Subject Index
blending artifacts, 193
convolution utilization, 228–230
operations, 116–117
supersampling, 173–175
Adaptive tessellation, 319
acceleration, 139
color computation, 39
depth peeling, 205
dynamic objects, 202–203
ordering, 200–201
output color, 200–202
transparency mapping, 203
transparency sorting, 204–205
Alpha test, fragment operations, 111
Ambient lighting, See Lighting
Ambient occlusion, global illumination, 357–359
Andrews plot, point data visualization, 536–537
Animation, textures, 302–306
Anisotropic lighting model, 337–340
area sampling, 177–178
artifact prevention in line renderings, 389–390
full-scene, 170
line antialiasing, 178–180
point antialiasing, 178–180
polygon antialiasing, 181–182
rationale, 169–170
small particles, 472
supersampling, See Supersampling
temporal antialiasing, 182–184
texturing, 180–181
overview, 583–584
bottlenecks, 584
bottlenecks, 584–585
subsystem sites, 581–583
cache and memory usage optimization, 585–586
depth complexity, measuring, 589–591
finish versus flush, 588–589
quantization, 587–588
pipeline interleaving, 591–592
state change minimization, 586
color matrix transform, 68
color tables, 70
constant color bending, 71–72
convolution, 68
histogram, 69–70
minmax operation, 70
ARB_buffer_region, 599
ARB_depth_texture, 598
ARB_extensions_string, 599
ARB_fragment_shader, 598
ARB_make_current_read, 599
ARB_matrix_palette, 598
ARB_multitexture, 598
ARB_pbuffer, 599
ARB_pixel_format, 599
ARB_point_sprite, 598
ARB_shader_objects, 598
ARB_shadow, 598
ARB_shadow_ambient, 598
ARB_texture_border_clamp, 598
ARB_texture_compression, 598
ARB_texture_cube_map, 598
ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat, 598
ARB_transpose_matrix, 598
ARB_vertex_blend, 598
ARB_vertex_shader, 598
ARB_window_pos, 598
Area sampling, 177–178
Atlas, texture, See Texture mapping
ATI_vertex_array_object, 576
Attenuate operator, blending for volume visualization, 552
Attenuation, positional light, 47
Axonometric projection, 502–503
Billboarding, geometry and transformation, 257–261
images, 63
rasterization, 107
acceleration, 140
alpha blending, See Alpha-blended transparency
accumulation buffer blending, 193
approximation errors, 193
arithmetic errors, 192–193
gamma correction errors, 193–194
constant colors, 196
fragment operations, 112–114
min/max, 196
modulating an image, 196
subtraction, 196
summing two images, 196
Blinn lighting model, 335
Bottlenecks, See Application performance
Box filter, 61
applications, 343–344
approximation using texture, 345
limitations, 351
overview, 344–345
reflections, 353–354
tangent space, 346–347
CAD, See Computer-aided design
Chart, point data visualization, 537
Circle of confusion, definition, 239
Clip mapping, See Texture mapping
Clip space, perspective divide, 22
dynamic mesh modeling, 486–487
particle system modeling, 482–483
CMYK, See Cyan magenta yellow black
alpha, 39
biased representation, 54–56
fixed-point representation, 53
floating-point representation, 53
gamma, 37–39
image processing, See Image processing
interpolation in rasterization, 108–109
reflectance values, 46
representation of color space, 35–40
resolution and dynamic range, 36–37
Color index mode, applications, 39–40
CMY, 221–222
HSV, 222–223
XYZ, 219–221
YIQ, 222
definition, 35
Comb function, frequency domain analysis, 60
Common profile, OpenGL ES, 133–136
Common-Lite profile, OpenGL ES, 133–134
Composite materials, classification for lighting, 50
alpha division operation, 190
definition, 185
depth images, 194–195
multiple images, 187–190
operators, 190–191
two images, 185–187
Computer-aided design capping clipped solids, 392–393
Constructive solid geometry, model construction, 393–401
accumulation buffer utilization, 228–230
ARB imaging subset, 68
definition, 62
extension utilization, 230
filtering using texture convolution, 490–495
arithmetic mean, 231–232
basic smooth, 232
gradient detection, 231
high-pass filters, 232
Laplacian filter, 232
line detection, 231
smoothing and blurring, 231
Sobel filter, 232–233
kernels, 62–63
separable filters, 227–228
Cook-Torrance lighting model, 342–343
