2
auto-starters, 33/22
Auto-tuners, 13/59–60
bang/bang oscillation test, 13/61
model building tuning method, 13/62–3
practical tuning methods, 13/60–1
reaction curve test, 13/61–2
ultimate cycle methods, 13/61
Basic fibre optics (BFOs), 37/13
Basic insulation level (BIL), 32/19
Battery applications, 29/13–14
self-contained power supplies, 29/14
stationary or standby power batteries, 29/13
lead-acid batteries, 29/13
nickel-cadmium batteries, 29/14
traction batteries, 29/14
Battery energy storage systems (BESS), 41/39
Battery vehicles, 44/17–22
advanced, 44/22
advanced batteries, 44/22
advanced drive systems, 44/22
applications, 44/22
low-speed, 44/18–22
applications, 44/21
batteries, 44/18
control, 44/18–20
electric buses, 44/21
motors, 44/18
range and power assessment, 44/21–2
vehicle and operational details, 44/20–1
Binary coded decimal (BCD), 12/27
Biofuels, 27/13–16
biomass technologies, 27/13–15
direct combustion, 27/15
pyrolysis and gasification, 27/14–15
major biomass sources, 27/15–16
landfill gas, 27/15–16
municipal solid waste, 27/15
short rotation coppicing and forestry residues, 27/15
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), 18/3
Bipolar power transistors and Darlingtons, 17/7–14
Block diagrams, 13/26–7
Block transfer reads (BTR), 16/37
Block transfer writes (BTW), 16/37
Board of Trade (BoT), 25/3
Boiling water reactor (BWR), 10/48
Branch unconditional (BUC), 15/6
Break-over diode (BOD), 32/22
British and international standards, 37/12–13
British Approvals Service for Electric Cables (BASEC), 49/14
British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA), 25/3
British Coal Corporation (BCC), 48/4
British Electricity Board Specification (BEBS), 33/3
British Electrotechnical Approvals Board (BEAB), 31/11
British Standards Institute (BSI), 14/32
Bubbling fluidised bed (BFB), 27/15
Building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV), 27/4
Building management systems (BMS), 22/21
Building related illness (BRI), 21/30
Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA), 26/40
Buildings, 23/13
Cable components, 31/6–11
armour, 31/10
general wiring cables, 31/10
supply distribution cables, 31/10
conductors, 31/6–7
constructions, 31/7
materials, 31/6–7
insulation, 31/7–10
impregnated paper, 31/9–10
for power distribution cables, 31/8–9
for wiring cables, 31/7–8
oversheaths and protective finishes, 31/10–11
distribution cables and transmission cables, 31/10–11
general wiring cables, 31/10
Cable fault location, 31/35
characteristics, 31/37
impulse-current method, 31/37–8
secondary-impulse method, 31/38–40
diagnosis, 31/35–6
preconditioning, 31/36
prelocation methods, 31/36
pulse-echo method, 31/36–7
Cables, distribution, 31/15–23
cable tests, 31/22–3
manufacturing tests, 31/23
special and type tests, 31/23
tests after installation, 31/23
CNE cables for PME systems, 31/18–19
CNE cable types, 31/18–19
PME systems, 31/18
paper insulated cables, 31/16–18
11 kV aluminium sheathed cables, 31/17–18
armour, 31/17
belted and screened constructions, 31/16
insulation, 31/16–17
lead sheath, 31/17
PE and XLPE cable for 11 kV to 45 kV, 31/20–2
conductor screens, 31/21
conductors, 31/21
dielectric deterioration by treeing phenomena, 31/22
finish, 31/21–2
insulation screen, 31/21
insulation, 31/21
PVC insulated power cables, 31/19–20
service cable, 31/19
XLPE insulated cables up to 3.3 kV, 31/20
Canada Uranium Deuterium (CANDU), 10/48
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 49/14
Capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), 36/10
Carbon, 5/5–9
arc welding, 5/7
brushes, 5/6–7
contacts, 5/7
fibres, 5/9
granules, 5/7–9
linear current collection, 5/7
resistance brazing and welding, 5/7
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), 16/42
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), 16/42
Cause-and-consequence chart (CCC), 40/48
Cells and batteries, 29/3–4
redox process, 29/3–4
Centralised control, 40/39–43
database, 40/43
error recovery, 40/42
hard copy, 40/41–2
hardware and software systems, 40/39
hardware configuration, 40/39–40
input/output control, 40/42
inter processor communication, 40/43
man—machine interface, 40/40–1
memory management, 40/42
program development, 40/42–3
scheduling, 40/42
software configuration, 40/42
system software structure, 40/43
wall diagram, 40/41
Certification Body (CB), 49/9
Certification of Electrical Equipment (CEE), 49/9
Charges in acceleration, 1/28–32
electromagnetic wave, 1/31–2
Maxwell equations, 1/28–31
Charges in motion, 1/26–8
conduction, 1/27
convection current, 1/28
gases, 1/27–8
insulators, 1/28
liquids, 1/27
metals, 1/27
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), 21/20
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD), 9/29
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 22/14
Chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSP), 31/7
Circuit-switching devices, 34/3–19
circuit-breakers, 34/13–19
air-blast, 34/15–16
air, 34/15
miniature, 34/14
moulded-case, 34/14–15
oil, 34/16–17
SF6, 34/17–18
vacuum, 34/18–19
contactors, 34/12–13
disconnectors, 34/3
earth switches, 34/4–5
fuse switches, 34/10–12
fuses, 34/5–10
current-limiting fuses, 34/6–9
fuse applications, 34/10
fuse characteristics, 34/9–10
