Table of Contents for
Endnotes

Endnotes by John Lewis, Nell Dale Computer Science Illuminated, 7th Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Special Features
Chapter 1 The Big Picture
- 1.1 Computing Systems
  - Layers of a Computing System
  - Abstraction
- 1.2 The History of Computing
- 1.3 Computing as a Tool and a Discipline
Chapter 2 Binary Values and Number Systems
- 2.1 Numbers and Computing
- 2.2 Positional Notation
Chapter 3 Data Representation
- 3.1 Data and Computers
  - Analog and Digital Data
  - Binary Representations
- 3.2 Representing Numeric Data
  - Representing Negative Values
  - Representing Real Numbers
- 3.3 Representing Text
- 3.4 Representing Audio Data
  - Audio Formats
  - The MP3 Audio Format
- 3.5 Representing Images and Graphics
- 3.6 Representing Video
Chapter 4 Gates and Circuits
- 4.1 Computers and Electricity
- 4.2 Gates
- 4.3 Constructing Gates
  - Transistors
- 4.4 Circuits
- 4.5 Circuits as Memory
- 4.6 Integrated Circuits
- 4.7 CPU Chips
Chapter 5 Computing Components
- 5.1 Individual Computer Components
- 5.2 The Stored-Program Concept
- 5.3 Embedded Systems
- 5.4 Parallel Architectures
Chapter 6 Low-Level Programming Languages and Pseudocode
- 6.1 Computer Operations
- 6.2 Machine Language
  - Pep/9: A Virtual Computer
  - Input and Output in Pep/9
- 6.3 A Program Example
  - Pep/9 Simulator
  - Another Machine-Language Example
- 6.4 Assembly Language
- 6.5 Expressing Algorithms
- 6.6 Testing
Chapter 7 Problem Solving and Algorithms
- 7.1 How to Solve Problems
- 7.2 Algorithms with Simple Variables
  - An Algorithm with Selection
  - Algorithms with Repetition
- 7.3 Composite Variables
  - Arrays
  - Records
- 7.4 Searching Algorithms
- 7.5 Sorting
- 7.6 Recursive Algorithms
- 7.7 Important Threads
Chapter 8 Abstract Data Types and Subprograms
- 8.1 What Is an Abstract Data Type?
- 8.2 Stacks
- 8.3 Queues
- 8.4 Lists
- 8.5 Trees
- 8.6 Graphs
  - Creating a Graph
  - Graph Algorithms
- 8.7 Subprograms
Chapter 9 Object-Oriented Design and High-Level Programming Languages
- 9.1 Object-Oriented Methodology
- 9.2 Translation Process
  - Compilers
  - Interpreters
- 9.3 Programming Language Paradigms
  - Imperative Paradigm
  - Declarative Paradigm
- 9.4 Functionality in High-Level Languages
- 9.5 Functionality of Object-Oriented Languages
- 9.6 Comparison of Procedural and Object-Oriented Designs
Chapter 10 Operating Systems
- 10.1 Roles of an Operating System
- 10.2 Memory Management
- 10.3 Process Management
  - The Process States
  - The Process Control Block
- 10.4 CPU Scheduling
Chapter 11 File Systems and Directories
- 11.1 File Systems
- 11.2 Directories
  - Directory Trees
  - Path Names
- 11.3 Disk Scheduling
Chapter 12 Information Systems
- 12.1 Managing Information
- 12.2 Spreadsheets
- 12.3 Database Management Systems
- 12.4 E-Commerce
- 12.5 Big Data
Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence
- 13.1 Thinking Machines
  - The Turing Test
  - Aspects of AI
- 13.2 Knowledge Representation
  - Semantic Networks
  - Search Trees
- 13.3 Expert Systems
- 13.4 Neural Networks
  - Biological Neural Networks
  - Artificial Neural Networks
- 13.5 Natural-Language Processing
- 13.6 Robotics
Chapter 14 Simulation, Graphics, Gaming, and Other Applications
- 14.1 What Is Simulation?
- 14.2 Specific Models
- 14.3 Computer Graphics
- 14.4 Gaming
Chapter 15 Networks
- 15.1 Networking
- 15.2 Open Systems and Protocols
- 15.3 Network Addresses
  - Domain Name System
  - Who Controls the Internet?
- 15.4 Cloud Computing
- 15.5 Blockchain
Chapter 16 The World Wide Web
- 16.1 Spinning the Web
- 16.2 HTML and CSS
- 16.3 Interactive Web Pages
  - Java Applets
  - Java Server Pages
- 16.4 XML
- 16.5 Social Network Evolution
Chapter 17 Computer Security
- 17.1 Security at All Levels
  - Information Security
- 17.2 Preventing Unauthorized Access
- 17.3 Malicious Code
  - Antivirus Software
  - Security Attacks
- 17.4 Cryptography
- 17.5 Protecting Your Information Online
Chapter 18 Limitations of Computing
- 18.1 Hardware
- 18.2 Software
- 18.3 Problems
Glossary
Endnotes
Index

