Contents

About the Author

Preface

1  Economic Operation of Power System—I

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Characteristics of Thermal Units

1.3 Objective Function and Constraints for the Economic Dispatch Problem

1.4 Lagrange Multiplier Method – an Overview

1.5 Economic Dispatch Problem – Neglecting Transmission Line Losses

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Competitive Examination Questions

2  Economic Operation of Power System—II

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Economic Scheduling Problem Considering Losses

2.3 Derivation of the Transmission Loss Formula

2.4 Solution of the Economic Scheduling Problem – Considering Transmission Line Losses

2.5 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses – The Classical Method

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3  Hydro Thermal Scheduling

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Long Range Hydro Thermal Scheduling

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4  Modelling of Turbine, Generators and Automatic Controllers

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Modelling of Turbine Speed-Governor Controller

4.3 Modelling of Steam Turbine

4.4 Generator Load Model

4.5 Representation of Loads

4.6 Turbine Model

4.7 Synchronous Machines

4.8 The Swing Equation

4.9 Excitation

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5  Single Area Load Frequency Control

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Control Area Concept

5.3 Isolated Block Diagram Representation of Single Area Frequency Control

5.4 Steady State Response

5.5 Dynamic Response

5.6 State Space Model for Single Area

5.7 Matrix Representation of all State Equations

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6  Two-Area Load Frequency Control

6.1 Load Frequency Control of Two-Area System

6.2 Two-Area State Space Model Representation

6.3 Steady State Analysis

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7  Load Frequency Controllers

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Proportional Plus Integral Controller

7.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Dispatch Control

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Competitive Examination Question

8  Reactive Power Control

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Power Factor

8.3 Reactive Power

8.4 Causes of Low Power Factor

8.5 Reactive Power flow in an Uncompensated Transmission Line

8.6 Necessity for Reactive Power Compensation in a Transmission Line

8.7 Methods to Improve Power Factor

8.8 Power Factor Correction (Load Compensation)

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