CSG, See Constructive solid geometry
ray casting, 549–440
warping, 434–436
changing detail, 374–375
principles, 373–374
transition techniques, 375–377
building, 372
occluder selection, 371
occlusion map building, 371
principles, 370–371
testing, 372–373
overview, 369–370
generation, 508–510
alpha buffer approach, 510–511
two buffer approach, 511
Cyan magenta yellow black, color representation, 36
Data representation, transformed data, 19
Data visualization, See Scientific visualization
Decaling, polygons, 390–392
Decompensation, polygon, 4–5
Deferred shading, multipass rendering, 167
Depth complexity, measuring, 589–591
Depth cuing, implementation, 511–512
geometric modeling, 252–254
image-based modeling, 238–241
Depth peeling, alpha-blended transparency, 205
line renderings, 384–385
perspective projection, 31
viewport transform, 23
Depth test, acceleration, 139–140
Detail textures, See Texture mapping
Dielectrics, material classification for lighting, 49
Diffuse lighting, See Lighting
Dissolves, 186
definition, 196
masking operations, 197
stenciling, 197–198
dual-paraboloid maps, 448–449
environment map creation, 434
accuracy, 516–517
limitations of OpenGL, 516
line joins, 517–518
trim curves, 518–519
Dual-paraboloid mapping, See Environment maps
cloud modeling, 486–487
components, 484–485
water modeling, 485–486
Edge antialiasing, 105
Emissive lighting, See Lighting
cube map textures, 437–440
ray casting, 433–434
sphere map textures, 440–443
texture warping, 434–436
curved reflectors, 419
ray casting, 445–447
sampling characteristics, 445
mathematics, 291–294
OpenGL support, 296
using, 294–295
warping, 447–448
dynamic updating, 448–449
refraction, 429–430
sampling rate, 432
multitexture, 326–327
two-pass method, 325–326
cube mapping, 83–85
overview, 80–81
sphere mapping, 85–88
texture coordinate generation, 81–82
texture maps, 82–83
Explosions, particle system modeling, 482
EXT_bgra, 599–602
EXT_convolution, 212
EXT_CMYKA, 222
EXT_texture_compression_s3tc, 76
EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic, 91
EXT_texture_lod, 284
EXT_texture_rectangle, 274
ARB extension types, 598–599
convolution, 230
documentation, 593–594
function pointers, 602–604
overview, 131
portable use, 599–601
format, 594–598
resources, 594
Eye space, projection transform, 21–22
Facet normal, computation, 8–9
Fan winding, 12
Filtered noise functions, procedural texture generation, 487–489
Filtering See also (Convolution)
applications, 60–61
box filter, 61
texture mapping, 90–91
Fire, particle system modeling, 481–482
acceleration, 139
z coordinate in computation, 32
convolution, 63
sampling, 59
alpha test, 111
blending, 112–114
comparison operators, 110
logical operation, 114–115
multisample operations, 111
stencil test, 111–112
Fragment programs, texture environment function, 100–102
texture image loading, 270
texture mapping of images, 79–80
overview, 577–579
computation phase, 580–581
input phase, 579
rendering phase, 579–580
safety margin, 581
Fresnel reflection lighting model, 335–336
hypotenuse, 613
Newton-Raphson method, 612–613
Taylor series expansion, 612
computer display value, 37–38
correction, 37–39
correction errors, 193–194
Gaussian reflection lighting model, 336
Geometrical attenuation factor, 340
glActiveTexture, 96
glAlphaFunc, 157
glBeginQuery, 373
glBindProgramARB, 101
glBindTexture, 94
glBufferData, 16
glCallLists, 521–522
glClearDepth, 399
glClearStencil, 400
glClientActiveTexture, 96–97
glColor, 356
glColor3fv, 584
glColor3ub, 366
glColorTable, 235
glCompressedTexImage, 76
glCopyTexture2D, 133
glDeleteProgramARB, 101
glDepthFunc, 157
glDisableClientState, 96–97
glEnableClientState, 96
glEndQuery, 373
glFlush, 589
glFrontFace, 205
glGenTextures, 94
glGetIntegerv, 96
glGetPointerv, 96
glGetQueryObject, 373
glGetTexImage, 94
glGetTexParameter, 94
glLineSmooth, 133
glListBase, 521
glLogicOp, 157
glMapBuffer, 16
glMaterial, 356
glMultiTexCoord, 96
glMultMatrix, 248
glNormal3f, 378
glNormal3fv, 584
glNormalPointer(), 16
Global illumination, See Lighting
glPixelTransfer, 195
glPixelTransferi, 590
glPointParameter, 477–478
glPointParameterfEXT, 603