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Index

ENDNOTES

Chapter 1

1. G. A. Miller, “Reprint of the Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” Psychological Review 101, no. 2 (1994): 343–352.

2. “Beyond All Dreams,” http://www.mith.umd.edu/flare/lovelace/index.html.

3. National Geographic News, May 29, 2008.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_2400_BC%E2%80%931949 (accessed 2/11/2014).

5. P. E. Grogono and S. H. Nelson, Problem Solving and Computer Programming (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982): 92.

6. D. Schmandt-Berrerat, “Signs of Life,” Odyssey, January/ February 2002: 6, 7, 63.

7. Written by C. Weems, adapted from: N. Dale, C. Weems, and M. Headington, Java and Software Design (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2001): 3523.

8. P. E. Cerruzzi, A History of Modern Computing (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998): 217.

9. “Scientists Build First Nanotube Computer,” The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2013.

10. R. X. Gringely, “Be Absolute for Death: Life After Moore’s Law,” Communications of the ACM 44, no. 3 (2001): 94.

11. http://mlgnn.com/?tag=steve-jobs (accessed 9/14/2009).

12. P. E. Cerruzzi, A History of Modern Computing (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998): 291.

13. http://www.computerhistory.org (accessed 2/12/2014).

14. “Newsmakers: Schools for the World,” Parade, April 5, 2009.

15. http://www.roomtoread.org/page.aspx?pid=212 (accessed 2/21/2014).

16. S. Levy, “Back to the Future,” Newsweek, April 21, 2003.

17. L. Kappelman, “The Future Is Ours,” Communications of the ACM 44, no. 3 (2001): 46.

18. http://wilk4.com/humor/humore10.htm (accessed 4/10/2009).

19. http://digg.com/d1LmM (accessed 4/13/2009).

20. P. Denning, “Computer Science the Discipline,” Encyclopedia of Computer Science, ed. E. Reilly, A. Ralston, and D. Hemmendinger (Groves Dictionaries, Inc., 2000).

21. Andrew Tannenbaum. Keynote address at the Technical Symposium of the Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education, San Jose, California, February 1997.

22. https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-computer-science-principles-course-and-exam-description.pdf (accessed 6/1/2018).

23. Measuring the Information Society Report 2017, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.

24. http://one.laptop.org/ (accessed July 2018).

Chapter 2

1. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977, s.v. “positional notation.”

2. G. Ifrah, From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer: The Universal History of Computing (John Wiley & Sons, 2001): 245.

3. D. Schmandt-Besseerat, “One, Two . . . Three,” Odyssey, September /October 2002: 6–7.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court (accessed 2/21/2014).

5. http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_special_fisc.html (accessed 2/22/2014).

6. Congressional Research Service, “Reauthorization of the FISA Amendments Act,” R42725.

7. The Week, January 19, 2018.

Chapter 3

1. Character set maze from draft article by Bob Bemer.

2. http://www.bobbemer.com/AWARD.HTM

3. K. Dozier, “Intelligence Chief Reveals More on NSA Authorizations,” Austin American-Statesman, December 22, 2013.

4. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/18/us/recommended-changes-to-the-nsa.html?_r=0 (accessed 2/22/2014).

