Abacus, 9, 40

Absolute path name, 372

Abstract art, 8

Abstract data type (ADT), 241, 242

Abstract numerals, 12

Abstract step, 205

Abstraction, 6–8, 27t, 113, 229–230, 229f, 313

• car engine and, 7–8, 7f

• defined, 6

• subprograms and, 222

Access control policy, 509

Access time, 137

Accumulator, in Pep/9, 154

ACM. see Association for Computing Machinery

Action-adventure games, 483

Action games, 483

Action responsibilities, 286

Ada (programming language), 10

Adams, E. N., 603

Adders, 108–109

Addiction, gaming as, 489–490

Addition

• of integers, 302

• of numbers in other bases, 41

Address binding, 337

• for fixed and dynamic partitions, 340

Address of argument, reference parameter and, 268

Address resolution, in partition memory management, 340, 340f

Addressability, 128

Addresses, 15, 336–337

• kinds of, 337

• network addresses, 510–513

Addressing mode specifier, in Pep/9, 155

Adjacent vertices, 257

Adobe Flash, 84

ADT. see Abstract data type

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 18, 462

Adware, 288

AI. see Artificial intelligence

Aibo, demise of, 444

AIFF format, 79

ALGOL (programming language), 293

Algorithmic thinking, 26

Algorithms, 27t, 44, 171. See also Boolean expressions; Boolean variables; Responsibility algorithms

• classification of, 617–618

• comparing, 605–612

• defined, 194

• development phase, in computer problem-solving process, 196, 196f

• expressing, 171–182

• nesting in, 310

• following pseudocode algorithm, 175–177

• pseudocode functionality, 171–175

• recursive, 221–228

• with repetition

  • count-controlled loops, 200–201

  • event-controlled loops, 201–203

  • square root, 203–206

• searching

  • binary search, 212–214

  • sequential search, 208–209

  • sequential search in sorted array, 209–211

• with selection, 199–200

• summary of methodology

  • analyzing problem, 197

  • listing main tasks, 197–198

  • re-sequence and revise as necessary, 198

  • writing remaining modules, 198

• testing, 198

• translating pseudocode algorithm, 180–182

• writing pseudocode algorithm, 177–180

Allen, Paul, 508

Allen, Robert, 602

Alliance for Affordable Internet, 539

Amazon Web Services, 516

Amazon.com, 407

AMBER Alert, 254

America Online (AOL), 24

American Management Association, 273

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 404

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). see ASCII character set

Ampersand (&), in C++, 310

Analog data, 57–59

Analog signal, degradation of, 58–59, 59f

Analysis, algorithm design and, 197

Analysis and specification phase, in computer problem-solving process, 196, 196f

Analytical Engine, 9, 10

AND Boolean operator, 98, 105, 209, 301

AND gate, 97–98, 97f

• combinational circuit and, 104

• constructing, 103–104

• three-input, 101, 101f

Andreesen, Marc, 24

Android, 331

Angle brackets, HTML tags within, 535

Animation, 480–482

Annals of Mathematics, 248

ANSI. see American National Standards Institute

Antivirus software, 566–567

AOL. see America Online

APL, 293

APNG (Animated Portable Network Graphics), 83

Apple Computer, 16, 23, 331, 348, 580

Apple I, 17

Apple II, 395

Apple iPhone. see iPhone

Apple Macintosh, 23

Applets, 541

Application (or user) level, 242

Application packages, 22f

Application software, 330, 387

Application systems, 6

Applications layer, in computing system, 5

Applications programmers, 21, 22, 24–25

Arguments, 223, 266

Arithmetic, in other bases, 41–42

Arithmetic, limits on

• integer numbers, 588–589

• real numbers, 589–593

Arithmetic operations

• integers and, 302

• spreadsheet formulas and, 392

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), 129–130

ARPA. see Advanced Research Projects Agency

ARPANET, 18, 514

Arrays, 206–207

• algorithm putting values into places in, 207

• lists vs., 244

• sequential search in, 209–211

• sorted, 210f

• with ten numbers, 207f

• unsorted, 210f

Artificial intelligence (AI), 6, 298, 419–447

• branches of, 423

• computer limitations, 420f

• defined, 419, 421

• expert systems, 430–432

• knowledge representation, 423–429

• Lisp and, 20

• natural language processing, 435–440

• neural networks, 432–435

• robotics, 440–445

• search trees, 427–429

• semantic networks, 425–427

• subsumption architecture, 441–443

• thinking machines, 420–423

Artificial neural networks, 433–435

Artists, computer graphics used by, 469

ASCII character set, 69–70, 70f, 302–303, 306, 362

• output from operand in Pep/9, 159

.ASCII pseudo-op, 165

Asimov, Isaac, 443f

Asking questions strategy, 178

Assange, Julian, 577

Assemblers, 20, 163, 291

• directives, 165

Assembly language, 19, 163–170, 191, 281, 291

• assembler directives, 165

• first-generation software, 19, 20f

• loops in, 170

• mnemonic letter codes assigned by, 163

• numeric data, branches, and labels, 166–169

• Pep/9, 164–166

• second-generation software, 20, 21f

• third-generation software, 21–22, 22f

Assertions, 299

Assignment

• in pseudocode algorithm, 171–172

• statements, 97

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 47, 100, 309

• Code of Ethics, 115

Associative property, 107t

Asterisk (*)

