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Adam Freeman

Pro ASP.NET Core 3

Develop Cloud-Ready Web Applications Using MVC, Blazor, and Razor Pages

8th ed.

../images/338050_8_En_BookFrontmatter_Figa_HTML.png

Adam Freeman

London, UK

ISBN 978-1-4842-5439-4e-ISBN 978-1-4842-5440-0

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5440-0

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Apress Media, LLC, 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail [email protected], or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation.

Dedicated to my lovely wife, Jacqui Griffyth.

(And also to Peanut.)

Table of Contents

Part I: Introducing ASP.NET Core1

Chapter 1: Putting ASP.NET Core in Context 3

Understanding ASP.NET Core 3

Understanding the Application Frameworks 3

Understanding the Utility Frameworks 4

Understanding the ASP.NET Core Platform 5

Understanding This Book 5

What Software Do I Need to Follow the Examples? 5

What Platform Do I Need to Follow the Examples? 5

What If I Have Problems Following the Examples? 6

What If I Find an Error in the Book? 6

What Does This Book Cover? 6

What Doesn’t This Book Cover? 7

How Do I Contact the Author? 7

What If I Really Enjoyed This Book? 7

What If This Book Has Made Me Angry and I Want to Complain? 7

Summary 7

Chapter 2: Getting Started 9

Choosing a Code Editor 9

Installing Visual Studio 10

Installing Visual Studio Code 12

Creating an ASP.NET Core Project 16

Opening the Project Using Visual Studio 17

Opening the Project with Visual Studio Code 19

Running the ASP.NET Core Application 20

Understanding Endpoints 21

Understanding Routes 22

Understanding HTML Rendering 23

Putting the Pieces Together 27

Summary 27

Chapter 3: Your First ASP.NET Core Application 29

Setting the Scene 29

Creating the Project 29

Adding a Data Model 31

Creating a Second Action and View 31

Linking Action Methods 32

Building the Form 33

Receiving Form Data 35

Adding the Thanks View 37

Displaying the Responses 38

Adding Validation 40

Styling the Content 45

Summary 50

Chapter 4: Using the Development Tools 51

Creating ASP.NET Core Projects 51

Creating a Project Using the Command Line 52

Creating a Project Using Visual Studio 54

Adding Code and Content to Projects 57

Understanding Item Scaffolding 58

Building and Running Projects 59

Building and Running Projects Using the Command Line 60

Building and Running Projects Using Visual Studio Code 61

Building and Running Projects Using Visual Studio 61

Managing Packages 62

Managing NuGet Packages 62

Managing Tool Packages 63

Managing Client-Side Packages 63

Managing Packages Using Visual Studio 65

Debugging Projects 66

Summary 67

Chapter 5: Essential C# Features 69

Preparing for This Chapter 69

Opening the Project 70

Enabling the MVC Framework 70

Creating the Application Components 71

Selecting the HTTP Port 72

Running the Example Application 72

Using the Null Conditional Operator 73

Chaining the Null Conditional Operator 74

Combining the Conditional and Coalescing Operators 75

Using Automatically Implemented Properties 77

Using Auto-implemented Property Initializers 78

Creating Read-Only Automatically Implemented Properties 78

Using String Interpolation 80

Using Object and Collection Initializers 81

Using an Index Initializer 82

Pattern Matching 83

Pattern Matching in switch Statements 84

Using Extension Methods 85

Applying Extension Methods to an Interface 86

Creating Filtering Extension Methods 88

Using Lambda Expressions 89

Defining Functions 90

Using Lambda Expression Methods and Properties 93

Using Type Inference and Anonymous Types 95

Using Anonymous Types 95

Using Default Implementations in Interfaces 97

Using Asynchronous Methods 99

Working with Tasks Directly 99

Applying the async and await Keywords 100

Using an Asynchronous Enumerable 102

Getting Names 105

Summary 106

Chapter 6: Testing ASP.NET Core Applications 107

Preparing for This Chapter 107

Opening the Project 108

Selecting the HTTP Port 108

Enabling the MVC Framework 109

Creating the Application Components 109

Running the Example Application 111

Creating a Unit Test Project 111

Removing the Default Test Class 112

Writing and Running Unit Tests 112

Running Tests with the Visual Studio Test Explorer 114

Running Tests with Visual Studio Code 114

Running Tests from the Command Line 115