rewirable fuses, 34/5–6
switch disconnectors, 34/4
switches, 34/3–4
Circulating fluidised bed (CFB), 27/15
Closed-loop systems, 13/27–8
Coal-face layout, 48/9–11
Coefficient of performance (COP), 27/21
Coils and insulation, 28/11–16
high-voltage insulation systems, 28/14–16
electric stress control, 28/14
insulation testing, 28/15–16
acceptance tests, 28/15
diagnostic test in service, 28/15–16
quality assurance tests, 28/15
rotor, 28/16
service conditions, 28/11–12
stator, 28/12–14
diamond, 28/13
mush, 28/13
transpositions, 28/13–14
Combinational logic, 14/11–19
Boolean algebra, 14/13–14
conversion between P and S and S and P representations, 14/16
hazards, races and glitches, 14/17–18
integrated circuits, 14/18
Karnaugh maps, 14/14–16
Quine-Mccluskey method, 14/16–17
truth tables, 14/12–13
UCLAs, PALs and PLAs, 14/18–19
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), 39/7
Combined heat and power (CHP), 28/18
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), 15/3
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE), 21/3
Common bonding network (CBN), 23/13
Community antenna television (CATV), 37/3
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic, 14/7
Complex instruction set computers (CISC) processors, 15/19
Complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), 15/4
Composite solid/liquid dielectrics, 7/30
breakdown mechanisms, 7/30
oil/paper systems, 7/30
Computer-aided design (CAD), 6/7
Conducting materials, 5/3–9
aluminium, 5/4–5
carbon, 5/5–9
copper, 5/3–4
Conductor fittings, 30/7–8
Conductors and earth wires, 30/3
materials, 30/3
mechanical characteristics, 30/3–5
nomenclature, 30/3
sag and tension, 30/5–6
change of state, 30/6
creep, 30/6
equivalent span, 30/6
Conformity assessment, 23/13–14
Connections, 33/13–15
phase conversion, 33/14–15
Constant voltage transformers (cvts), 48/21
Contacts, 10/38–42
design, 10/41–2
high voltage-high power, 10/42
medium voltage, 10/42
low-voltage, high-current, 10/38–41
low-voltage, low-current, 10/38
Continuous catenary vulcanising (CCV), 31/21
Continuous system modelling package (CSMP), 13/32
Continuous system simulation language (CSSL), 13/32
Control and timing unit (CTU), 15/9
Control, 22/18–22
building management systems, 22/21–22
controllers, 22/19–21
air-conditioning systems, 22/20–21
boilers and chillers, 22/19
heating systems, 22/19–20
time controls, 22/21
with shunt and series components, 41/33–5
quadrature booster transformer (QBT), 41/34–5
unified power flow controller (UPFC), 41/35
Controllable pitch propeller (CPP), 46/13
a.c. filters, 32/14
d.c. isolators, 32/15
d.c. smoothing reactor, 32/14–15
design, 32/11–16
losses, 32/15
prices, 32/15–16
protection, 32/15
reliability, 32/16
transformers, 32/13
valve group arrangements, 32/11–13
valves, 32/13
Cooling, 33/18–20
air insulated, air cooled, 33/19
oil immersed, air cooled, 33/19
oil immersed, water cooled, 33/19–20
overload capability, 33/20
Copper woven fabric tape (CWF), 31/16
Copper, 5/3–4
conductivity, 5/3
electrical conductor applications and its alloys, 5/3–4
mechanical properties and its alloys, 5/3–4
other applications and its alloys, 5/4
Corrugated aluminium sheath (CSA), 31/25
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 49/9
Counter enable (CE), 15/6
Counters, 14/27–30
non-binary, 14/29–30
ripple, 14/27–8
Coupling/decoupling networks (CDNs), 23/15
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), 31/7
Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam, the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), 49/9
Current-carrying capacity, 31/30–3
availability of continuous ratings, 31/31
factors in cable ratings, 31/31–2
conductor losses, 31/32
dielectric losses, 31/32
external thermal resistance, 31/32
internal thermal resistance, 31/32
sheath and armour losses, 31/32
temperature, 31/31–2
protection against overload current, 31/33
short-circuit ratings, 31/32–3
short-time and cyclic ratings, 31/32
sustained ratings, 31/32
voltage drop, 31/33
Current transformers (CTs), 24/10
Current windings, alternating, 28/9–11
slot number choice, 28/10
fractional-slot windings, 28/10–11
coil groups arrangement, 28/10–11
integral-slot windings, 28/10
parallel circuits, 28/11
concentrated or distributed, 28/11
Cyclic redundancy encoding and checking (CRC), 40/43
Data acquisition and telemetering, 40/6–10
communication channels, 40/10
data transmission, 40/8–9
substation equipment, 40/7–8
analogue inputs, 40/8
analogue output, 40/8
clock, 40/8
digital inputs, 40/7–8
digital output, 40/8
printer, 40/8
pulse inputs, 40/8
transmission system, 40/9–10
Data base management system (DBMS), 40/43
Data link layer (DLL), 37/13
Data recording, 11/42–3
short interruptions, 43/3
transients, 43/3
voltage dip, 43/3
voltage imbalance, 43/4
voltage swell, 43/3
Data-gathering panels (DGP), 22/22
D.c./a.c. conversion, 18/20–6
current source inverters, 18/25–6
single phase bridge, 18/20–2
three phase bridge, 18/22–5
D.c. electrode-negative (DCEN), 10/10
D.c. electrode-positive (DCEP), 10/10
D.c. installations, 46/3
Dead-beat response, 13/20
Decentralised control, 40/3
Deck auxiliaries, 46/9–10
capstans, 46/10
cargo winches, 46/10
deck auxiliary services, 46/9–10
mooring winches, 46/10
variable speed, 46/9