glPointParameterfvEXT, 603
glPointSmooth, 133
glPolygonMode, 381–382
glPolygonSmooth, 133
glPopAttrib, 97
glPopClientAttrib, 97
glPopMatrix, 96
glProgramEnvParameter, 101
glProgramLocalParameter, 101
glProgramStringARB, 101
glPushAttrib, 97
glPushClientAttrib, 97
glPushMatrix, 96
glRasterPost, 522
glRotatef, 609
glScissor, 157
glTexCoord, 576
glTexCoordPointer, 96
glTexEnv, 98–100
glTexSubImage2D, 302
gluBuild2DMipmaps, 313
gluScaleImage, 312
glVertex, 107
glVertex3fv, 584
glViewpor, 228
glxCreateContext, 120
glxCreatePbuffer, 126
glXQueryClientString, 596
glXQueryExtensionsString, 596
glXQueryServerString, 596
glXUseXFont, 520
GL_AMBIENT, 50–52
GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE, 133
GL_ARB_depth_texture, 460
GL_ARB_point_sprite, 472
GL_ARB_shadow, 460
GL_BACK, 392
GL_BGRA_EXT, 600–602
GL_BGR_EXT, 602
GL_COLOR_INDEX, 590
GL_COLOR_MATERIAL, 41
GL_COLOR_TABLE, 70
GL_COMPARE_R_TO_TEXTURE, 460
GL_CONSTANT, 99
GL_CONSTANT_COLOR, 376
GL_CONVOLUTION_2D, 235
GL_COPY, 115
GL_DEPTH_BIAS, 195
GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, 195
GL_DEPTH_SCALE, 195
GL_DEPTH_TEXTURE_MODE, 460–461
GL_DIFFUSE, 50–52
GL_DONT_CARE, 179
GL_DOT3_RGBA, 160
GL_EQUIV, 115
GL_EYE_PLANE, 330
GL_FASTEST, 179
GL_FILL, 105
GL_FLAT, 41
GL_FLOAT, 576
GL_FRONT, 392
GL_FUNC_ADD, 114
GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT, 114
GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT, 114
GL_GREATER, 412
GL_INCR, 590
GL_LIGHTING, 584
GL_LINE_SMOOTH, 179
GL_LOAD, 515
GL_MAP_COLOR, 590
GL_MAX, 114
GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE, 90
GL_MAX_EXT, 552
GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS, 96
GL_MIN, 114
GL_MODELVIEW, 438
GL_NEVER, 110
GL_NICEST, 179
GL_NOTEQUAL, 389
GL_OBJECT_PLANE, 299
GL_ONE_MINUS_ALPHA, 114
GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_ALPHA, 202
GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR, 376
GL_ONE_MINUS_DST, 552
GL_PIXEL_MAP_A_TO_A, 215
GL_POLYGON, 381
GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL, 384
GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE, 384
GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH_HINT, 181
GL_POLYGON_STIPPLE, 206
GL_POST_COLOR_MATTRIX_COLOR_TABLE, 70
GL_PREVIOUS, 99
GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_1D, 77
GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D, 77
GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_3D, 90
GL_RESCALE_NORMAL, 25
GL_RGB5_A1, 139
GL_RGBA8, 76
GL_RGB_SCALE, 311
GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE, 207
GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_VALUE, 207
GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR, 53
GL_SHININESS, 50–52
GL_SKIP_PIXELS, 283
GL_SKIP_ROWS, 283
GL_SMOOTH, 41–42
GL_SOURCEO_ALPHA, 329
GL_SOURCEO_RGB, 329
GL_SPECULAR, 50–52
GL_SPHERE_MAP, 81
GL_STENCIL_INDEX, 590
GL_T, 330
GL_TEXTURE, 99
GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, 75
GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC, 460
GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE, 460
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE, 438
GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, 84
GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, 273
GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, 273
GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH, 77
GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, 305
GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, 282
GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, 282
GL_TRIANGLES, 16
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 12
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 12
GL_TRUE, 590
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 521
GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 576
GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_ARB, 33
GLX buffers, off-screen rendering, 125–126
application optimization, 571–572
overview, 577–579
computation phase, 580–581
input phase, 579
rendering phase, 579–580
safety margin, 581
principles, 572–573
display, 575
generation, 573–574