• for AND operation, 98

• in select clause, 404

Asynchronous processing, 312–313

AT&T™, 23

• nine-hour failure (1990), 602–603

Atanasoff, John Vincent, 127

Atari, 16, 18

Atari 2600, 483

Atomic data types, 303

Atomic Energy Commission, 248

Attributes, 536

• of database objects, 400

• in discrete-event models, 456–457

• tag attributes, 534–535

AU format, 79

Audio data, 77–80

• audio formats, 79

• MP3 audio format, 79–80

Audio formats, 79–80

Audio signal, sampling, 78, 78f

Augusta, Ada (Countess of Loveless), 9, 10, 11, 14–15

Austin American-Statesman, 146

Authentication credentials, 560

Automobile diagnostic programs, 330

Auxiliary storage devices, 13, 15. See also Secondary storage devices

Availability of information, 559

Average wait time, in queuing model, 458

Axon, 432

Babbage, Charles, 10, 14

Back door, 568

Backslash, root of directory system and, 369

Backus, John, 248

Baldwin, Alec, 572

Baldwin, Brooke, 572

Bandwidth, 56, 496

Barcode, 402, 559

Bardeen, John, 13

Base

• of number system, 37

• transistor, 102

Base 10, converting from, to other bases, 37, 44–45

Base case

• in recursive algorithm, 221

• for recursive factorial, 223

Base register, 341

BASIC, 23, 295

Batch jobs, 333

Batch processing, 333–334, 333f

Batey, Mavis, 576b

Battery capacity, in laptops, 125

Bay, Austin, 146

Bell, Genevieve, 170

Bell Labs, 102

Bemer, Bob, 72

Berners-Lee, Tim, 24, 538–539b

Berry, Clifford, 127

Best fit, 341

Bi-quinary number representation, 41

Big data, 408

Big-O analysis

• common orders of magnitude, 610–612, 612f

• family laundry analogy, 609

• traveling salesman problem, 618

Big-O notation, defined, 607

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 508

Bina, Eric, 24

Binary files, 362–363

Binary floating-point value, 67

Binary numbers, 5, 38–41

• to other bases, 42–44, 43t

Binary programmable computer, 11

Binary representations, 59–61

Binary search, 212–214, 212f

• average number of comparisons with sequential search and, 213t

Binary search trees, 249–255

• building, 251–254

  • from strings, 253f

• four-level, 251

• printing data in, 254–255, 255t

• searching, 250–251

• ten-level, 251

• trace for, 253, 254t

Binary system, 5, 38, 56, 58. See also Bit

• counting in, with octal and decimal equivalents, 43, 43t

• data, CD player and reading of, 79, 79f

• rules of binary arithmetic, 41–42

Binary trees, 247–249, 249f

Binary values, and number systems, 35–49

• and computers, 45–47

• numbers and computing, 36

• positional notation, 36–47

  • arithmetic in other bases, 41–42

  • binary, octal, and hexadecimal, 38–41

  • binary values and computers, 45–47

  • converting from base 10 to other bases, 44–45

  • power-of-2 number systems, 42–44

Binding of addresses, 337–338

Biographies

• Atanasoff, John Vincent, 127b

• Batey, Mavis, 576b

• Bemer, Bob, 72b

• Berners-Lee, Tim, 538–539b

• Boole, George, 95b

• Bricklin, Daniel, 395–396b

• Dijkstra, Edsger W., 309b

• Engelbart, Doug, 503b

• Hoare, Tony, 377–378b

• Hollerith, Herman, 130b

• Hopper, Grace Murray, 46b

• Jobs, Steve, 349b

• Lovelace, Ada (Countess of Lovelace), 14–15b

• Polya, George, 195b

• Simon, Herbert A., 424b

• Sutherland, Ivan, 462–463b

• Turing, Alan M., 613–614b

• von Neumann, John, 248b

• Zuse, Konrad, 181b

Bioinformatics, 466

Biological neural networks, 432–433, 433f

Biological neuron, 432

Biometrics, 560

Bit, 47, 128

Bit combinations, 60f

Bit-level parallelism, 142

Bitcoin, 341, 516

Bitmap file, 82

Bits, 362

• binary representations and, 59–61

Black-box testing, 182, 231

Blaster worm, 565

Bletchley Girls, 576, 608

Block, 136

.BLOCK pseudo-op, 165

Block record, 516

Blockchain, 516–517

Blogs and blogging, 24, 529

• presidential elections and, 411

Blu-Ray disks, 124, 138

Bluetooth, 125, 499

Boggs, David, 17

Booch, Grady, 286

Boole, George, 14, 94, 95b, 107

Boolean algebra, 14, 27, 94, 95

• combinational circuit expressed with use of, 105

• properties of, 107t

Boolean binary search, 213, 213f

Boolean expressions, 299–301

• control structures, 307–310

• data typing, 301–304

• input/output structures, 305–307

• and variables, 94, 174, 299–301, 303

Boolean variables, 303

• characters, 302–303

• defined, 301

• integers, 302

• reals, 302

• simple, 303

• strings, 303–304

Booting, 330

Bottom-up approach, 5

Bounded rationality theory, 424

Bounded time, 610

Bounds register, 341

Braces, in Java and C++, 308

Brainstorming, 283–284

• example, 286–289

Branch instructions, 167

Brattain, Walter H., 13

Breadth-first search, 261–264, 263f, 429, 429f

Break-even calculations, spreadsheets and, 398

BREQ branch instruction, 167

Bricklin, Daniel, 395b

BRLT branch instruction, 167, 169

Broadband, 501

Browsers, 24, 514, 526, 527f

Bubble sort algorithm, 218–219, 218f

Buffer overflow, 568

Bugs, 46, 594, 600

• in government projects, 603–604

Bullets, 536

Bullying, social networking and, 519

Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project (Harvard), 46

Burning, 134

Burroughs Corporation, 16

Burroughs, William, 10

Bus, 122, 498

• width, 131

Bush, George H.W., 127

Bush, George W., 86

• election strategies, 411

Business and economic forecasting models, 467

Business Software Alliance, 185

Byron, Lord George Gordon, 10

Byte, 47

Bytecode, 293

Bytes, 128, 362

C language, 23, 295

C++ language, 23, 295, 301

• braces in, 308

• compiling of, 294f

• if and while statements in, 308

• input statement in, 307