warping, 46/10
windlasses, 46/10
Design techniques, 21/27–9
lighting surveys, 21/28
illuminance measuring equipment, 21/28–9
instrumentation, 21/28
luminance measuring equipment, 21/29
lighting system, 21/28
Determinant and trace, 1/17
Deutches Electronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 5/11
Device selection, 23/6
Diagnostic monitoring, 34/35
Dielectric heating, 9/20–4
microwave power sources and applicators, 9/23–4
RF dielectric heating systems, 9/21–3
conventional RF heating equipment, 9/22
RF dielectric heating applicators, 9/22–3
50 Ω RF heating equipment, 9/22
Dielectric theory, fundamentals of, 7/32–5
barium titanate and its applications, 7/34
frequency of response, 7/35
polarisation, 7/33
properties, 7/33–4
quantification, 7/33
types, 7/32–3
Diesel-electric traction, 45/11–12
design, 45/11–12
electrical equipment, 45/12
control, 45/12
generator or alternator, 45/12
mechanical design, 45/12
motors, 45/12
starting, 45/12
locomotives, 45/11
Diesel-engine plant, 26/29–41
a.c. generators, 26/35–6
construction, 26/35
generator selection, 26/36
parallel operation, 26/36
protection, 26/35–6
short-circuit performance, 26/36
voltage, 26/36
ancillaries, 26/34–5
engine monitoring, 26/35
governors, 26/34–5
starting equipment, 26/34
cogeneration, 26/41
economic factors, 26/40–1
capital costs, 26/40–1
depreciation, interest, insurance and rates, 26/40
fuel costs, 26/40
lubricant costs, 26/40
maintenance costs, 26/40
features, 26/32
fuels and operating modes, 26/32
mechanical arrangements, 26/32
synchronous speed, 26/32
operational aspects, 26/37–9
engine ratings, 26/37–8
fuel oils, 26/38
lubricating oil, 26/38–9
maintenance, 26/39
plant layout, 26/39–40
primary systems, 26/32–4
cooling, 26/33
fuel injection, 26/32
induction, 26/33–4
lubrication, 26/32–3
switchgear and controls, 26/36–7
control gear, 26/37
fault considerations, 26/36–7
instrumentation and metering, 26/37
planning, 26/36
protection, 26/37
theory and general principles, 26/30–2
combustion, 26/30–1
pressure charging and inter-cooling, 26/31–2
working cycles, 26/30
Diesel engines, 46/13
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 7/5
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 7/5
Digital control algorithms, 13/57–9
Shannon’s sampling theorem, 13/58–9
Digital power/digital load management, 47/17–18
Digital signal processor (DSP), 15/24
Digital to analogue conversion (DAC), 14/33
Digital video disc (DVD), 15/23
Direct-acting analogue measuring instruments, 11/4–5
alternating voltage and current, 11/6–7
electrodynamic indicator, 11/6
induction indicator, 11/6–7
moving-coil rectifier indicator, 11/7
moving-coil thermocouple indicator, 11/7
moving-iron indicator, 11/6
multirange indicator, 11/7
direct-acting indicators, 11/4–5
scale shapes, 11/4–5
torque effects, 11/4
direct voltage and current, 11/5–6
corrections, 11/5–6
induced moving-magnet indicator, 11/6
moving-coil indicator, 11/5
frequency, 11/8–9
maximum alternating current, 11/8
maximum-demand instrument, 11/8
medium and high direct and alternating voltage, 11/7
electrostatic voltmeter, 11/7
phase sequence and synchronism, 11/8
power factor, 11/8
power, 11/7–8
electrodynamic indicator, 11/7
electrodynamic reactive-power indicator, 11/8
induction indicator, 11/8
thermocouple indicator, 11/8
Direct-bonded copper (DBC), 6/8
Direct conversion, 27/16–17
magnetohydrodynamic generators, 27/16–17
thermionic generators, 27/16
thermoelectric generators, 27/16
practical developments, 27/16
Direct copper bonded substrate (DCB), 17/34
Direct digital control (DDC), 22/22
Direct memory access (DMA), 15/14
Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), 27/17
Direct on line (DOL), 19/5
Direct resistance heating, 9/3–5
glass, 9/4
metals, 9/3–4
other fluids, 9/4–5
salt baths, 9/4
water, 9/4
Dissolved gases (DGA), 33/29
Distributed system fieldbus, 16/41–5
communication hierarchy, 16/42–3
ethernet, 16/43
network sharing, 16/42
network topologies, 16/41–2
proprietary systems, 16/43
towards standardisation, 16/43–5
transmission lines, 16/41
Distribution automation and demand side management (DA/DSM), 40/45
HV primary, 34/29
HV secondary, 34/27–9
rural networks, 34/29
urban networks, 34/27–8
Disturbances, 13/42–5
cascade control, 13/43–4
feed forward, 13/44–5
Dose equivalent (DE), 12/23
Double-ended ranging drum shearer (DERDS), 48/11
Drafts for development (DDs), 49/11
Drilling machines, 48/20
Drive control, 19/22–8
a.c., 19/23–8
closed-loop induction motor drive, 19/24–5
four quadrant operation, 19/26–7
general purpose open-loop a.c. drive, 19/24
permanent magnet servo drive, 19/25–6
d.c., 19/22–3
direct torque control, 19/27–8
Drive power circuits, 19/9–22
a.c. to a.c. power converters with intermediate d.c. link, 19/16–21
current source inverters, 19/17–21
voltage source inverters, 19/16–17
a.c. to d.c. power conversion, 19/9
d.c. motor drive systems, 19/9–12
d.c. to d.c. power conversion, 19/12–21
step down d.c.-d.c. converters, 19/13–16
step up d.c.-d.c. converters, 19/16
direct a.c. to a.c. power converters, 19/21–2
cycloconverter, 19/21–2
Matrix converter, 19/22
soft starter/voltage regulator, 19/21
static Scherbius drive, 19/22
Drive selection and applications, 19/28–32
Dynamic effects, 12/3–4