Correcting the Unit Test 115

Isolating Components for Unit Testing 116

Using a Mocking Package 120

Creating a Mock Object 121

Summary 122

Chapter 7: SportsStore: A Real Application 123

Creating the Projects 123

Creating the Unit Test Project 124

Creating the Application Project Folders 124

Opening the Projects 125

Preparing the Application Services and the Request Pipeline 125

Configuring the Razor View Engine 127

Creating the Controller and View 128

Starting the Data Model 128

Checking and Running the Application 129

Adding Data to the Application 129

Installing the Entity Framework Core Packages 129

Defining the Connection String 130

Creating the Database Context Class 130

Configuring Entity Framework Core 131

Creating a Repository 132

Creating the Database Migration 134

Creating Seed Data 135

Displaying a List of Products 137

Preparing the Controller 138

Updating the View 139

Running the Application 140

Adding Pagination 140

Displaying Page Links 142

Improving the URLs 149

Styling the Content 151

Installing the Bootstrap Package 151

Applying Bootstrap Styles 152

Creating a Partial View 154

Summary 155

Chapter 8: SportsStore: Navigation and Cart 157

Adding Navigation Controls 157

Filtering the Product List 157

Refining the URL Scheme 161

Building a Category Navigation Menu 165

Correcting the Page Count 171

Building the Shopping Cart 174

Configuring Razor Pages 174

Creating a Razor Page 176

Creating the Add To Cart Buttons 177

Enabling Sessions 178

Implementing the Cart Feature 180

Summary 188

Chapter 9: SportsStore: Completing the Cart 189

Refining the Cart Model with a Service 189

Creating a Storage-Aware Cart Class 189

Registering the Service 191

Simplifying the Cart Razor Page 192

Completing the Cart Functionality 194

Removing Items from the Cart 194

Adding the Cart Summary Widget 196

Submitting Orders 199

Creating the Model Class 199

Adding the Checkout Process 200

Creating the Controller and View 201

Implementing Order Processing 204

Completing the Order Controller 206

Displaying Validation Errors 209

Displaying a Summary Page 211

Summary 212

Chapter 10: SportsStore: Administration 213

Preparing Blazor Server 213

Creating the Imports File 214

Creating the Startup Razor Page 215

Creating the Routing and Layout Components 215

Creating the Razor Components 216

Checking the Blazor Setup 217

Managing Orders 218

Enhancing the Model 218

Displaying Orders to the Administrator 219

Adding Catalog Management 222

Expanding the Repository 222

Applying Validation Attributes to the Data Model 223

Creating the List Component 224

Creating the Detail Component 226

Creating the Editor Component 227

Deleting Products 230

Summary 231

Chapter 11: SportsStore: Security and Deployment 233

Securing the Administration Features 233

Creating the Identity Database 233

Adding a Conventional Administration Feature 238

Applying a Basic Authorization Policy 239

Creating the Account Controller and Views 241

Testing the Security Policy 244

Preparing ASP.NET Core for Deployment 244

Configuring Error Handling 244

Creating the Production Configuration Settings 246

Creating the Docker Image 246

Running the Containerized Application 248

Summary 250

Part II: The ASP.NET Core Platform251

Chapter 12: Understanding the ASP.NET Core Platform 253

Preparing for This Chapter 254

Running the Example Application 255

Understanding the ASP.NET Core Platform 255

Understanding Middleware and the Request Pipeline 255

Understanding Services 256

Understanding the ASP.NET Core Project 256

Understanding the Entry Point 258

Understanding the Startup Class 259

Understanding the Project File 260

Creating Custom Middleware 261

Defining Middleware Using a Class 265

Understanding the Return Pipeline Path 267

Short-Circuiting the Request Pipeline 268

Creating Pipeline Branches 270

Creating Terminal Middleware 272

Configuring Middleware 274

Using the Options Pattern with Class-Based Middleware 277

Summary 278

Chapter 13: Using URL Routing 279

Preparing for This Chapter 280

Understanding URL Routing 282

Adding the Routing Middleware and Defining an Endpoint 283

Understanding URL Patterns 286

Using Segment Variables in URL Patterns 287

Generating URLs from Routes 291

Managing URL Matching 294

Matching Multiple Values from a Single URL Segment 294

Using Default Values for Segment Variables 296

