Title page
by Mary T. am Ende, David J. am Ende
Chemical Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, 2nd Edition
- Cover
- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
- PREFACE
- UNIT CONVERSIONS
- PART I: INTRODUCTION
- PART II: MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES
- 3 PROCESS SAFETY AND REACTION HAZARD ASSESSMENT
- 4 CALORIMETRIC APPROACHES TO CHARACTERIZING UNDESIRED REACTIONS
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 BACKGROUND
- 4.3 THERMAL STABILITY SCREENING: DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)
- 4.4 PRESSURE SCREENING OF DECOMPOSITIONS: TECHNIQUES
- 4.5 HAZARD SCENARIOS
- 4.6 CASE STUDY 1: REACTION IN DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
- 4.7 CASE STUDY 2: CONTINUOUS GAS GENERATION IN A WASTE STREAM CONTAINING CARBONATE
- 4.8 CASE STUDY 3: EVALUATING A FUNCTIONAL GROUP
- 4.9 CASE STUDY 4: USE OF THERMAL AND PRESSURE SCREENING TOOLS TO ASSESS AN mCPBA SOLUTION
- 4.10 NOTATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 5 CASE STUDY OF A BORANE–THF EXPLOSION
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 BACKGROUND
- 5.3 INVESTIGATION
- 5.4 ARC DATA OF BTHF FROM AN ADJACENT CYLINDER
- 5.5 TEMPERATURE HISTORY OF THE BORANE–THF CYLINDERS
- 5.6 HEAT LOSS MEASUREMENTS
- 5.7 THERMAL STABILITY OF FRESH 2M BORANE–THF
- 5.8 KINETICS OF DECOMPOSITION
- 5.9 CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- 5.A BORON NMR KINETIC DATA FROM FIGURE 5.13
- 5.B CALIBRATION FOR PHI FOR ARC ANALYSIS
- REFERENCES
- 6 ANALYTICAL ASPECTS FOR DETERMINATION OF MASS BALANCES
- 7 QUANTITATIVE APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY
- PART III: REACTION KINETICS AND MIXING PROCESSES
- 8 REACTION KINETICS AND CHARACTERIZATION
- 9 UNDERSTANDING FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES IN CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION REACTIONS
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 SOLUTION HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION DURING HYDROGENATION REACTIONS, [H2]
- 9.3 IMPACT OF kLa ON REACTION KINETICS AND SELECTIVITY
- 9.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS–LIQUID MASS TRANSFER PROCESS
- 9.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF CATALYST REDUCTION PROCESS
- 9.6 BASIC SCALE‐UP STRATEGY FOR HYDROGENATION PROCESSES
- 9.7 SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 10 CHARACTERIZATION AND FIRST PRINCIPLES PREDICTION OF API UNIT OPERATIONS
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 BATCH PROCESSES WITH HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS
- 10.3 MULTIPHASE BATCH PROCESSES WITH REACTIONS
- 10.4 FED‐BATCH PROCESSES WITH REACTIONS
- 10.5 APPLICATION TO CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS
- 10.6 EQUIPMENT CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT
- 10.7 MODEL VERIFICATION STATISTICS
- 10.8 NOTATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 11 SCALE‐UP OF MASS TRANSFER‐LIMITED REACTIONS: FUNDAMENTALS AND A CASE STUDY
- 12 SCALE‐UP OF MIXING PROCESSES: A PRIMER
- 13 STIRRED VESSELS: COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF MULTIPHASE FLOWS AND MIXING*
- 13.1 ENGINEERING OF MULTIPHASE STIRRED REACTORS
- PART I: COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF MULTIPHASE FLOWS IN STIRRED VESSELS
- 13.2 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF MULTIPHASE STIRRED REACTOR
- PART II: APPLICATION TO MIXING IN STIRRED VESSELS
- 13.3 APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING OF STIRRED VESSELS
- 13.4 SUMMARY AND PATH FORWARD
- 13.5 NOTATIONS
- REFERENCES
- PART IV: CONTINUOUS PROCESSING
- 14 PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDIES OF CONTINUOUS REACTOR SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF API AND PHARMACEUTICAL INTERMEDIATES
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 BENEFITS OF CONTINUOUS PROCESSING
- 14.3 CONTINUOUS REACTOR AND ANCILLARY SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS
- 14.4 PROCESS DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTINUOUS REACTION
- 14.5 SCALE‐UP: VOLUMETRIC VERSUS NUMBERING UP
- 14.6 PLANT OPERATIONS
- 14.7 CASE STUDY: CONTINUOUS DEPROTECTION REACTION – LAB TO KILO LAB SCALE‐UP
- 14.8 CASE STUDY: CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF A CYCLOPROPONATING REAGENT
- 14.9 INTEGRATED CONTINUOUS PROCESSING IN PHARMA
- 14.10 BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS PROCESSING IN PHARMA
- 14.11 SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 15 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS PROCESSES FOR THE INTERMEDIATES AND ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS
- 16 DESIGN AND SELECTION OF CONTINUOUS REACTORS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
- 16.1 DRIVERS FOR CONTINUOUS REACTIONS IN DRUG SUBSTANCE MANUFACTURING
- 16.2 TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF CONTINUOUS REACTORS: PFRs AND CSTRs
- 16.3 EXAMPLE OF COILED TUBE PFR FOR TWO‐PHASE GAS–LIQUID REACTIONS
- 16.4 EXAMPLE OF CSTR FOR GRIGNARD FORMATION REACTION WITH SEQUESTERED Mg SOLIDS
- 16.5 NUMERICAL MODELING TO SELECT THE BEST REACTOR TYPE FOR MINIMIZING IMPURITIES
- 16.6 WHAT CAN BE DONE BATCH BEFORE RUNNING CONTINUOUS REACTION EXPERIMENTS?