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), 41/33
earth electrode, 38/19–20
electrode installation, 38/20–1
protective conductors, 38/21
resistivity and earth resistance measurement, 38/21
soil resistivity, 38/20
system earthing, 38/21–2
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 49/9
Effective short-circuit ratio (ESCR), 32/37
Eigensystems, 1/17
eigenvalue sensitivity analysis, 1/17
eigenvalues, 1/17
eigenvectors, 1/17
matrix functions, 1/17
reciprocal eigenvectors, 1/17
Electric field effects, 2/19–23
capacitance, 2/20–2
calculation, 2/20–1
connection, 2/21
dielectrics, 2/20
voltage applied to a capacitor, 2/21–2
dielectric breakdown, 2/22
conduction and absorption, 2/22
gases, 2/22
grading, 2/22
liquids, 2/22
solids, 2/22
electromechanical effects, 2/22–3
electrostatistics, 2/20
Electric ovens, 9/9–10
furnaces, 9/10
heating-element construction, 9/9
Electric passenger vehicle (EV), 29/14
Electric propulsion, 46/13
electromagnetic gearing, 46/17
electromagnetic slip couplings, 46/17
employing superconductivity, 46/17
methods, 46/13
modern electrical system, 46/14–15
traditional electrical systems, 46/13
a.c. generators, a.c. motors, variable frequency supply, 46/13
d.c. generators, d.c. motors, fixed pitch propellers, 46/13
voltage levels and harmonics, 46/15–17
Electrical characteristics, 30/8–10
bundled conductors, 30/8
distribution lines, 30/9–10
electrical parameters, 30/8–9
voltage-gradient effects, 30/9
Electrical discharges, 2/25–30
applications, 2/28–30
discharge-network interaction, 2/27–8
types, 2/26–7
Electrical injuries, nature of, 24/6–9
turbine operation and control, 26/14–16
turbine support plant, 26/12–16
condensing plant, 26/12–13
feed plant, 26/13–14
types of injury, 24/6
governing, 26/12
Electrical machines, 19/3–9
a.c. induction motor control, 19/4–7
fundamental equations and performance, 19/5–7
a.c. synchronous motors, 19/7
brushless servomotors, 19/7–8
reluctance motors, 19/8
switched reluctance motors, 19/8–9
Electrical power system, nature of an, 39/4–7
distribution, 39/5
electricity supply, 39/4
loads, 39/5–6
transmission, 39/4–5
Electrical safety considerations, 24/3–6
general overview, 24/3–5
control of staff and permits to work, 24/3–4
design standards, 24/4
investigations, 24/4–5
non-electrical causes, 24/4
written reports of accidents, 24/5
recent developments, 24/5
technical, 24/5
Electrical steels including silicon steels, 8/3–5
ancillary properties, 8/4–5
ductility, 8/4–5
permeability, 8/4
specific apparent power, 8/4
stacking factor, 8/4
surface insulation resistance, 8/4
chemistry and production, 8/5
coatings, 8/5
general, 8/3
Eddy current losses, 8/3
hysteresis loses, 8/3–4
grain orientation, 8/5
physical form, 8/5
test methods, 8/5
various, 8/5
Electricity, 1/26–32
charges at rest, 1/26
charges in acceleration, 1/28–32
charges in motion, 1/26–8
Electricity at Work Regulations (EAW), 38/3
Electricity markets, 42/4
Electricity pricing principles, 42/3–4
delivery charging, 42/3
economic efficiency, 42/3
marginal pricing and risk, 42/3–4
Electricity supply industry (ESI), 39/3–4
central planning, 39/3
deregulation and restructuring, 39/3
least cost planning, 39/3–4
vertical integration of generation and supply, 39/3
Electrochemical effects, 2/10–12
cells, 2/11–12
fuel, 2/11–12
primary, 2/11
secondary, 2/11
standard, 2/11
electrolysis, 2/10
uses, 2/10
Electrodeposition, 29/16–17
electroplating, 29/16
barrel plating, 29/16–17
polishing, 29/17
Electrohydraulic flight controls, 47/11–12
capability, 34/35
compatibility, 19/23
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 10/9
effective design for, 23/11
model, 23/3–4
requirements, 23/5
testing and measurements, 23/14–15
Electromagnetic devices, 20/3–15
actuators, 20/4–5
a.c., 20/5
d.c., 20/4
polyphase, 20/5
brakes, 20/9
solenoid, 20/9
thruster, 20/9
tractive, 20/9
clutches, 20/8
contractors, 20/10–11
couplings, 20/8–9
crack detectors, 20/6–7
electromagnets, 20/3
coil design, 20/3
coil windings, 20/3
operating conditions, 20/3
lifting magnets, 20/5–6
circular, 20/5–6
control, 20/6
rectangular, 20/6
magnetic chucks, 20/9–10
miniature circuit-breakers, 20/12–13
operating features, 20/13
tripping mechanisms, 20/12–13
particle accelerators, 20/13–15
direct, 20/13–14
indirect (orbital), 20/14
large machines, 20/15
linear, 20/14–15
relays, 20/11–12
separators, 20/7–8
ore separation, 20/8
types, 20/7–8
tractive electromagnets, 20/3–4
vibrators, 20/10
electrodynamic, 20/10
magnetostrictive, 20/10
Electromagnetic field effects, 2/23–5
free space propagation, 2/23
movement of charged particles, 2/23
transmission line propagation, 2/23–5
reflection of surges, 2/24–5
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 8/10
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), 36/9
Electromechanical flight controls, 47/12
Electronic design automation (EDA), 15/4
Electronic instrumentation, 11/10–17
data loggers, 11/17
digital voltmeters, 11/10–15
calibration, 11/15
charge balancing, 11/11
digital multimeters, 11/12–13
dual-slope, 11/12
floating-voltage measurement, 11/14–15
input and dynamic impedance, 11/13
instrument selection, 11/15
linear ramp, 11/10–11
mixed techniques, 11/12
multislope, 11/12
noise limitation, 11/13