rasterization, 575
transform, 575
traversal, 574
texture updates, 576–577
vertex updates, 575–576
Greedy tri-stripping, 13
implementation, 515–516
three-dimensional, 513–515
early-Z processing, 148–149
latency hiding, 148
processing forms, 142–144
rasterization, 145–148
vertex caching, 145
vertex efficiency, 144–145
Hatching, implementation, 512–515
High dynamic range imaging, 241–245
foreground object manipulation, 369
overview, 367–368
XOR highlighting, 368
ARB imaging subset, 69–70
equalization, 224
point data visualization, 537
reduction implementation, 226
HSV, See Hue saturation value
Hue saturation value, color representation, 36
Hyperstreamlines, tensor field visualization, 569–570
Hypotenuse, estimation, 613
Icons, vector field visualization, 561
cutaway views, See Cutaway views
edge lines, 507–508
matte surfaces, 505–506
metallic surfaces, 506–507
perspective, 501
axonometric projection, 502–503
oblique projection, 503–505
convolution, See Convolution
depth of field modeling, 238–241
half-float representation, 241–242
shared exponent representation, 242
distortion correction, 237–238
pixel zoom, 235–236
rotation using texture mapping, 237
scaling using texture mapping, 236
human adaptation process modeling, 245
overview, 211–212
color adjustment, 213
CMY, 221–222
HSV, 222–223
XYZ, 219–221
YIQ, 222
interpolation and extrapolation, 213–214
luminance image conversion from color image, 216
rotating hue, 218–219
scale and bias, 215
thresholding, 215–216
reduction operations, 225–226
contrast stretching, 224
histogram equalization, 224
curve scaling, 244
local scaling, 244
luminance scaling, 243–244
operator, 243
combining, See Compositing
dissolves, See Dissolves
off-screen processing, 72
positioning, 65
representation, digital, 57–60
storage, 212–213
tiling, 254–257
types in OpenGL, 63
Inverse transforms, computation, 247–249
Isosurfaces, scalar field visualization, 545–546
Laplacian filter, 232
bump mapping, See Bump mapping
clamped dot product, 44
closed versus open surfaces, 44
diffuse versus specular reflection, 45
directional light, 47
equations, 610–612
ambient occlusion, 357–359
radiosity combination technique, 356–357
virtual light technique, 355–356
half-angle vectors, 45
high dynamic range lighting, 354–355
light source properties, 47–49
local versus infinite viewer, 45–46
model components, 43
anisotropic lighting, 337–340
Blinn, 335
Cook-Torrance, 342–343
Fresnel reflection, 335–336
Gaussian reflection, 336
Oren-Nayer, 340
Phong, 43
matte surfaces, 505–506
metallic surfaces, 506–507
per-fragment computations, 334–335
positional light, 47
emission maps, 334
gloss maps, 332–334
fragment lighting, 321–322
three-dimensional texture light maps, 330–331
two-dimensional texture light maps, 327–330
normal maps, 352–353
multitexture, 326–327
two-pass method, 325–326
spotlight effects using projective textures, 322–324
transform and lighting acceleration, 141–142
two-sided lighting, 44
computation, 40–41
limitations, 317–318
local light and spotlight attenuation, 320–321
tessellation, 319–320
Light points, particle system modeling, 483–484
Light position, multipass rendering, 164–165
Line antialiasing, 178–180
Line integral convolution, vector field visualization, 564–568
antialiasing artifact prevention, 389–390
depth range, 384–385
end caps on wide lines, 390
haloed lines, 385–386
hidden lines, 382–384
polygon offset, 384
silhouette edges, 386–389
wireframe models, 381–382
Logical operation, fragment operations, 114–115
Luminance image, conversion from color image, 216
Matting, definition, 192
Maximum intensity projection, blending for volume visualization, 552
material classification for lighting, 49–50
program parameters by metal type, 51–52
Minmax operation, ARB imaging subset, 70
MIP, See Maximum intensity projection
definition, 3
representations, 17
transforms, 27–28
rotation, 309–310
scaling, 609
translation, 609
object space transformation, 20–21
orthonormal matrix, 24
Mosaic, texture, See Texture mapping
Motion blur, temporal antialiasing, 183–184
deferred shading, 167
micropass comparison, 165–167
overview, 156–159