Using Optional Segments in a URL Pattern 296

Using a catchall Segment Variable 298

Constraining Segment Matching 299

Defining Fallback Routes 302

Advanced Routing Features 303

Creating Custom Constraints 303

Avoiding Ambiguous Route Exceptions 305

Accessing the Endpoint in a Middleware Component 307

Summary 308

Chapter 15: Using the Platform Features, Part 1 343

Preparing for This Chapter 344

Using the Configuration Service 345

Understanding the Environment-Specific Configuration File 346

Accessing Configuration Settings 347

Using the Configuration Data in Services 348

Understanding the Launch Settings File 351

Determining the Environment in the Startup Class 356

Storing User Secrets 357

Using the Logging Service 361

Generating Logging Messages 361

Configuring Minimum Logging Levels 364

Using Static Content and Client-Side Packages 365

Adding the Static Content Middleware 366

Using Client-Side Packages 369

Summary 372

Chapter 16: Using the Platform Features, Part 2 373

Preparing for This Chapter 373

Using Cookies 374

Enabling Cookie Consent Checking 376

Managing Cookie Consent 378

Using Sessions 380

Configuring the Session Service and Middleware 380

Using Session Data 383

Working with HTTPS Connections 384

Enabling HTTP Connections 384

Detecting HTTPS Requests 386

Enforcing HTTPS Requests 387

Enabling HTTP Strict Transport Security 389

Handling Exceptions and Errors 391

Returning an HTML Error Response 393

Enriching Status Code Responses 395

Filtering Requests Using the Host Header 397

Summary 399

Chapter 17: Working with Data 401

Preparing for This Chapter 402

Caching Data 404

Caching Data Values 406

Using a Shared and Persistent Data Cache 409

Caching Responses 412

Using Entity Framework Core 415

Installing Entity Framework Core 415

Creating the Data Model 416

Configuring the Database Service 417

Creating and Applying the Database Migration 418

Seeding the Database 419

Using Data in an Endpoint 422

Summary 424

Part III: ASP.NET Core Applications425

Chapter 18: Creating the Example Project 427

Creating the Project 427

Adding a Data Model 428

Adding NuGet Packages to the Project 428

Creating the Data Model 428

Preparing the Seed Data 430

Configuring Entity Framework Core Services and Middleware 431

Creating and Applying the Migration 432

Adding the CSS Framework 433

Configuring the Request Pipeline 433

Running the Example Application 435

Summary 435

Chapter 19: Creating RESTful Web Services 437

Preparing for This Chapter 438

Understanding RESTful Web Services 438

Understanding Request URLs and Methods 438

Understanding JSON 439

Creating a Web Service Using a Custom Endpoint 439

Creating a Web Service Using a Controller 442

Enabling the MVC Framework 443

Creating a Controller 444

Improving the Web Service 453

Using Asynchronous Actions 453

Preventing Over-Binding 455

Using Action Results 456

Validating Data 461

Applying the API Controller Attribute 463

Omitting Null Properties 464

Summary 467

Chapter 22: Using Controllers with Views, Part II 527

Preparing for This Chapter 527

Dropping the Database 529

Running the Example Application 529

Using the View Bag 529

Using Temp Data 531

Working with Layouts 534

Configuring Layouts Using the View Bag 535

Using a View Start File 537

Overriding the Default Layout 538

Using Layout Sections 542

Using Partial Views 548

Enabling Partial Views 548

Creating a Partial View 548

Applying a Partial View 549

Understanding Content-Encoding 552

Understanding HTML Encoding 552

Understanding JSON Encoding 554

Summary 555

Chapter 23: Using Razor Pages 557

Preparing for This Chapter 558

Running the Example Application 558

Understanding Razor Pages 559

Configuring Razor Pages 559

Creating a Razor Page 560

Understanding Razor Pages Routing 564

Specifying a Routing Pattern in a Razor Page 566

Adding Routes for a Razor Page 568

Understanding the Page Model Class 569

Using a Code-Behind Class File 570

Understanding Action Results in Razor Pages 572

Handling Multiple HTTP Methods 575

Selecting a Handler Method 578

Understanding the Razor Page View 580

Creating a Layout for Razor Pages 580

Using Partial Views in Razor Pages 582

Creating Razor Pages Without Page Models 583

Summary 584

Chapter 24: Using View Components 585

Preparing for This Chapter 585

Dropping the Database 588

Running the Example Application 588