• subprogram declaration in, 310

• uppercase and lowercase used in, 305

• variable declaration in, 304

Cable modems, 500

Cache memory, 123, 131

CAD. see Computer-aided design

Caesar cipher, 569

Calling unit, 221, 317

Cambridge Analytica, 574

Cambridge Mathematical Journal, 95

CAN-SPAM Act, 380

Cancellation error, 593

Capacitive touch screen, 140

CAPTCHA, 563–564, 564f

Car engine, abstraction and, 7–8, 7f

Cardinality constraints, 406

Carry-in, 109, 109f

Carry-out, 109, 109f

Carry value, 108

Cartesian product operation, in SQL, 405

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), 532–533, 537–540

Case-sensitive languages, 305

Catenary curve, 479

CD. see Compact disc

Cells, 128

• in spreadsheets, 389, 389f

Census Bureau, U.S., 130

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 86

Central processing unit (CPU), 5, 131

• chips, 113

• scheduling algorithms, 332, 345–350

  • first come, first served, 347–348

  • nonpreemptive, 346

  • preemptive, 346

  • round robin, 348–350

  • shortest job next, 348

Ceruzzi, Paul E., 18

Change directory, 372

Character set, 69, 302–303

Chat room, 528

Chatbot, 423

Check bit, 69

Check digits, 595–596

• in Universal Product Code, 402

Chemistry Markup Language (CML), 546

Children, in binary search trees, 247, 249

Chip, 112

• CPU, 113

Chrome, 24

Church, Alonzo, 615

Church-Turing thesis, 615

CIA (confidentiality, integrity, and availability) triad, 559, 559f

Cinepak, 85

Cipher, 569

Ciphertext, 569

Circuits, 5, 94, 104–111, 104–113

• adders, 108–109

• boards, 15

• combinational, 104–107

• combinational circuits, 104–107

• equivalence, 106

• integrated, 112–113

• as memory, 111

• multiplexers, 110–111

• sequential, 104

Circular references, 396, 396f

Clapper, James, 86

Class (implementation phase), 314

Class NP problems, 618, 618f

Class P, 611, 617

Classes, 282, 314–316

• mapping objects into, 291f, 296

• responsibilities assigned to, 285

Clear-box testing, 182, 231

Client/server model, 496, 496f

Clock, 122

Cloud computing, 6, 18–19, 515–516, 515f

Clustering, 528

Clusters, 144

CML. see Chemistry Markup Language

COBOL, 20, 46, 72, 293

CODASYL, 72

Codd, E. F., 405

Code, 191

• error-correcting, 596

• errors per lines of, 600

Code coverage (clear-box) testing, 182

Codec, 84

Codes of Ethics, 113

Collision detection algorithms, 484

Color

• for data in cells in spreadsheets, 391

• indexed, 83

• representing, 80–82

Color bleeding, 474

Color depth, 80

Color palette, restricted, 81f

Color photoreceptor cone cells, in retina, 80

Color space, 80

Colossus computer, 11, 11f

Column designations, spreadsheet cells, 389

Combinational circuits, 104–107

Combinatorial theory, 195

Comment symbol, 304

Comments, 165

• prefacing, 201

Commodore, 16

Common orders of magnitude, 610–612, 612f

Communications, 5

• in computing systems, 4

• limits on, 595–596

  • check digits, 595–596

  • error-correcting code, 596

  • error-detecting code, 595

  • parity bits, 595

Communications of the ACM (article), 69, 597

Community cloud, 516

Commutative property, 107t

Compact disc (CD), 79, 138–139

• CD-DA, 138

• CD player, binary data read by, 79, 79f

• CD-R, 138

• CD-ROM, 138

• CD-RW, 138

Compaction, 341

Compaq, 16, 594

Compilation process, 292f

Compilers, 21, 292

Complement property, 107t

Complex objects, modeling, 474–480

Complex systems, 454

Complexity software, 596–597

Complicated systems, 454

Components

• architecture, 113

• limits on, 594

Composite variables, 206–208

• arrays, 206–207

• records, 207–208

Compositio Mathematica, 248

Compression ratio, 57

CompuServe, 83

Computational biology, 466–467

Computational biomodeling, 467

Computational genomics, 467

Computer Addiction Service, 489

Computer-aided design (CAD), 468

Computer bugs. see Bugs

Computer ethics. see Ethical issues

Computer gaming, 482–487. See also Games and gaming

Computer graphics, 462–482

• animation, 480–482

• complex object modeling, 474–480, 476–479f

• light and, 470–472, 471f

• light simulation and, 472–474

• object shapes and, 472

Computer hardware. see Hardware

Computer History Museum, 19

Computer hoaxes and scams, 321–322

Computer limitations. see Limitations on computing

Computer mouse, 23, 503

Computer network, defined, 496

Computer operations, 152

Computer operators, 335

Computer problem-solving process, 196–197, 196f

Computer professionals

• ethics codes, 114, 115

• licensing, 180

Computer programming and philosophy, 311

Computer science

• computer graphics applications in, 468

• curricula for, 100, 113

• defined, 191

• as discipline, 26

• Tenth Strand (Social and Professional Issues), 100

Computer security. see Security

Computer software. see Software

Computer terminals, 21

Computers

• and binary values, 45–47

• data and, 56–61

• and electricity, 94

• predictions about, 25–26

• virtual, 153–159

Computers. see Hardware; see Limitations on computing; see Software

Computing. See also Limitations on computing

• components, 121–147

  • embedded systems, 141–142

  • individual, 122–126

  • parallel architectures, 142–145

  • stored-program concept, 126–141

• hardware/software, history of, 9–18

• numbers and, 36

• parallel, 142–144

• predictions related to, 25–26

• prefixes used in, 126

Computing Curricula 1991 (ACM report), 100

Computing system, 4–7

• abstraction, 6–7

• big ideas of, 27–28

• defined, 4

• layers of, 4–6, 5f

• predictions about, 25–26

