• The Communications Layer

  • 1 The Big Picture

• The Information Layer

  • 2 Binary Values and Number Systems

  • 3 Data Representation

• The Hardware Layer

  • 4 Gates and Circuits

  • 5 Computing Components

• The Programming Layer

  • 6 Low-Level Programming Languages and Pseudocode

  • 7 Problem Solving and Algorithms

  • 8 Abstract Data Types and Subprograms

  • 9 Object-Oriented Design and High-Level Programming Languages

• The Operating Systems Layer

  • 10 Operating Systems

  • 11 File Systems and Directories

• The Applications Layer

  • 12 Information Systems

  • 13 Artificial Intelligence

  • 14 Simulation, Graphics, Gaming, and Other Applications

• The Communications Layer

  • 15 Networks

  • 16 The World Wide Web

  • 17 Computer Security

• In Conclusion

  • 18 Limitations of Computing

Various issues related to computer security have been discussed in chapters throughout this book as appropriate, often dealing with level-specific topics such as memory management or network access. In this chapter, we explore security as a general concept and zero in on the most prevalent issues faced by typical users in today’s online world. The topics discussed in this chapter include techniques for preventing unauthorized access to information, the types of malicious code used to circumvent security measures, and the security issues related to social media.