series and common-mode signals, 11/13–14
successive approximation, 11/11–12
voltage-frequency, 11/12
digital watt meters, 11/16
electronic analysers, 11/16–17
Fourier analysers, 11/17
network analysers, 11/16
spectrum analysers, 11/16–17
energy meters, 11/16
signal generators, 11/16
Electronic power conversion principles, 18/3–5
power loss in switch-mode circuits, 18/4–5
switch-mode electronics, 18/3–4
Electronic turbine controllers, 40/24–36
environment, 40/24–5
parallel operation of generators, 40/26–7
role of speed governor, 40/25–6
static characteristic, 40/26
isolated operation, 40/26
no-load operation and fs, 40/26
synchronous operation and Ps, 40/26
stream-turbine control system (Turbotrol), 40/27
control room operation and display, 40/31
fast valving, 40/31–2
operation behaviour and maintenance, 40/31
operation principle, 40/29–31
structure of control system and types of operation, 40/27–9
water-turbine control system (Hydrotrol), 40/32–6
design and operation of the controller, 40/34–5
operation of the valve-position controller, 40/35
operational reliability and availability, 40/36
structure of the speed-measuring equipment, 40/35
testing, 40/35–6
Electrostatic discharges (ESD), 23/6
Electrotechnical terms, 2/4–6
Embedded generation, 27/3
Embedded systems, 15/23–5
embedded processors, 15/23–4
system on chip (SoC) design, 15/24–5
EMC and standards systems, 45/13–14
coaching stock, 45/13
electromagnetic compatibility, 45/13
novel systems, 45/13
monorail, 45/13
standards, 45/13–14
British standards, 45/14
international electrotechnical commission, 45/14
system simulation, 45/13
Emergency power, 46/7
Emitter coupled logic (ECL), 14/8
Enclosure design, 23/8–9
conservation, 22/22–4
systems, 22/23–4
conversion, 20/3
costs, 27/3–4
Energy from waste schemes (EfW), 27/15
Energy management system (EMS), 22/21
Energy requirements, 22/11
computer-aided design, 22/14
dynamic or cyclic loads, 22/11–12
energy consumption, 22/14
intermittent heating and cooling, 22/12–13
plant capacity, 22/13–14
steady-state loads, 22/11
Engine technology, 47/3–4
Environmental comfort, 22/3–11
control system, 47/14–17
machines and processes, 22/10–11
parametric limits, 22/3–5
personal comfort, 22/3
safety requirements, 22/11
sustainable planning, 39/9–10
temperature and humidity, 22/3
visual and acoustic parameters, 22/5–6
widening the environmental specification, 22/6–10
colour finishes, 22/9
comfort criteria, 22/7–9
pollutants, 22/9–10
psychological factors, 22/10
Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), 45/20
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), 7/35
Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), 31/7
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 31/8
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 49/7
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), 31/3
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), 49/7
European Economic Community (EEC), 49/7
European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 49/7
European Standard (EN), 49/11
European Union (EU), 24/3
Everyday stress (EDS), 30/4
Evolved-gas analysis (EGA), 7/5
a.c. exciters with static rectifiers, 28/36
adapted regulator, 40/18–20
additional control features, 28/40
AVR fault protection, 28/40
double-channel a.v.r., 28/40
excitation limits, 28/40
overfluxing protection, 28/40
parallel operation, 28/40
automatic voltage regulator and firing circuits, 40/12
brushless, 40/10–11
brushless excitation, 28/36–7
control characteristics, 40/14–17
parallel operation in a power-station, 40/15–16
principle of current bias, 40/16–17
d.c. exciters, 28/36
digital control, 28/41
excitation control, 28/37–8
excitation systems circuits, 28/37
limitation, 40/12–14
load-angle, 40/14
rotor-current, 40/13–14
stator-current, 40/14
machine models for investigating stability, 40/21–4
comparison of models, 40/24
synchronous machine models, 40/22–4
overall voltage response, 28/40–1
principles of voltage control, 28/38–40
control range, 28/40
manual control, 28/40
manual-to-auto change-over, 28/40
slip stabilisation, 40/17–18
static excitation systems, 40/11–12
positive and negative excitation current, 40/20–1
thyristor excitation, 28/37
Exponential functions, 1/7–8
Extra high voltage (EHV), 30/12
FACTS controllers, development of, 41/11–19
static compensation features, 41/13
convertor-based, 41/15–19
basic concepts, 41/15
improving voltage waveform, 41/17–18
multi-level convertors, 41/18–19
pulse width modulation, 41/18
source voltage ripple, 41/19
three-phase convertors, 41/17
voltage-sourced convertors, 41/15–17
future applications of, 41/39–40
energy management systems, 41/40
HVDC, 41/39–40
long distance transmission, 41/39
power quality, 41/40
harmonic-compensated self-saturated reactor, 41/13–14
sign convention for vars, 41/12
synchronous compensators, 41/12
thyristor switches, 41/14–15
Fault currents, 38/4–6
Ferrites, 8/7–11
magnetically soft, 8/7–11
applications, 8/10–11
properties, 8/8–10
microwave, 8/11
Ferromagnetics, 8/3
Fibre distributed data interface (FDDI), 37/4
Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP), 7/36
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), 15/3
Fieldbus systems, 12/35–9
Fields, 1/18
Finite state machine (FSM), 15/4