• as tool and discipline, 26–28

Concept-based searches, 528

Concrete step, 205

Conditions, 299

Confidentiality, 559

• defined, 558

• information security, 559

• medical information and, 352–353

Containers, 242

Context switch, 346

Continuous simulation, 455–456

Control abstraction, 230

Control Data, 16

Control structures, 230, 307–310

• asynchronous processing, 312–313

• nested logic, 310–312

Control unit, 130–132

Conversion algorithm, walk-through of, 176f

Conversions

• from base 10 to other bases, 44–45

• from binary to hexadecimal, 43–44

• in binary with octal and decimal equivalents, 43

• of decimal numbers to hexadecimals, 45

• of whole value from base 10 to another base, 67–68

Cook, Tim, 349

Cookies, 530

Copy aspect, of spreadsheets, 394

Copy of the argument, value parameter and, 268

Copyright, open-source software and, 232

Cores, 122

Corporate responsibility, 574

Cost-benefit analysis, spreadsheets and, 398

Count-controlled loops, 200–201

COUNT function, 393, 394f

Counterfeit software, 288

Counting and writing, 12

CPU. see Central processing unit

CPWA branch instruction, 167

Crackers and hackers, 267

Craft, Jon, 172

Craigslist, 407

CRC cards, 283, 288–289

• inheritance and, 316–317

Creativity, 27t

Credit/debit card thefts, 132

Cryptanalysis, 570

Cryptocurrency, 341, 516

Cryptography, 569–572

CSP concurrent programming model, 377

CSS. see Cascading Style Sheets

Customer database table, 401, 401f

Customs and Border Protection, U.S., 575

Cyber-bullying, 519

Cybersecurity, 577

Cylinder, 137

Dahl, Ole-Johan, 458

Dale, Nell, 46, 322

Data, 56, 210, 387

• analog and digital, 57–59

• computers and, 56–61

• digitization of, 57–59

• and information, 27t, 56

• printing in binary search tree, 254–255, 255t

Data abstraction, 230

Data center, 19

Data compression, 56

Data coverage (black-box) testing, 182

Data-level parallelism, 143, 144

Data management, 5

Data objects, 286

Data Processing Management Association, 46

Data representations

• audio data, 77–80

  • audio formats, 79

  • MP3 audio format, 79–80

• data and computers, 56–61

  • analog and digital data, 57–59

  • binary representations, 59–61

• images and graphics

  • digitized, 82–83

  • representing color, 80–82

  • vector representation of graphics, 83–84

• numeric data

  • negative values, 61–65

  • real numbers, 65–68

• text, 68–77

  • ASCII character set, 69–70

  • text compression, 71–77

  • Unicode character set, 70–71

• video, 84–85

Data structures, 242

Data transfer rate (bandwidth), 496

Data types, 301–304

• atomic, 303

Database content, modifying, 405

Database design, 405–406

Database management systems, 23, 387

• database design, 405–406

• defined, 399

• elements of, 399f

• relational model, 399–403

• relationships, 403–404

• Structured Query Language, 404–405

Databases, 409

• defined, 399

• object, 400

• table made up of records and fields, 400f

dBase IV, 23

De Morgan’s law, 107

Dean, Howard, 411

DEC. see Digital Equipment Corporation

DECI branch instruction, 167

Decimal notation, 67t

Decimal number system, 5

• to other bases, 44–45

Declarations, 304–305

Declarative paradigm

• functional model, 296–297

• logic programming, 297–298

Decryption, 569

Deep Blue computer chess program, 429

Deferring details strategy, pseudocode algorithm and, 178

Delete statement, in SQL, 405

Deletions, spreadsheet formulas and, 393

Dell, 16, 594

Delta frames, 85

Demand paging, 343

DeMorgan, Augustus, 14, 107

Demultiplexer, 111

Dendrites, 432

Denial of service, 569

Denning, Peter, 26

Depth-first search, 259–261, 260f, 429, 429f

Derived class, 316

Dertouzos, Michael, 538–539

Design skill, 26

Desk checking, 180

Desktop replacements, 125

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 490

Difference Engine, 14

Difference operation, in SQL, 405

Digital camera, built-in, for laptop, 125

Digital certificate, 571

Digital circuits, role of, 111

Digital currency, 341

Digital data, 57–59

Digital divide, 30

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 19, 395

Digital signals, 58

Digital signature, 571

Digital subscriber line (DSL), 501

Digital trail, 408

Digital versatile disk (DVD), 138

• drive, 124

• DVD+/-R, 122

Digital world, 482

Digitization of data, 57–59

Digitized images and graphics, 82–83

Dijkstra, Edsger W., 307, 309b, 601

Direct addressing mode, 155

Direct file access, 367

Directed graph (digraph), 256, 425

Directories, 362, 368–373

• defined, 368

• directory trees, 369–371

• path names, 371–373

Directory trees, 369–371

• UNIX, 371, 371f

• Windows, 369, 370f

Discipline, 26

Discrete-event simulation, 456–457

Disk drive, 136

Disk scheduling, 373–378

• defined, 374

• first-come, first-served disk scheduling, 375

• SCAN, 376–378

• shortest-seek-time-first, 375–376

Disks, varieties of, 136

Distributed computers, 144

Distributive law, 106

Distributive property, 107t

Divide and conquer strategy

• problem solving and, 194

• quicksort algorithm and, 224

Division, of integers, 302

DL DVD-R, 138

DNS. see Domain name system

Document Type Definition (DTD), 544

Domain name servers, 514

Domain name system (DNS), 511–514

Domain squatting, 512

Donner, Jan Hein, 158

“Dot-com” collapse of 2001, 407

Double quotes, strings enclosed within, 304

Downloads, 502

Drivers, 336

DSL. see Digital subscriber line

DSM. see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DTD. see Document Type Definition