5. http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/17/politics/obama-nsa-changes/ (accessed 2/22/2014).

Chapter 4

1. Written by C. Weems, adapted from: N. Dale, C. Weems, and M. Headington, Java and Software Design (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2001): 2423.

2. http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition (accessed 9/17/2011).

3. R. Orr, “Augustus DeMorgan,” http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~orr/webpages/cpt120/mathbios/ademo.htm.

4. M. Campbell-Kelly, “Historical Reflections,” Communications of the ACM, September 2011.

5. IEEE Code of Ethics, http://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html.

Chapter 5

1. M. Campbell-Kelly, “Historical Reflections,” Communications of the ACM, September 2011.

2. Austin American-Statesman, 6/20/2013, 1/10/2014, and 1/11/2014.

3. A. Perlis, “Epigrams on Programming,” ACM Sigplan Notices, October 1981: 713.

4. Austin American-Statesman, 12/10/2013.

5. Webopedia, s.v. “embedded systems,” http://webopedia.com/TERM/E/embedded_system.htm.

6. The Ganssle Group, “Microcontroller C Compilers,” http://www.ganssle.com/articles/acforuc.htm.

7. http://en.wikipedia.org (accessed 5/14/2009).

Chapter 6

1. Pep/1 through Pep/9 are virtual machines designed by Stanley Warford for his textbook Computer Systems (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2017).

2. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/opinion/sunday/friedman-ifi-had-a-hammer.html?_r=0 (accessed 3/16/2014).

3. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/technology/intels-sharp-eyed-social-scientist.html (accessed 2/21/14).

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio (accessed 3/17/2014).

5. http://www.nndb.com/people/538/000126160/ (accessed 3/18/2014).

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse (accessed 3/18/2014).

7. http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/zuse.html (accessed 3/18/2014).

8. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Zuse.html

9. Software Management: Security Imperative, Business Opportunity, June 2018.

10. www.businessinsider.com/software-piracy-rates-and-value-by-country-2016-7 (accessed June 1, 2018).

11. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-20004783-93.html#-comment (accessed 8/20/2011).

12. http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/pandora-statistics (accessed 5/11/2018).

Chapter 7

1. G. Polya, How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945).

2. http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/august/pirated-software-may-contain-malware (accessed 3/16/2014).

3. S. P. Zehler, letter to the editor of The Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2014.

4. GNU General Public License, http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html (accessed 8/28/2011).

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software (accessed 1/19/2014).

6. The Week, January 19, 2018.

Chapter 8

1. Austin American-Statesman, “UTeach Program Looks for Better Uses of Classroom Technology,” December 4, 2013.

2. S. Warford, Computer Systems (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1999): 146.

3. “Who Needs Banks? PayPal and Lending Club Want to Make Small Business Loans,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 20, 2014.

4. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, “Workplace Privacy and Employee Monitoring,” https://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs7-work.htm (accessed 8/26/2011).

5. “Workplace privacy? Forget it!” http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/advice/20050718a1.asp (accessed 8/26/2011).

Chapter 9

1. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977, s.v. “brainstorming.”

2. G. Booch, “What Is and Isn’t Object Oriented Design,” American Programmer 2, no. 78 (Summer 1989).

3. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2013/mar13/03-05playitsafepr.aspx (accessed 3/16/2014).

4. T. W. Pratt, Programming Languages: Design and Implementation, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984): 604.

5. http://www.yourdictionary.com/paradigm#americanheritage (accessed 9/4/2014).

6. http://whatis.techtarget.com/search/query?q=paradigm (accessed 9/4/2014).

7. K. C. Louden, Programming Languages: Principles and Practice (Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1993).