Fittings, 33/20
breather, 33/20
Buchhloz relay, 33/21
cable boxes, 33/20
oil conservator, 33/20
oil gauge, 33/20
oil temperature indicator, 33/20
tapping switches, 33/21
terminals and bushings, 33/20
Fixed pitch propeller (FPP), 46/13
Flameproof and intrinsically safe equipment, 48/12–14
switchgear, 48/14
transformers, 48/13
motors, 48/17
Flameproof (FLP), 48/3
Flight-control systems, 47/6–7
Floor trunking, 38/12
cavity-floor systems/dado trunking, 38/12
open-top trunking, 38/12
underfloor trunking, 38/12
Flowmeters, 12/9–16
differential pressure, 12/9–10
electromagnetic, 12/13
hot wire anemometer, 12/14
mass, 12/14–16
turbine, 12/10–12
ultrasonic, 12/13–14
vortex shedding, 12/12–13
Fluidised bed (FB), 27/15
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 31/8
Flux cored arc (FCA), 10/16
Frequency converter, indirect, 18/35–7
Frequency-response method, 13/15–16
bode diagram, 13/17–20
Nichols chart, 13/20
Nyquist plot, 13/16–17
relative stability criteria, 13/16–17
Frequency shift keying (FSK), 12/38
Front of wave (FOW), 32/18
Fuel cells, 27/17
plant, 27/19
regenerative, 27/20–1
structure, 27/19
types, 27/17–19
Function block diagrams (FBDs), 16/27
Fuses, 10/36–8
composite or dual-element, 10/38
element materials, 10/37
filling materials, 10/37
fuse-links with short operating times, 10/37–8
the M effect, 10/38
technology, 10/36–7
Galvanised steel wire (GSW), 31/10
Gas insulated substation (GIS), 36/13
Gas-insulated transmission line (GIL), 41/5
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS), 34/21
Gas turbine plant, 26/16–20
closed-cycle plant, 26/18
cogeneration/CHP plant, 26/19–20
combined-cycle plant, 26/18–19
open-cycle plant, 26/16–18
aircraft-type, 26/18
free-piston gas generator, 26/18
more complex plant, 26/17
simple power relations, 26/16–17
Gaseous dielectrics, 7/8–11
air, 7/8–10
compressed air, 7/10
corona, 7/9–10
needle gaps, 7/9
sphere gaps, 7/8–9
breakdown mechanisms in gases, 7/8
hydrogen, 7/11
nitrogen, 7/10
sulphur hexafluoride, 7/10–11
vacuum, 7/11
Gate-end boxes, 48/14–17
multipoint sensitive earth leakage, 48/17
single-point sensitive earth leakage, 48/16–17
Gate turn-off (GTO), 17/24
Geiger-Muller (GM) tube, 12/23
General lighting service (GLS), 21/8
General motors (GM), 16/44
Generating plant and characteristics, types of, 39/7–8
gas turbine and diesel, 39/7–8
renewables, 39/8
hydro power and pumped storage, 39/8
solar power, 39/8
tidal, ocean temperature gradient and wave power, 39/8
wind generation, 39/8
stream turbine, 39/7
Generator switchgear, 34/30–1
Generators, 46/13
Generator-transformer connection, 28/46
Geothermal energy, 27/12–13
hot dry rocks, 27/13
hydrothermal sources, 27/13
Global positioning system (GPS), 40/42
Graphics, 16/45–8
Gross domestic product (GDP), 39/3
Hardware description language (HDL), 15/4
Harmonisation documents (HDs), 49/8
Heading machines, 48/12
Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA), 16/48
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 16/51
Heat pumps, 27/21–30
practical cycles, 27/22–4
absorption heat pump, 27/23–4
air cycle, 27/22
thermoelectric heat pump: Peltier device, 27/24
vapour compression cycle, 27/22–3
scale, 27/24–9
100 kW to 1 MW (thermal) schemes, 27/25–6
100 W to 1 kW (thermal) units, 27/28–9
10–100 (thermal) packaged units, 27/26–8
10–100 W (thermal) modules, 27/29
1–10 MW (thermal) schemes, 27/24–5
thermodynamics, 27/21
Heating and warm-air systems, 22/14–18
air conditioning, 22/15–16
systems, 22/15–16
convectors, 22/15
cooling plant, 22/16–18
chillers, 22/17–18
cooling storage, 22/18
radiators, 22/14
storage heating, 22/15
warm-air systems, 22/15
Heating, 46/9
High rupturing capacity (HRC), 38/13
High temperature superconductors (HTS), 5/9
High-voltage supplies, 38/4
Highway addressable remote transducer (HART), 12/37
Hold or increment conditional (HIC), 15/6
Hold unconditional (HUC), 15/6
Human—computer interface (HCI), 15/9
HVDC, applications of, 32/4–5
to developing systems, 32/5
purposes of transmission interconnections, 32/4
reasons for choosing HVDC, 32/4–5
types of d.c. interconnection, 32/4
HVDC control, 32/30–4
master control, 32/32–3
phase-locked oscillator control system, 32/31–2
pole controls, 32/31
tap-changer controls, 32/32
telecommunication, 32/33
HVDC converter stations, insulation co-ordination of, 32/16–19
application examples, 32/18–19
creepage and clearance, 32/18
safety margins, 32/17–18
sources of overvoltages, 32/16–17
surge arrester arrangement, 32/17
surge arresters, 32/17
design of harmonic filters for, 32/24–9
a.c. harmonic current generation, 32/24–6
d.c. filtering, 32/28–9
filtering, 32/26–8
harmonic performance evaluation, 32/28
principles of, 32/5
basic d.c. voltage/d.c. current characteristics, 32/7
basic principles of control of HVDC transmission, 32/7–8
converter acting as an inverter, 32/6–7
isolating a valve group, 32/9
numerical example, 32/9
power reversal, 32/9
practical case of finite commutating inductance, 32/6
simplified case of zero commutating inductance, 32/5–6
starting and stopping an HDC link, 32/8–9
twelve-pulse converters, 32/7
HVDC thyristor valves, 32/19–24
current rating, 32/21–2
level circuits, 32/20
tests, 32/24
turn-off behaviour, 32/22–3
turn-on behaviour, 32/22