Dual-boot system, 330–331

Dual layer, 138

Duchamp, Marcel, 8, 8f

Dumb terminal, 335

DVD. see Digital versatile disk

Dvorak, John C., 26

Dynamic-partition technique, 340

Dynamic systems, 454

e-commerce, 388, 407–408

E-Rate Program, 30

E-vote glitch, 138

eBay, 407

Eckert, J. Presper, 126, 127

Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 46

Economist, The, 601

Edge, 24

• in graphs, 256, 257f

EDVAC computer, 11

Effective weight, 433, 434

802.11 (wireless networking support) standard, 124

• versions 802.11ac, 543

EIM. see Employee Internet monitoring

Einstein, Albert, 83

Electrical signal, 102

Electricity, 94

Electro-mechanical tabulator, 10

Electronic commerce (e-commerce), 388, 407–408

Electronic health records, 352–353

Electronic signals, 58

Electronic spreadsheets, 388

Electronic voting system, 138

ELEMENT tags, in DTD documents, 544

ELIZA, 442

Ellis Island website, 388

email, 3

• opt-in or opt-out and marketing, 380

Embedded systems, 25, 141–142

Emergency action notification, 254

Emitter, transistor, 102

Employee Internet monitoring (EIM), 273

Employee record, 208f

emWave, 375

Encapsulation, 285, 313–314

Encryption, 569

.END pseudo-op, 165

Endangered species, managing, 153

eNeighbor system, 376

Engelbart, Doug, 503b

ENIAC machine, 11, 12, 12f, 127

Enigma cipher, 576

Entities, in discrete-event models, 456

Entity-relationship (ER) modeling, 406

EPAM, 424

Epic Game’s Unreal Script for the Unreal Engine, 486

ePolicy Institute, 273

Equal sign (=), 392

Equal to relational operator, 300t

ER diagrams, 406

ER modeling. see Entity-relationship modeling

Erasing data in file, 366

Erosion models, 474

Error-correcting code, 596

Error-detecting code, 595

Errors, 602–604

• in government projects, 603–604

• maintenance project and, 600t

Escape character, 72

ETA model, 464

Ethernet, 17, 505

• cable, 125

Ethical issues

• ACM Code of Ethics, 115

• blogging, 580–581

• computing limitations, 620

• digital divide, 30

• effects of social networking, 519

• FISA Court, 49

• gambling, 551–552

• gaming as an addiction, 489–490

• HIPAA, 352–353

• hoaxes and scams, 321–322

• IEEE Code of Ethics, 114

• initial public offerings, 447

• Internet and politics, 411–412

• Internet gambling, 551–552

• journalism, 580–581

• medical privacy, 352–353

• open-source software, 232–233

• politics, 411–412

• privacy, 146, 352–353, 380

• software piracy, 185

• spam and email marketing, 380

• surveillance, 49, 86

• Therac-25, 620

• workplace monitoring, 273–274

Euclid, 39

European Space Agency, rocket software error, 604

European Union, 380

Even parity, 595

Event-controlled loops, 201–203

Event-driven processing, 313

Events, in discrete-event models, 456

Excited state, neurons in, 432

Execution units, 142

Expert systems, 423, 430–432

Exponential time, 610

Extensible Markup Language (XML), 544

Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), 546

EZPass, 365

Facebook, 331, 447, 519, 547, 574

• initial public offering, 447

• presidential elections and, 411

• privacy and, 380

• protecting information on, 572

Factorial time, 611

False value, in Boolean data type, 303

Family laundry analogy, 609

Feigenbaum, E. A., 424

Fetch–execute cycle, 134f, 161

• decoding instruction, 133

• executing instruction, 133–134

• fetching next instruction, 132–133

• getting data, 133

Fiedler, Edna, 160

Fields (or attributes), 283, 400

Fifth Estate, The (movie), 578

Fifth-generation software, 23–25

Fighting games, 483

File access, 366–367

• direct, 367

• sequential, 366

File extensions, 363–364

File operations, 365–366

File protection, 367–368

File servers, 18, 497

File systems, 362–368

• defined, 362

• file access, 366–367

• file operations, 365–366

• file protection, 367–368

• file servers, 18, 497

• file types, 363–364

• reading, 365

• text and binary files, 362–363

File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 507

File types, 363–364

Filtering, 283, 284, 286

• example, 286–289

Fingerprint analysis, 564–565, 565f

Firefox, 24, 331, 533f

Firewalls, 509–510, 509f

First Amendment protection of bloggers, 580

First-come, first-served (FCFS) scheduling approach, 347–348, 375

First fit, 341

First-generation software, 13

First-in, first-out (FIFO) behavior, 243, 244, 457

FISA. see Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

Fixed-partition technique, 340

Fixed robots, 440