- 16.7 WHAT IS DIFFICULT TO PREDICT FROM BATCH EXPERIMENTS?
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 14 PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDIES OF CONTINUOUS REACTOR SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF API AND PHARMACEUTICAL INTERMEDIATES
- PART V: BIOLOGICS
- 17 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES IN BIOLOGICS: UNIQUE CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS
- 17.1 WHY ARE BIOLOGICS UNIQUE FROM A MASS, HEAT, AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER STANDPOINT?
- 17.2 SCALE‐UP APPROACHES AND ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES IN BIOLOGICS MANUFACTURING
- 17.3 CHALLENGES IN LARGE‐SCALE PROTEIN MANUFACTURING
- 17.4 SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CONCEPTS IN BIOLOGICS MANUFACTURING
- 17.5 CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 17 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES IN BIOLOGICS: UNIQUE CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS
- PART VI: THERMODYNAMICS
- 18 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TOWARD PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING
- 18.1 INTRODUCTION
- 18.2 DESOLVATION OF PARECOXIB SODIUM
- 18.3 SOLID FORM CONTROL OF PARITAPREVIR
- 18.4 SCALABLE SOLUTION CYRYSTALLIZATION OF CO‐CRYSTALS
- 18.5 THERMODYNAMICS OF COATING PROCESS DURING THE MANUFACTURE OF DRUG‐ELUTING BIORESORBABLE VASCULAR SCAFFOLD
- 18.6 POLYMER–PLASTICIZER MIXING PERFORMANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER
- REFERENCES
- 19 A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR SOLID–LIQUID EQUILIBRIA IN PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS
- 19.1 INTRODUCTION
- 19.2 THERMODYNAMIC FUNDAMENTALS FOR SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS
- 19.3 THE SAFT‐γ MIE GROUP CONTRIBUTION EoS
- 19.4 SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION FOR SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS
- 19.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
- 19.6 DISCUSSION
- 19.7 CONCLUSIONS
- 19.A USING FORMATION PROPERTIES IN THE INFINITE DILUTION STATE
- 19.B SAFT‐γ MIE FUNCTIONAL GROUP DECOMPOSITION
- REFERENCES
- 20 DRUG SOLUBILITY, REACTION THERMODYNAMICS, AND CO‐CRYSTAL SCREENING
- 20.1 INTRODUCTION
- 20.2 SOLUBILITY PREDICTION WITH COSMO‐RS
- 20.3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
- 20.4 SCREENING OF CO‐CRYSTALS
- 20.5 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
- 20.A DETAILS OF COSMO AND GAS‐ PHASE CALCULATIONS
- 20.B STEPS FOR CALCULATING THE FREE ENERGY OR ENTHALPY OF A COMPOUND
- ABBREVIATIONS
- SYMBOLS
- REFERENCES
- 21 THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF AQUEOUS AND MIXED SOLVENT ELECTROLYTE SYSTEMS
- 22 THERMODYNAMICS AND RELATIVE SOLUBILITY PREDICTION OF POLYMORPHIC SYSTEMS
- 22.1 INTRODUCTION
- 22.2 METHODS
- 22.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 22.4 APPLICATION TO AN ESTIMATION OF LIKELY IMPACT ON DRUG SOLUBILITY BY UNKNOWN MORE STABLE FORM
- 22.5 CONCLUSION
- 22.A PROPAGATION OF ERRORS OF THE SOLUBILITY RATIO MEASUREMENTS
- 22.B SUMMARY OF EXPLICIT EQUATIONS USED FOR THE SOLUBILITY RATIO PREDICTIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 23 TOWARD A RATIONAL SOLVENT SELECTION FOR CONFORMATIONAL POLYMORPH SCREENING
- 18 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TOWARD PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING
- PART VII: CRYSTALLIZATION AND FINAL FORM
- 24 CRYSTALLIZATION DESIGN AND SCALE‐UP
- 25 INTRODUCTION TO CHIRAL CRYSTALLIZATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING
- 25.1 TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS
- 25.2 TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS OF CHIRAL SYSTEMS CONTAINING SOLIDS