voltage rating, 32/20–1
HV transmission switchgear, 34/29–30
Hydraulic systems, 47/8–9
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 22/18
Hydroelectric plant, 26/20
economics, 26/27–8
hydrogenerators, 26/27
power station, 26/23
pumped storage, 26/28–9
economics of, 26/29
historical development, 26/28–9
mode of operation, 26/29
turbines, 26/23–7
fundamental similarity, 26/24–5
general principles, 26/23–4
specific speed, 26/25–7
types of plant, 26/21–3
Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis, 29/17–19
electrolysers, 29/18
filter-press type, 29/18
pressuretype, 29/18
tank type, 29/18
gas purity, 29/18
plant arrangement, 29/18–19
process, 29/17–18
Hydrogenerators, 28/46–50
construction, 28/47–9
general arrangements, 28/47
rotor, 28/48–9
stator frame and core, 28/49
stator winding, 28/49
thrust and guide bearings, 28/47–8
cooling, 28/49
excitation, 28/49
pumped storage units, 28/49–50
Hyperbolic functions, 1/8–9
Increment counter unconditional (IUC), 15/6
Increment or branch conditional (IBC), 15/6
Independent system operator (ISO), 40/44
Induction generators, 28/53
Induction heating, 9/10–15
coil design, 9/13–14
indirect, 9/14–15
load matching, 9/13
power sources, 9/12–13
semiconductor manufacture, 9/14
strip heating, 9/14
surface and localised heating, 9/14
thorough heating of billets and slabs, 9/14
Industrial control requirements, 16/3–4
Industrial controllers, 13/52–7
bumpless transfer and track mode, 13/54
commercial controller, 13/52–4
incremental controllers, 13/56
integral windup and desaturation, 13/54–5
inverse plant model, 13/56–7
scheduling controllers, 13/56
selectable derivative action, 13/55
variable gain controller, 13/56
variations on the PID algorithm, 13/55
Industrial rotary and linear motors, 20/15–44
d.c. motors, 20/17–24
braking, 20/22–3
characteristics, 20/17–18
commutation, 20/19–20
construction, 20/18–19
design data, 20/23–4
disc motors, 20/24
speed control: thyristor-fed motors, 20/21–2
starting, 20/20–1
linear motors, 20/40–4
applications, 20/42–4
d.c. and a.c. machines, 20/41–2
duty, 20/42
forms, 20/40–1
general principles, 20/42
motor ratings and dimensions, 20/35
prototype machines, 20/15–17
heteropolar cylindrical machine, 20/15
types of machine, 20/16–17
reluctance motors, 20/31–2
single-phase motors, 20/32–5
induction motors, 20/33–5
repulsion motor, 20/32–3
series motor, 20/32
synchronous motors, 20/31
excitation, 20/31
starting, 20/31
synchronous-induction motor, 20/31
testing, 20/35–40
d.c. motors, 20/37–8
HV tests, 20/37
induction motors, 20/38–9
insulation, 20/35
losses and efficiency, 20/36–7
resistance, 20/35
synchronous motors, 20/39–40
temperature rise, 20/35–6
three-phase commutator motors, 20/29–31
doubly fed motor, 20/30
Schrage motor, 20/29–30
three-phase series motor, 20/31
three-phase induction motors, 20/24–9
braking, 20/29
construction, 20/26
equivalent circuit, 20/25
operating principle, 20/24–5
speed control, 20/27–9
starting, 20/26
Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM), 9/21
Information technology (IT), 22/9
Inspection, 38/22
test gear, 38/25
Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (IIRS), 49/14
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 49/5
Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), 38/3
Instituto del Marchio di Qualita (IMQ), 49/14
Instrument Society of America (ISA), 16/52
device physics, 17/32–4
packaging and thermal considerations, 17/34
safe operating area, 17/35–7
state characteristics and conduction losses, 17/34
turn on and turn off, 17/34–5
Insulating materials, 7/3–4
classification, 7/3
effect of frequency, 7/3
fire behaviour, 7/3–4
temperature index, 7/3
Insulating materials, properties and testing, 7/4–7
chemical properties, 7/7
electrical properties, 7/6–7
dielectric loss, 7/7
electric strength, 7/6
permittivity, 7/7
resistivity, 7/6
surface breakdown and flashover, 7/6
tracking, 7/7
mechanical properties, 7/5–6
physical properties, 7/5
ageing, 7/5
density, 7/5
miscellaneous characteristics, 7/5
moisture absorption, 7/5
thermal effects, 7/5
Insulation resistance (IR), 28/15
Insulators, 30/10–13
pollution, 30/12
selection, 30/12
types, 30/10–12
voltage distribution over insulator strings, 30/12–13
Integrated absolute error (IAE), 13/51
Integrated active controls, 47/6
Integrated circuit (IC), 6/8
Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT), 41/17
integrated squared error (ISE), 13/51
integrating (energy) metering, 11/9–10
single-phase meter, 11/9–10
performance, 11/9
temperature, 11/10
voltage and frequency, 11/10
Intellectual property (IP), 15/8
Intelligent vehicle/highway systems (IVHS), 44/26
Inter centre communication protocol (ICCP), 40/43
Interface cable connections, 23/9–10
Interfaces, 23/7
and associated data, 22/24–5
electrical loads, 22/25
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), 41/31
International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), 11/3
International Conference of Weights and Measures (CIPM), 11/3
International Conference on Large High-Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE), 49/7
International Consultative Committee for Telephone & Telegraph (CCITT), 45/25
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 5/5