Fixed-sized numbers, 62–63

Flag character, 74–75

Flash drives, 139

Flash images, 84

Flash memory, 139, 139f

Flight graph, data for, 258t

Floating point, 66, 66t, 67t

Floppy disks, 137, 139

Flowers, Thomas, 11

Fonts, for data cells in spreadsheets, 391

Ford Tri-Motor of computers. see IBM 650

Forecasting models, 463–464

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 49, 86

• FISA Amendments Act of 2008, 49

• FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012, 49

• FISA Court, 49, 86

Formal verification, of program correctness, 600–601

Formulas, spreadsheets, 391–394

FORTRAN, 20, 72, 248, 293, 295

FORTRANSIT, 72

Forward slashes

• absolute paths in UNIX system and use of, 372

• comments prefaced with, 201

• root in UNIX environment designated with, 371

Four-level binary search tree, 252f

Fourth-generation computer hardware/software, 16–17, 23

Fractal models, 474

Frame, 342

Franksten, Bob, 395

Free Software Foundation, 232–233

From clause, 404

Front-side bus (FSB), 122–123

FSB. see Front-side bus

FTP. see File Transfer Protocol

Full adder, 109, 109f

Functional model, 296–297

Gambling on Internet, 551–552

Game engine, defined, 484

Game loop, 487

Game play, 489

• defined, 483

Games and gaming, 482–487

• as addiction, 489–490

• dangers of, 516

• defined, 482

• design and development of, 485–486

• history of, 483

• programming, 486–487

• virtual world, 483

Gantt charts

• first come, first served, 347

• round robin scheduling algorithm, 350f

• shortest job next, 348

Gantz, John, 185

Gates, 5, 94

• AND gate, 97–98, 97f, 103–104

• and circuits, 93–116

• combinational circuits and, 104

• constructing, 101–104, 103f

  • transistors, 102–104

• gate processing review, 100–101

• logic, 96

• with more inputs, 101

• NAND and NOR gates, 99–100, 103

• NOT gate, 96–97, 96f

• OR gate, 98, 98f

• review of processing, 100–101

• XOR gate, 98–99, 99f

Gates, Bill, 508

Gateway, 498

• between LAN and other networks, 498

Gateway 2000, 594

General case

• in recursive algorithm, 221

• for recursive factorial, 223

General Public License (GPL), 232, 233

Genomics, computational, 467

Geometric modeling techniques, 468, 469f

Geophysical and Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), 465

The George Polya Prize, 195

German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers, 576

• image file, 364

GFDL. see Geophysical and Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

GIF. see Graphics Interchange Format

Giga, 145

GIMPS project. see Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project

Glaser, Will, 172

Global impact, 27t

Goldstine, Herbert, 248

Google, 331, 380

• Chrome, 24

Google Analytics, 530–531, 531f

Google Cloud, 516

Google spider bots, 528

Government projects, bugs in, 603–604

GPL. see General Public License

GPU. see Graphics processor unit

Grace Murray Hopper Award, 395

Grade point average, calculating, 285

Graph algorithms, 259–265

• breadth-first search, 261–264

• depth-first search, 259–261, 260f

• single-source shortest-path search, 264–265

Graph theory, 250

Graphical user interface (GUI), 312, 364, 462, 468

Graphics and images, 80–84

• color, 80–82

• digitized images, 82–83

• vector representation of graphics, 83–84

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), 83

• .gif extension, 364, 364f

Graphics processor unit (GPU), 123

Graphs, 256–265

• creating, 258–259

• defined, 256

• directed, 256

• examples of, 257f

• undirected, 256

• vertices and edges in, 256

Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) project, 39

Greater than or equal to relational operator, 300t

Greater than relational operator, 300t

Green trends, 529

Grid lines, in spreadsheets, 391

Grounded electrical signal, transistors and, 102

Group permissions, in UNIX operating system, 367

Growth rates, comparison of, 611t

GUI. see Graphical user interface

Gulf War I, missile software errors during, 603–604

Hackers, 146, 267

Half adder, 108

Halting problem, 615–617

• proposed program for solving, 615–616, 616f

Haptics, 470

Hard disks, 136f, 137

Hardware, 3, 4, 5

• cloud computing, 18–19

• in computing system, 4

• early history, 9–13

• first generation (1951–1959), 13

• fourth generation (1971–?), 16–17

• limits caused by, 588–596

• networking, 17–18

• parallel computing, 17

• second generation (1959–1965), 13

• third generation (1965–1971), 15–16