Understanding View Components 588

Creating and Using a View Component 589

Applying a View Component 589

Understanding View Component Results 593

Returning a Partial View 593

Returning HTML Fragments 596

Getting Context Data 598

Providing Context from the Parent View Using Arguments 600

Creating Asynchronous View Components 603

Creating View Components Classes 604

Creating a Hybrid Controller Class 607

Summary 609

Chapter 26: Using the Built-in Tag Helpers 643

Preparing for This Chapter 643

Adding an Image File 645

Installing a Client-Side Package 646

Dropping the Database 646

Running the Example Application 646

Enabling the Built-in Tag Helpers 647

Transforming Anchor Elements 647

Using Anchor Elements for Razor Pages 649

Using the JavaScript and CSS Tag Helpers 650

Managing JavaScript Files 650

Managing CSS Stylesheets 657

Working with Image Elements 660

Using the Data Cache 661

Setting Cache Expiry 663

Using the Hosting Environment Tag Helper 666

Summary 667

Chapter 27: Using the Forms Tag Helpers 669

Preparing for This Chapter 669

Dropping the Database 671

Running the Example Application 671

Understanding the Form Handling Pattern 672

Creating a Controller to Handle Forms 672

Creating a Razor Page to Handle Forms 674

Using Tag Helpers to Improve HTML Forms 676

Working with Form Elements 676

Transforming Form Buttons 678

Working with input Elements 679

Transforming the input Element type Attribute 680

Formatting input Element Values 682

Displaying Values from Related Data in input Elements 685

Working with label Elements 688

Working with Select and Option Elements 690

Populating a select Element 692

Working with Text Areas 694

Using the Anti-forgery Feature 695

Enabling the Anti-forgery Feature in a Controller 696

Enabling the Anti-forgery Feature in a Razor Page 697

Using Anti-forgery Tokens with JavaScript Clients 699

Summary 701

Chapter 29: Using Model Validation 739

Preparing for This Chapter 740

Dropping the Database 741

Running the Example Application 741

Understanding the Need for Model Validation 742

Explicitly Validating Data in a Controller 742

Displaying Validation Errors to the User 745

Displaying Validation Messages 747

Displaying Property-Level Validation Messages 751

Displaying Model-Level Messages 752

Explicitly Validating Data in a Razor Page 754

Specifying Validation Rules Using Metadata 757

Creating a Custom Property Validation Attribute 761

Performing Client-Side Validation 765

Performing Remote Validation 767

Performing Remote Validation in Razor Pages 770

Summary 771

Chapter 31: Creating Form Applications 817

Preparing for This Chapter 817

Dropping the Database 820

Running the Example Application 820

Creating an MVC Forms Application 821

Preparing the View Model and the View 821

Reading Data 822

Creating Data 824

Editing Data 828

Deleting Data 830

Creating a Razor Pages Forms Application 832

Creating Common Functionality 834

Defining Pages for the CRUD Operations 836

Creating New Related Data Objects 840

Providing the Related Data in the Same Request 840

Breaking Out to Create New Data 843

Summary 847

Part IV: Advanced ASP.NET Core Features849

Chapter 32: Creating the Example Project 851

Creating the Project 851

Adding NuGet Packages to the Project 852

Adding a Data Model 853

Preparing the Seed Data 854

Configuring Entity Framework Core Services and Middleware 856

Creating and Applying the Migration 857

Adding the Bootstrap CSS Framework 857

Configuring the Services and Middleware 858

Creating a Controller and View 859

Creating a Razor Page 861

Running the Example Application 863

Summary 864

Chapter 33: Using Blazor Server, Part 1 865

Preparing for This Chapter 866

Understanding Blazor Server 867

Understanding the Blazor Server Advantages 867

Understanding the Blazor Server Disadvantages 868

Choosing Between Blazor Server and Angular/React/Vue.js 868

Getting Started with Blazor 868

Configuring ASP.NET Core for Blazor Server 868

Creating a Razor Component 870

Understanding the Basic Razor Component Features 875

Understanding Blazor Events and Data Bindings 875

Working with Data Bindings 883

Using Class Files to Define Components 888

Using a Code-Behind Class 888

Defining a Razor Component Class 890

Summary 892

Chapter 34: Using Blazor Server, Part 2 893

Preparing for This Chapter 893

Combining Components 894