8. SISC: Second Interpreter of Scheme Code, http://sisc-scheme.org/sisc-online.php (accessed 6/9/2009).

9. J. B. Rogers, A Prolog Primer (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986).

10. O. Dahl, E. W. Dijkstra, and C. A. R. Hoare, Structured Programming (New York: Academic Press, 1972).

11. S. Warford, Computer Systems (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1999): 222.

12. S. P. Zehler, letter to the editor of The Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2014.

13. http://www.hoax-slayer.com/ (accessed 8/22/2011).

14. http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/02/2009fraud.shtm (accessed 8/22/2011).

Chapter 10

1. “Bitcoin Explained: Crypto Fad or the Future of Money?” ExtremeTech, February 7, 2014.

2. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, https://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs8a-hipaa.htm (accessed 8/25/2011).

3. Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, United States Department of Health and Human Services.

4. http://charts.bitcoin.com/chart/price (accessed 5/17/2018).

Chapter 11

1. http://www.lsoft.com/resources/optinlaws.asp (accessed 8/23/2011).

2. S. Daley of The New York Times, “Europe sees ‘right to be forgotten’ as Web privacy issue.” Austin American-Statesman, August 15, 2011.

Chapter 12

1. “New Tech Keeps Eye on Senior Parents,” Austin American-Statesman, March 16, 2014.

2. Email to one of the authors, 4/11/2014.

3. M. Scherer, “Inside the Secret World of Quants and Data Crunchers Who Helped Obama Win,” Time, November 7, 2012.

4. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-replaces-secretary-state-tillerson-cia-director-n856091 (accessed 6/1/2018).

5. The Washington Post, January 5, 2017, ”U.S. Intelligence Official: Russia meddled in election by hacking, spreading of propaganda,” by Ellen Nakashima, Karoun Demirjian, and Philip Rucker.

Chapter 13

1. D. Kortenkamp, R. P. Bonasso, and R. Murphy, Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Robots (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press/The MIT Press, 1998).

2. J. Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976): 34.

3. R. A. Brooks, “A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 2, no. 1:1423.

4. Mars Now Team and the California Space Institute, October 6, 2001.

5. J. H. L. Jones and A. M. Flynn, Mobile Robots: Inspiration to Implementation (Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 1993): 175.

6. http://stocks.about.com/od/advancedtrading/a/UnderstandIPO.htm (accessed 3/27/2014).

7. https://www.briefing.com/investor/learning-center/general-concepts/how-ipos-work/ (accessed 3/27/2014).

8. http://www.investopedia.com/university/ipo/ipo.asp (accessed 3/27/2014).

Chapter 14

1. M. Pidd, “An Introduction to Computer Simulation,” Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference.

2. R. E. Shannon, “Introduction to the Art and Science of Simulation,” Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference.

3. http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~kristen/FORSKNINGSDOK_MAPPE/F_OO_start.html.

4. D. R. Stauffer, N. L. Seaman, T. T. Warner, and A. M. Lario, “Application of an Atmospheric Simulation Model to Diagnose Air-Pollution Transport in the Grand Canyon Region of Arizona,” Chemical Engineering Communications 121 (1993): 925.

5. “Some Operational Forecast Models,” USA Today Weather (November 8, 2000), http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wmodlist.htm.

6. D. R. Stauffer, N. L. Seaman, T. T. Warner, and A. M. Lario. “Application of an Atmospheric Simulation Model to Diagnose Air-Pollution Transport in the Grand Canyon Region of Arizona,” Chemical Engineering Communications 121 (1993): 925.

7. “2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season’s Dire Predictions Were a Dud,” WTSP.com, November 12, 2013.

8. Austin American-Statesman, February 20, 2014.

9. The New York Times, October 19, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/fashion/how-apples-siri-became-one-autistic-boys-bff.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share&_r=0

Chapter 15

1. D. Sefton, Newhouse, News Service, Austin American-Statesman, April 27, 2001.

2. M. Softky, “Douglas Engelbart: Computer Visionary Seeks to Boost People’s Collective Ability to Confront Complex Problems Coming at a Faster Pace,” The Almanac, February 21, 2001.

3. “The Psychology of Video Game Addiction,” The Kernel, February 6, 2014.