- 25.3 EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CHIRAL SYSTEMS
- 25.4 CHIRAL ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT
- 25.5 PROCESS DESIGN OF CHIRAL CRYSTALLIZATIONS
- 25.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 26 MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND ESTIMATION OF CRYSTAL NUCLEATION AND GROWTH KINETICS
- 27 CASE STUDIES ON CRYSTALLIZATION SCALE‐UP
- 27.1 INTRODUCTION
- 27.2 CASE STUDY I: DESIGNING SHEAR EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR BREAKAGE/ATTRITION ACROSS SCALES
- 27.3 CASE STUDY II: TAILORING MIXING TO ACHIEVE DESIRED CRYSTAL FORM AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
- 27.4 CASE STUDY III: SCALE‐UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANTISOLVENT ADDITION INTO A RECIRCULATION LOOP
- 27.5 CASE STUDY IV: MORPHOLOGY CONTROL IN A REACTIVE CRYSTALLIZATION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 28 POPULATION BALANCE‐ENABLED MODEL FOR BATCH AND CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES
- 28.1 INTRODUCTION
- 28.2 POPULATION BALANCE FRAMEWORK FOR CRYSTALLIZATION
- 28.3 A GENERALIZED MODEL FOR BATCH AND CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES
- 28.4 CASE I: PARACETAMOL–ETHANOL SYSTEM
- 28.5 CASE II: SODIUM NITRITE–WATER CRYSTALLIZATION
- 28.6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 28.A APPENDIX
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- NOTATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 29 SOLID FORM DEVELOPMENT FOR POORLY SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS
- 30 MULTISCALE ASSESSMENT OF API PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN THE CONTEXT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE TETRAHEDRON CONCEPT
- PART VIII: SEPARATIONS, FILTRATION, DRYING AND MILLING
- 31 THE DESIGN AND ECONOMICS OF LARGE‐SCALE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATIONS
- 32 MEMBRANE SYSTEMS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
- 33 DESIGN OF DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION OPERATIONS
- 34 CASE STUDIES ON THE USE OF DISTILLATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
- 35 DESIGN OF FILTRATION AND DRYING OPERATIONS
- 36 FILTRATION CASE STUDIES
- 37 DRYING CASE STUDIES
- 38 MILLING OPERATIONS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
- PART IX: STATISTICAL MODELS, PAT, AND PROCESS MODELING APPLICATIONS
- 39 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT
- 40 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS IN API DEVELOPMENT
- 41 PROBABILISTIC MODELS FOR FORECASTING PROCESS ROBUSTNESS
- 41.1 INTRODUCTION
- 41.2 MEASURING PROCESS ROBUSTNESS
- 41.3 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROCESS ROBUSTNESS
- 41.4 MODELING PROCESS ROBUSTNESS
- 41.5 PROCESS UNCERTAINTY
- 41.6 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROBABILISTIC GRAPHICAL MODELS
- 41.7 SIMULATION TOOLS FOR BAYESIAN STATISTICS
- 41.8 EXAMPLE OF MODELING PROCESS ROBUSTNESS
- SUMMARY
- SUPPORTING INFORMATION
- REFERENCES
- 42 USE OF PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY (PAT) IN SMALL MOLECULE DRUG SUBSTANCE REACTION DEVELOPMENT
- 43 PROCESS MODELING APPLICATIONS TOWARD ENABLING DEVELOPMENT AND SCALE‐UP: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- PART X: MANUFACTURING
- PART XI: QUALITY BY DESIGN AND REGULATORY
- INDEX
- End User License Agreement
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Second Edition
Edited by
DAVID J. AM ENDE
Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., Centerbrook, CT, USA
MARY T. AM ENDE
Lyndra Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, MA, USA
-
No Comment
..................Content has been hidden....................
You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.