Configuring Components with Attributes 896

Creating Custom Events and Bindings 901

Displaying Child Content in a Component 905

Creating Template Components 907

Using Generic Type Parameters in Template Components 909

Cascading Parameters 915

Handling Errors 918

Handling Connection Errors 918

Handling Uncaught Application Errors 920

Summary 922

Chapter 35: Advanced Blazor Features 923

Preparing for This Chapter 924

Using Component Routing 924

Preparing the Razor Page 925

Adding Routes to Components 926

Navigating Between Routed Components 929

Receiving Routing Data 932

Defining Common Content Using Layouts 933

Understanding the Component Lifecycle Methods 935

Using the Lifecycle Methods for Asynchronous Tasks 938

Managing Component Interaction 939

Using References to Child Components 939

Interacting with Components from Other Code 942

Interacting with Components Using JavaScript 946

Summary 954

Chapter 36: Blazor Forms and Data 955

Preparing for This Chapter 955

Dropping the Database and Running the Application 958

Using the Blazor Form Components 959

Creating Custom Form Components 961

Validating Form Data 964

Handling Form Events 967

Using Entity Framework Core with Blazor 969

Understanding the Entity Framework Core Context Scope Issue 969

Understanding the Repeated Query Issue 973

Performing Create, Read, Update, and Delete Operations 978

Creating the List Component 978

Creating the Details Component 979

Creating the Editor Component 980

Extending the Blazor Form Features 983

Creating a Custom Validation Constraint 983

Creating a Valid-Only Submit Button Component 986

Summary 988

Chapter 38: Using ASP.NET Core Identity 1007

Preparing for This Chapter 1008

Preparing the Project for ASP.NET Core Identity 1009

Preparing the ASP.NET Core Identity Database 1009

Configuring the Application 1010

Creating and Applying the Identity Database Migration 1011

Creating User Management Tools 1012

Preparing for User Management Tools 1013

Enumerating User Accounts 1013

Creating Users 1015

Editing Users 1023

Deleting Users 1026

Creating Role Management Tools 1027

Preparing for Role Management Tools 1027

Enumerating and Deleting Roles 1028

Creating Roles 1029

Assigning Role Membership 1030

Summary 1033

Chapter 39: Applying ASP.NET Core Identity 1035

Preparing for This Chapter 1035

Authenticating Users 1037

Creating the Login Feature 1037

Inspecting the ASP.NET Core Identity Cookie 1039

Creating a Sign-Out Page 1040

Testing the Authentication Feature 1041

Enabling the Identity Authentication Middleware 1041

Authorizing Access to Endpoints 1044

Applying the Authorization Attribute 1044

Enabling the Authorization Middleware 1045

Creating the Access Denied Endpoint 1045

Creating the Seed Data 1046

Testing the Authentication Sequence 1048

Authorizing Access to Blazor Applications 1049

Performing Authorization in Blazor Components 1051

Displaying Content to Authorized Users 1053

Authenticating and Authorizing Web Services 1054

Building a Simple JavaScript Client 1057

Restricting Access to the Web Service 1059

Using Cookie Authentication 1060

Using Bearer Token Authentication 1062

Creating Tokens 1063

Authenticating with Tokens 1066

Restricting Access with Tokens 1068

Using Tokens to Request Data 1068

Summary 1070

Index 1071

About the Author

Adam Freeman

../images/338050_8_En_BookFrontmatter_Figb_HTML.jpg

is an experienced IT professional who has held senior positions in a range of companies, most recently serving as chief technology officer and chief operating officer of a global bank. Now retired, he spends his time writing and long-distance running.

About the Technical Reviewer

Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati

is a senior consultant and a senior analyst/developer using Microsoft technologies. He works for BluArancio (www.bluarancio.com ). He is a Microsoft Certified Solution Developer for .NET, a Microsoft Certified Application Developer for .NET, a Microsoft Certified Professional, and a prolific author and technical reviewer. Over the past ten years, he’s written articles for Italian and international magazines and coauthored more than ten books on a variety of computer topics.

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Develop Cloud-Ready Web Applications Using MVC, Blazor, and Razor Pages

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