International Maritime Organisation (IMO), 46/3
International standard annealed copper (ISAC), 1/29
International Standard Book Number (ISBN), 49/11
International Standards Organisation (ISO), 5/5
International System (SI), 1/3
International Union for Electroheat (UIE), 41/36
Intrinsically safe (IS), 48/3
Iron—cobalt alloys, 8/13
24/27% cobalt iron, 8/13
50% cobalt iron, 8/13
Irradiation effects, 7/30–2
gases, 7/31
liquids, 7/31
organic solids, 7/32
semi-fluid and fusible materials, 7/31–2
solid materials: inorganic, 7/32
synthetic resins: thermoplastic, 7/32
synthetic resins: thermosetting, 7/32
types of radiation, 7/30–1
Isolated bonding network (IBN), 23/13
Jointing and accessories, 31/33–5
aluminium conductor jointing, 31/33–4
joints for distribution cables, 31/34–5
joints for transmission cables, 31/25
Junction diodes, 17/4–7
epitaxial fast-recovery p-n junction power diode, 17/7
fast-recovery p-n junction power diode, 17/6–7
p—n junction power diode, 17/4–7
the p—n junction, 17/4
Junction field effect transistor (JFET), 17/33
Lamps, 21/8–20
discharge, 21/10–11
principle, 21/10–11
run-up efficiency, 21/11
types, 21/11
electroluminescent devices, 12/19–20
incandescent filament, 21/8–10
coiled and coiled-coil filaments, 21/8–9
decorative and special-purpose, 21/9
glass envelopes, 21/9
tungsten-halogen, 21/9–10
mercury, 21/17
cold cathode, 21/16
compact fluorescent, 21/15–16
high-pressure, 21/16–17
induction, 21/16
low pressure mercury fluorescent, 21/12–15
sodium, 21/17–19
high pressure, 21/18–19
low pressure, 21/17–18
theorems, 13/5
transfer function, 13/3–5
Lasers, 9/30–8
application of high-power, 9/34–7
fusion, 9/36–7
processing and machining, 9/34–6
other applications of high-power, 9/37
gas, 9/32
CO2, 9/32
excimer, 9/32
other gas, 9/32
pumping methods and electric power supplies, 9/37–8
solid-state, 9/32–4
glass, 9/33
laser diode and laser-diode pumped solid-state lasers, 9/33–4
tunable solid-state laser and new materials, 9/34
YAG, 9/32–3
Last-in/first-out (LIFO), 15/12
Layout, 38/3
regulations and specifications, 38/3–4
system supply, 38/3
Level transducers, 12/20–3
electrical probes, 12/21–2
float based systems, 12/20
level switches, 12/23
nucleonic methods, 12/22–3
pressure based systems, 12/20–1
ultrasonic transducers, 12/22
Light and vision, 21/3
Light emitting diode (LED), 17/24
Light output ratio (LOR), 21/6
Light rail transit, 44/13–17
depot, 44/17
economics and investment, 44/17
power supply, 44/17
rolling stock, 44/14–16
auxiliary equipment, 44/16
bogies, 44/15–16
dimensions, 44/14–15
passenger capacity, 44/15
traction and braking equipment, 44/15
signalling and control, 44/17
stops, 44/17
trackwork, 44/16–17
Lighting, 30/16
mechanisms of insulation flashover, 30/16
back-flashover, 30/16
induced voltage, 30/16
shielding failure, 30/16
navigation lights, 46/8–9
performance, 30/16
Lighting and small power, 38/10–11
lighting circuits, 38/10–11
intermediate switches, 38/11
master control switching, 38/11
two-way switching, 38/10–11
small power circuits, 38/11
Lighting applications, 21/29–31
factory lighting, 21/30
floodlighting, 21/30
light pollution, 21/31
office and interior lighting, 21/29
sick building syndrome and building related illness, 21/30
public lighting, 21/30–1
security lighting, 21/30
Lighting design, 21/20–6
luminaires, 21/24–6
downlighter, 21/25
materials, 21/25–6
mechanical strength, 21/26
optical control of light output from, 21/24–5
uplighter, 21/25
objectives and criteria, 21/20–4
CIBSE code, 21/20
colour rendering of lamps, 21/22–3
display screens, 21/23–4
glare, 21/22
illuminance ratio, 21/20
modelling and shadow, 21/20–2
reflectance, 21/20
uniformity, 21/20
technology, 21/6–8
Limiting glare index (LGI), 21/31
Linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equations (LCCDE), 13/3
Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), 12/27
Liquid crystal display (LCD), 31/36
Liquid dielectrics, 7/11
breakdown mechanisms in liquids, 7/11
inhibited transformer oil, 7/13
insulating oils, 7/11–13
chemical stability, 7/12–13
electric strength, 7/11–12
flash point, 7/12
thermal properties, 7/12
viscosity, 7/12
synthetic insulating liquids, 7/13
Load growth, 48/3
Loadings, 30/16–18
Local area networks (LAN), 16/41
Logic families, 14/5–11
choosing, 14/10–11
logic, 14/7–8
emitter coupled logic (ECL), 14/8–9
fan in/fan out, 14/6
noise immunity, 14/6
open collector and tri-state outputs, 14/9
Schmitt triggers, 14/9–10
speed, 14/5–6
transistor transistor logic (TTL), 14/6–7
Logic gates, 14/3–5
Long run marginal costs (LRMC), 42/4
Low molecular weight (LMW), 7/35
Low smoke and fume (LSF), 31/11
Low temperature superconductors (LTS), 5/9
Low-voltage switchgear and protection, 38/13–16
air circuit-breakers, 38/13
discrimination, 38/14–15
fuses, 38/14
miniature circuit-breakers, 38/13–14
motor control gear, 38/15–16
braking and stopping machines, 38/16
contactor starter, 38/15–16
inching control, 38/16
isolating switches, 38/15
limit switches, 38/16
motor protection, 38/16
remote control of motors, 38/16
moulded-case circuit-breakers, 38/13
prospective fault current, 38/14
Low voltage switchgear, 34/25–7
fuse cut-outs, 34/25–6
fuse cabinets, 34/26–7
switchboards, 34/27
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