4. The New York Times, October 7, 2014.

5. M. O’Toole, “Social Networking Boosts Teen Drug Abuse Risk—Study,” Reuters, August 25, 2011.

6. http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/ (accessed 1/23/2014).

Chapter 16

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee (accessed 1/23/2014).

2. Austin American-Statesman, December 22, 2013.

3. D. Watts, “Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age.”

4. A. Jeffries, “Congress to Consider Banning Online Gambling,” The Verge, March 26, 2014.

5. N. Vardi, “Department of Justice Flip-Flops on Internet Gambling,” Forbes.com, December 23, 2011.

Chapter 17

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification (accessed 4/9/2014).

2. “Rude Alec Baldwin Fled to Toilet, Booted from Plane,” CNN, December 7, 2011.

3. “Alec Baldwin Thrown Off AA Flight at LAX for ‘Playing Game’ on Phone,” New York Post, December 6, 2011.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Batey (accessed 4/15/14).

5. “Mavis Batey—Obituary,” The Telegraph, November 13, 2013.

6. “Mavis Batey Obituary,” The Guardian, November 20, 2013.

7. J. Mintz, “When Bloggers Make News,” The Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2005: B1.

8. Editorial, “The Apple Case Isn’t Just a Blow to Bloggers,” BusinessWeek, March 28, 2005: 128.

9. J. Mintz, “When Bloggers Make News,” The Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2005: B4.

10. http://www.cybintsolutions.com/cyber-security-facts-stats/ (accessed 5/30/2018).

Chapter 18

1. H. M. Walker, The Limits of Computing (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1994). This fable and many of the ideas in this chapter come from Dr. Walker’s thought-provoking little book. Thank you, Henry.

2. “Has Privacy Become a Luxury Good?” The New York Times, March 3, 2014.

3. Software Engineering Note 11, no. 1 (January 1986): 14.

4. J. Markoff, “Circuit Flaw Causes Pentium Chip to Miscalculate, Intel Admits,” The New York Times, November 24, 1994.

5. Austin American-Statesman, November 27, 2013.

6. “IBM Wants Developers to Make Watson Mobile,” Re/code, February 26, 2014.

7. N. G. Leveson, “Software Engineering: Stretching the Limits of Complexity,” Communications of the ACM 40, no. 2 (February 1997): 129.

8. D. Bell, I. Morrey, and J. Pugh, Software Engineering, A Programming Approach, 2nd ed. (Prentice Hall, 1992).

9. T. Huckle, Collection of Software Bugs, http://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/bugse.html.

10. D. Beeson, Manager, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, F18 Software Development Team.

11. D. Gries, “Queen’s Awards Go to Oxford University Computing and INMOS,” Computing Research News 2, no. 3 (July 1990): 11.

12. “Out in the Open,” The Economist, April 2001.

13. E. Dijkstra, “On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computing Science,” Communications of the ACM 32, no. 12 (December 1989): 1402.

14. “Out in the Open,” The Economist, April 2001.

15. S. J. Vaughan-Nichols, “Coverity Finds Open Source Software Quality Better Than Proprietary Code,” ZDNet, April 16, 2014.

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge (accessed 4/19/2014).

17. N. Perlroth, “Heartbleed Highlights a Contradiction in the Web,” The New York Times, April 18, 2014.

18. “Ghost in the Machine,” Time, January 29, 1990: 59.

19. T. Huckle, “Collection of Software Bugs,” http://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/bugse.html.

20. Douglas Arnold, “The Patriot Missile Failure,” http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/patriot.html.

21. United States General Accounting Office Information Management and Technology Division, B247094, February 4, 1992.

22. J. Fox, Software and Its Development (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982): 187–188.

23. D. Isbell and D. Savage, “Mars Polar Lander,” 1999, http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/mco991110.html.

24. Email received by N. Dale on 9/27/2011.

25. P. Gray, “Computer Scientist Alan Turing,” Time, http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html.

26. Ibid.

27. N. G. Leveson and C. S. Turner, “An Investigation of the Therac25 Accidents,” IEEE Computer 26, no. 7 (July 1993): 1841.

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