arbitrary functions, 160–161
arithmetic operations, 159–160
conditionals, 161–162
parameters, 163–165
variables, 162–163
Multisampling, 175
multisample transparency, 207–208
model, 96–97
multipass versus micropass environments, 166–167
overview, 95
texture environments, 97–98
NDC space, See Normalized device coordinate space
Newton-Raphson method, 612–613
filtered noise functions, 487–489
three-dimensional noise generation, 498–500
Normal vectors, transformation, 23–25
Normalized device coordinate space, viewpoint transform, 22–23
NV_vertex_array_range, 576
Object space, transformation, 20–21
Oblique projection, 503–505
depth estimation buffer building, 372
occluder selection, 371
occlusion map building, 371
principles, 370–371
testing, 372–373
Off-screen rendering, See Window system
Opacity, definition, 199
Common profile and fixed-point arithmetic, 133–136
embedded profiles, 132–133
embedded systems, 132
revisions, 136
Safety Critical profile, 136
Oren-Nayer lighting model, 340
Outline fonts, 524–525
Over operator, blending for volume visualization, 552
Overlay window, See Window system
hardware support, 286–287
image paging in system memory, 285–286
overview, 280–282
rationale, 279–280
texture subimage loading, 282–285
algorithms, 526–527
on images, 529–530
three-dimensional painting, 527–529
undo operations, 527
antialiasing small particles, 472
clouds, 482–483
explosions, 482
fire, 481–482
light points, 483–484
precipitation, 478–480
smoke, 480
vapor trails, 481
interaction modeling, 473–475
limitations, 469
number of particles, 473
big particles, 469–471
small particles, 471–472
software components, 475–476
sorting particles, 476–478
vertex programs, 478
Particle tracing, vector field visualization, 561–562
Patterning, implementation, 512–513
Pbuffers, off-screen rendering, 126
Penumbra, creation, 463
Performance, See Application performance
Perspective divide, clip space, 22
Perspective projection, 30–32
Phong lighting, 43
Phong shading, 42
alternative techniques, 367
mapping from window to object coordinates, 367
object tagging in color buffer, 365–366
OpenGL selection method, 364–365
proxy geometry, 366
Pipeline balance, optimization, 142
Pipeline interleaving, performance optimization, 591–592
image representation, 57–58
operations, 65–67
overview, 63–65
pack group, 66
unpack group, 66
bias operations, 67
mapping operations, 67–68
overview, 63–65
scale operations, 67
Point antialiasing, 178–180
classification, 533
Andrews plots, 536–537
histograms and charts, 537
iconographic display, 535–536
scatter plots, 534–535
antialiasing, 181–182
decaling, 390–392
representation, 3–4
Polygon normals, generation, 8
Polygon offset, line renderings, 384
Polygon stipling, screen-door transparency, 206
Precipitation, particle system modeling, 478–480
Primitive setup, acceleration, 14
filtered noise functions for generation, 487–489
filtering using texture convolution, 490–495
noise function generation, 489–490
random image warping, 498
spectral synthesis, 495–496
three-dimensional noise generation, 498–500
turbulence modeling, 496–497
alternative perspective projection, 608
orthogographic projection, 607
perspective projection, 607
perspective z-coordinate transformations, 608
alpha, 139
blending, 140
depth test, 139–140
fog, 139
framebuffer operations, 140
scan conversion, 138–139
stencil test, 139–140
texture, 139
bitmaps, 107
edge antialiasing, 105
fragment operations, See Fragment operations
interpolation of texture, color, and depth, 108–109
parallel processing opportunities, 145–148
phases, 103–104
point sampling, 104
w buffering, 109
z-fighting, 105–107
Ray casting, cube maps, 549–440
aliasing, 60
images, 58
Red, green, and blue (RGB), color representation and OpenGL use, 35–36
emission maps, 334
gloss maps, 332–334
arbitrary reflectors, 412–415
environment mapping, 419
explosion maps, 415–419
implementation issues, 412
overview, 411–412
imperfect reflectors, 422–424
interreflections, 419–422
light, See Lighting
object-space versus image-space techniques, 404–405
clipping, 407–411
transformation matrix, 407
ray tracing, 404
clipping, 405–406