Hardware layer, 5

Harris Interactive Poll, 489

Harvard Mark I computer, 11, 46

Hashing, 38

HD. see High definition

HDMI. see High-definition multimedia interface

Head-mounted display (HMD), 462

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 352–353

Heart rate variability, 375

Heartbleed bug, 602

HeartMath, 375

Hertz, Heinrich R., 122

Hertz (Hz), 122

Heuristics, 567

Hewlett-Packard, 16, 18

Hexadecimal number, 38–41

High color, 80

High definition (HD), 123

High-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), 125

High-level languages, 20, 291

• functionality in, 298–313

  • Boolean expressions, 299–301

  • control structures, 307–310

  • data typing, 301–305

  • input/output structures, 305–307

High-level protocols, 506, 507–508

High-speed digital cameras, 282

HIPAA. see Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

History of Modern Computing, A (book), 18

Hoare, C. A. R., 224, 601

Hoare, Tony, 377–378

Hoaxes, 321–322

Hollerith cards, 13, 130

Hollerith, Herman, 10–11, 130

Home monitoring sensors, 376, 393

Hopper, Grace Murray, 46b, 125

Host. see Nodes

Host table, 514

Hostnames, 510

Houses relationship, 425

How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method (book), 192, 195

HTML. see Hypertext Markup Language

HTML5, 532, 540–541

HTTP. see Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Huffman, David, 75

Huffman encoding, 75–77

Hurricane tracking, 464–466, 465f

Huynh, Justin, 247

HWRF, 465

Hybrid cloud, 516

Hybrid deliberate/reactive approach, 443

Hypermedia, 531

Hypertext, 531

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 24, 508, 531–541, 534f

• elements, 535

• tag attributes, 534–535

• tags, 532, 535

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 507

IBM

• cards, 13

• Deep Blue, 158

• founding of, 11, 130

• IBM 370/168, 16, 404, 594

• IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, 11

• Journal of Research and Development, 603

• PC, 16, 395

IBM 650, 41, 69

ICANN, 513, 514

ICs. see Integrated circuits

ICT Development Index (IDI), 30

Identifiers, 230, 315

• in assembly language, 301

• uppercase and lowercase used in, 305

Identity property, 107t

Identity theft, 321

IDI. see ICT Development Index

IE. see Internet Explorer

IEEE. see Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IF function, in spreadsheets, 394f

If statement, 308

If-then-else statement, 181

Ifrah, Georges, 37

Illumination model, 473

IM. see Instant messaging

iMac, 349

Images/graphics, 527

• digitized, 82–83

• representing color, 80–82

• vector representation of graphics, 83–84

Imitation Game, The (movie), 11

Immediate addressing mode, 155

Immigration database, 388

Imperative paradigm

• object-oriented, 295–296

• procedural, 295

Implementation level, 242

• in computer problem-solving process, 196, 196f

Inclusive OR gate, 99

Indention, in Python, 308

Indexed color, 83

Indexing techniques, search engines and, 528

Inference engine, 430

Infinite loop, 201

Infinite recursion, 223

Informatics, 26

Information, 5, 56, 388

Information Age, 30

Information hiding, 8, 228–229, 313

Information layer, 5

Information management, 388–389

Information security, 558–560

Information Superhighway, 18

Information systems, 5, 387–412

• and big data, 409

Infrared touch screen, 141

Inheritance, 316–317

Inhibited state, neuron in, 432

Initial public offerings, 447

Input devices, 13

Input, in pseudocode algorithm, 172

Input statements, in four languages, 307

Input stream, 306

Input unit, 130

Input/output devices, 15, 130

Insertion sort algorithm, 220, 220f

• insert statement, in SQL, 405

Insertions, spreadsheet formulas and, 393

Inspection, 599

Instagram, 519

Instance, 282

Instance-of relationships, 425

Instant messaging (IM), 528–529

Instantiation, 315, 425

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 124

• Codes of Ethics, 114

Instruction-level parallelism, 142, 144

Instruction register (IR), 131

• in Pep/9, 154

• simulation program, 161

Instruction specifier, in Pep/9, 155

Integers, 36, 302

• limits on, 588–589

• sorted list of, 246f

• unsorted list of, 245f

Integrated circuits (ICs), 15, 112

Integrity, 559

Intel, 15, 170

Intelligent browsers, 26

Interactive systems, 454

Interactive web pages, 541–543

International Species Inventory System (ISIS), 153

Internet, 6, 18, 27t, 396, 506. See also Web (World Wide Web)