rendering issues, 406
clipping of objects, 431–432
environment mapping, 429–430
equation, 424–426
modeling of multiple boundaries, 430–431
planar refraction, 426–427
definition, 3
direct, 127
image-based rendering, 63
indirect, 127
line rendering, See Line renderings
multiple passes, See Multipass rendering
off-screen rendering, 124–126
text, See Text rendering
texture maps, 126–127
overview, 547–549
splatting, 556–559
texture slicing, 549–556
RGB, See Red, green, and blue
definition, 58
Fourier analysis, 59
Nyquist limit, 60
rate, 58
undersampling, 59
data classification, 533
annotating metrics, 539–540
contour lines, 539
isosurfaces, 545–546
line graphs, 538
splatting, 556–559
surface display, 543–545
texture slicing, 549–556
volume data creation, 559–560
volume rendering, 547–549
volume slicing, 546–547
Scatter plot, point data visualization, 534–535
principles, 572–573
display, 575
generation, 573–574
rasterization, 575
transform, 575
traversal, 574
data characterization, 532–534
mapping numbers to pictures, 531
Andrews plots, 536–537
histograms and charts, 537
iconographic display, 535–536
scatter plots, 534–535
annotating metrics, 539–540
contour lines, 539
isosurfaces, 545–546
line graphs, 538
splatting, 556–559
surface display, 543–545
texture slicing, 549–556
volume data creation, 559–560
volume rendering, 547–549
volume slicing, 546–547
hyperstreamlines, 569–570
overview, 568–569
icons, 561
line integral convolution, 564–568
particle tracing, 561–562
stream lines and illumination, 563–564
visual clues and perception, 531–532
limitations, 206–207
multisample transparency, 207–208
polygon stipling, 206
principles, 205–206
Self-shadowing, See Self-occlusion
SGI_texture_color_table, 555
SGIS_pixel_texture, 161
SGIS_point_parameters, 594–595
SGIS_sharpen_texture, 313
SGIS_texture_filter4, 91
SGIS_texture_lod, 314
SGIX_clipmap, 286
deferred shading and multipass rendering, 167
definition, 40
facet normal computation, 8–9
constant shading, 41–42
Phong shading, 42
smooth shading, 42
texture shading, 42
polygon normals, generation, 8
rasterization, 41
smooth shading, 9–11
vertex lighting computation, 40–41
projective shadows, 450–452
shadow mapping, 459–462
incremental updating of volumes, 457–458
light volumes, 457
limitations, 458
multiple light sources, 457
overview, 452–454
scene segmentation, 455–457
jittered lights, 463
penumbras, 463
receiver textures, 463–464
umbras, 463
Singleton strip, avoidance, 13
blending operators, 551–552
mixing volumetric and geometric objects, 554
sampling frequency considerations, 552–553
shading volumes, 555–556
three-dimensional textures, 550
transfer functions, 555
two-dimensional textures, 551
virtualizing texture memory, 554
volume image shrinking, 554
volume-cutting planes, 555
warped volumes, 556
volumes, 546
Smoke, particle system modeling, 480
Smooth shading, 9–11
Sobel filter, 232–233
Specular lighting, See Lighting
ray casting, 441–442
texture mapping, 85–88
textures, 440–443
warping, 443
artifacts, 557–558
principles, 556–557
shading, 559
slab width, 558
sRGB, color representation, 36
acceleration, 139–140
fragment operations, 111–112
Stereo viewing, geometry and transformations, 249–252
illumination, 563–564
vector field visualization, 563
Stroke fonts, 524
locations, 172-174
points, 483
text positioning, 520
advantages, 171
definition, 171
drawbacks, 176–177
accumulation buffer, 173–175
overdrawing, 172–173
multisample antialiasing, 175–176
sample patterns, 171–172
stochastic supersampling, 171
visualization, 379–380
Surface display, scalar field visualization, 543–545
visualization, 377–379
Taylor series expansion, 612
Tangent space, See Lighting
Temporal antialiasing, 182–184
data classification, 533
hyperstreamlines, 569–570
overview, 568–569
definition, 4
icosahedron, 7–8
implementation, 5–8
octahedron, 6–7
sphere, 6
Texel, definition, 73
geometric primitives, 523
outline fonts, 524–525
stroke fonts, 524
bitmap primitives, 520
display list encodings, 520–521
kerning, 521
pixmap images, 521–523
texture images, 523
Texture coordinates, See also Procedural texture