• access, 30

• connections, 500–502

• control of, 514–515

• digital divide and, 30

• lending clubs, 260

• privacy issues, 380

• shopping, 407–408

• spying, 86

• stock sales, 447

• surveillance on, 86

Internet backbone, 500

Internet Explorer (IE), 24

Internet gambling, 551–552

• software piracy and copyrighting, 185

Internet gaming disorder, 490

Internet Protocol (IP), 506

• address, 510–511, 511f

Internet service providers (ISPs), 500, 514–515, 526

• privacy and spam, 380

Internetworking, 498

Interoperability, 504

Interpreters, 292–294

Intersection operation, in SQL, 405

Intractable problems, 617

Inventory control systems, 330

Inversion bubble, 97

Inverter, 96

Investigation of the Laws of Thought; on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, An (book), 95

iOS mobile operating system, 331

IP. see Internet Protocol

iPad, 331

iPhone, 331, 331f, 565, 574

iPod, 348

iPod Touch, 331

IR. see Instruction register

ISBLANK function, in spreadsheets, 394f

ISIS. see International Species Inventory System

ISPs. see Internet service providers

Item number, in Universal Product Code, 402

Jacquard, Joseph, 9

Jacquard’s loom, 9

Java, 24, 293, 296, 301

• asynchronous processing in, 313

• braces in, 308

• class concept and, 313

• if and while statements in, 308

• input statement in, 307

• variable declaration in, 304

Java applets, 541–542

Java Bytecode, 542

.java extension, 364, 364f

Java Model Railroad Interface, 233

Java program compiled into, and run on different systems, 294f

Java Server Pages (JSPs), 542–543

• scriptlets, 542

Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 293

JavaScript, in game development, 486

Job, 333

Jobs, Steve, 16, 349b

Journalism protection of bloggers, 580

JPEG format, 82, 83, 363

JSPs. see Java Server Pages

JVM. see Java Virtual Machine

Kasparov, Garry, 429

Katzer, Matthew, 233

Kennedy–Nixon debate, 427

Kerry–Bush election, 138

Key fields, 400

Keyboard, 16

Keyframe, 85

Keyword encoding, 71–74

Keyword stuffing, 528

Keywords, 549

Knowledge-based system, 430

Knowledge representation, 423–429

• defined, 423

• search trees, 427–429

• semantic networks, 425–427

Knowledge responsibilities, 285

Knox, Dilly, 576

Kuhn, Thomas, 295

Labels, 168

Lambda calculus, 615

Landscape, computer-generated, 475f

LANs. see Local-area networks

Laptop computers

• hard disks, 137

• translating advertisement for, 122–126

Lardner, Dionysius, 14

Large-scale integration, 16, 112t

Last-in, first-out (LIFO), 242, 243

Latency, 137, 374, 500

Latin-1 Extended ASCII character set, 69

Leaf node, 249

LED. see Light-emitting diode

Lee, J. A. N., 594

Left child, in binary trees, 247

LEFT function, in spreadsheets, 394f

Leibniz machine, 9

Lending clubs, 260

Less than or equal to relational operator, 300t

Less than relational operator, 300t

Leveson, Nancy, 597

Lexical ambiguity, 439

Library class, 288–289

Licensing, of computer professionals, 180

Life-simulation games, 483

Light

• normal view and reflection vectors, 471, 471f

• simulating, 472–474

• works, 470–472

Light-emitting diode (LED), 123

Lightweight laptops, 125

Like operation, in SQL, 405

Limitations on computing, 6, 587–620

• ethical issues, 620

• hardware, 588–596

  • limits on arithmetic, 588–593

  • limits on communication, 595–596

  • limits on components, 594

• problems, 604–618

  • Big-O analysis, 607–610

  • classification of algorithms, 617–618

  • comparing algorithms, 605–612

  • halting problem, 615–617

  • Turing machines, 612–615, 615f

• software, 596–604

  • complexity of software, 596–597

  • notorious software errors, 602–604

Limits of Computing, The (book), 588, 603

Lincoln, Abraham, 427

Linear accelerators, 620

Linear time, 610

Lines, 362

Linked structure, 245

LinkedIn, 519

Linkers, 21

Links, 250, 526

Linux, 5, 185, 233, 331, 601

Lisp language, 20, 293, 296, 298, 431

List data structure and subprograms, in object-oriented design, 318–319

Lists, 244–247, 258

Lively (monitoring product), 393

Lives-in relationships, 425

Loaders, 21, 161

Local-area networks (LANs), 18, 497, 498f

Loebner, Hugh, 422

Loebner prize, 423

Logarithmic time, 610

Logic bomb, 566

Logic diagram, 94

• of circuit, 104

Logic gates, 96

Logic programming, 297–298

Logic Theorist, 424

Logical address, 337, 338–339

• binding of, to physical address, 339f

• invalid, 343

• in paged memory management system, 343

Logical (or abstract) level, 242

Login process, 335

LOOK disk scheduling, 378

Loop control variable, 200

Looping, 298

• selection statements nested within structures of, 310

Loops

• count-controlled, 200–201

• event-controlled, 201–203

• halting problem and, 615–617

• history behind, 10

• infinite, 201

• pretest, 201

• program with, 170

Lorenz cipher, 576

Lossless compression, 57

Lossy compression, 57

Lotus, 23

Lotus 1-2-3, 395

Lovelace, Ada (Countess of Lovelace), 9

Mac OS family, 5, 331

Machine code, 191

Machine language, 16, 19, 152–159

• first-generation software, 19–20, 20f

• program example, 159–163

• second-generation software, 20–21, 21f

• third-generation software, 21–23, 22f

Machine translation, unrealized early promise of, 439

Macintosh, 23

Magnetic cores, 13

Magnetic disks, 15, 136–137, 136f, 363, 373, 374f

Magnetic drum, 13