color coding and contouring, 298–300
geometric transformations, 262
map indexing, 25
transformation pipeline, 25–27
vertex to texture coordinate mapping, 263
acceleration, 139
animation, 302–306
creation, 311–312
magnification computation, 308–309
rationale, 306–308
signed intensity detail textures, 309–311
cube mapping, 83–85
mathematics, 291–294
OpenGL support, 296
using, 294–295
overview, 80–81
sphere mapping, 85–88
texture coordinate generation, 81–82
texture maps, 82–83
filtering, 90–91
level of detail, 91–93
bump mapping, 343–351
fragment lighting, 321–322
three-dimensional texture light maps, 330–331
two-dimensional texture light maps, 327–330
normal maps, 352–353
multitexture, 326–327
two-pass method, 325–326
spotlight effects using projective textures, 322–324
limitations, 315–316
mipmap generation, 313–315
mosaicing, 274–276
model, 96–97
overview, 95
texture environments, 97–98
clip map, 286
hardware support, 286–287
memory, 285–286
overview, 280–282
rationale, 279–280
texture subimage loading, 282–285
rationale, 287–289
texel aspect ratio computation, 289–291
projected textures, 296–298
rationale, 73
refraction, 428–429
rendering to texture maps, 126–127
rotation, 237
scaling, 236
scene overlaying with texture map, 263–264
sharpening, 312–313
texture coordinate assignment optimization, 270–271
advanced functionality, 99–100
fragment programs, 100–102
overview, 98–99
compressed textures, 76
internal texture formats, 75–76
overview, 73–74
proxy textures, 77
texture objects and targets, 93–95
indexing, 88–89
mipmapping, 89
solid material rendering, 89–90
tiling, 277–279
two-dimensional image warping, 300–302
images, 254–257
textures, 277–279
curve scaling, 244
local scaling, 244
luminance scaling, 243–244
operator, 243
clip space, 22
eye space, 21
modelview matrix, 20–21
normalized device coordinate space, 22
object space, 20
overview, 20
perspective divide, 22
projection transform, 22
texture coordinates, 25–27
viewpoint transform, 23
window space, 23
concatenation, 29
visualization, 28–29
depth peeling, 205
dynamic objects, 202–203
ordering, 200–201
output color, 200–202
transparency mapping, 203
transparency sorting, 204–205
definition, 199
output color calculation, 199
limitations, 206–207
multisample transparency, 207–208
polygon stippling, 206
principles, 205–206
simulation, 199
sorting, 204–205
Triangle lists, 16
fan winding, 12
greedy tri-stripping, 13
meshes, 13
singleton strip avoidance, 13
strip winding, 12
Tuples, data representation, 19
Turbulence, procedural texture modeling, 496–497
Vapor trails, particle system modeling, 481
data classification, 533
icons, 561
line integral convolution, 564–568
particle tracing, 561–562
stream lines and illumination, 563–564
parallel, 610
perpendicular, 610
reflection vector, 610
barycentric coordinates, 607
equations, 605
linear interpolation, 606
spherical coordinates, 606
Versions, OpenGL, 129–130
arrays, 15
attribute specification, 14–15
buffer objects, 15–16
caching, 145
efficiency, 144–145
lighting computation, 40–41
programs, 32–33
triangle lists, 16
component interpolation, 266–267
LOD computation, 278–268
transformation of vertex coordinates, 265–266
multipass rendering, 163–164
Vertex lighting, See Lighting
Vertex normals, 164
generating, 8
shading, See Shading
texture coordinate generation from, 81
transforming, 23–25
vertex arrays, 14
Viewing transforms, 608–609
Viewpoint transform, normalized device coordinate space, 22–23
Virtual light, global illumination, 355–356
Water, dynamic mesh modeling, 485–486
W buffering, rasterization, 109
wglBindTexImageARB, 126
wglCreateContext, 120
wglGetProcAddress, 603–604
wglMakeCurrent, 126
wglReleaseTexImageARB, 127
wglUseFontBitmaps, 520
wglUseFontOutlines, 525
WGL_ARB_make_current_read, 126
WGL_arb_pbuffer, 126
WGL_ARB_pixel_format, 126
Winding order, polygon, 11
address space and threads, 121
multiple displays, 123
platform integration, 119–120
renderer and window state, 120–121
direct versus indirect, 127
texture maps, 126–127
underlay windows, 122
Wireframe models, line renderings, 381–382
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