The A+ Exam Objectives

The A+ exams are made up of the 220-801 exam and the 220-802 exam. Following are the detailed exam objectives of each test.

Exam objectives are subject to change at any time without prior notice and at CompTIA’s sole discretion. Please visit the A+ Certification page of CompTIA’s website (http://certification.comptia.org/getCertified/certifications/a.aspx) for the most current listing of exam objectives.

---

A+ Certification Exam Objectives: 220-801

The following table lists the domains measured by this examination and the extent to which they are represented on the exam:

1.0 PC Hardware

1.1 Configure and apply BIOS settings: Chapter 1

• Install firmware upgrades—flash BIOS
• BIOS component information: RAM; hard drive; optical drive; CPU
• BIOS configurations: Boot sequence; enabling and disabling devices; date/time; clock speeds; virtualization support; BIOS security (passwords; drive encryption: TPM; lo-jack)
• Use built-in diagnostics
• Monitoring: Temperature monitoring; fan speeds; intrusion detection/notification; voltage; clock; bus speed

1.2 Differentiate between motherboard components; their purposes; and properties: Chapter 1

• Sizes: ATX; Micro-ATX; ITX
• Expansion slots: PCI; PCI-X; PCIe; miniPCI; CNR; AGP2x, 4x, 8x
• RAM slots
• CPU sockets
• Chipsets: North Bridge; South Bridge; CMOS battery
• Jumpers
• Power connections and types
• Fan connectors
• Front panel connectors: USB; audio; power button; power light; drive activity lights; reset button
• Bus speeds

1.3 Compare and contrast RAM types and features: Chapter 1

• Types: DDR; DDR2; DDR3; SDRAM; SODIMM; RAMBUS; DIMM; parity vs. non-parity; ECC vs. non-ECC; RAM configurations (single channel vs. dual channel vs. triple channel); single sided vs. double sided
• RAM compatibility and speed

1.4 Install and configure expansion cards: Chapter 3

• Sound cards; video cards; network cards; serial and parallel cards; USB cards; FireWire cards; storage cards; modem cards; wireless/cellular cards; TV tuner cards; video capture cards; riser cards

1.5 Install and configure storage devices and use appropriate media: Chapter 2

• Optical drives: CD-ROM; DVD-ROM; Blu-ray
• Combo drives and burners: CD-RW; DVD-RW; dual layer DVD-RW; BD-R; BD-RE
• Connection types
  • External: USB; FireWire; eSATA; Ethernet
  • Internal SATA; IDE and SCSI: IDE configuration and setup (master; slave; cable select); SCSI IDs (0–15)
  • Hot-swappable drives
• Hard drives: magnetic; 5400 rpm; 7200 rpm; 10,000 rpm; 15,000 rpm
• Solid state/flash drives: CompactFlash; SD; Micro-SD; Mini-SD; xD; SSD
• RAID types: 0; 1; 5; 10
• Floppy drive
• Tape drive
• Media capacity: CD; CD-RW; DVD-RW; DVD; Blu-ray; tape; floppy; DL DVD

1.6 Differentiate among various CPU types and features and select the appropriate cooling method: Chapter 1

• Socket types
  • Intel: LGA, 775, 1155, 1156, 1366
  • AMD: 940, AM2, AM2+, AM3, AM3+, FM1, F
• Characteristics: speeds, cores, cache size/type, hyperthreading, virtualization support, architecture (32-bit vs. 64-bit), integrated GPU
• Cooling: heat sink, fans, thermal paste, liquid-based

1.7 Compare and contrast various connection interfaces and explain their purpose: Chapter 3

• Physical connections
  • USB 1.1 vs. 2.0 vs. 3.0 speed and distance characteristics. Connector types: A, B, mini, micro
  • FireWire 400 vs. FireWire 800 speed and distance characteristics
  • SATA1 vs. SATA2 vs. SATA3, eSATA, IDE speeds
  • Other connector types: serial, parallel, VGA, HDMI, DVI, Audio, RJ-45, RJ-11,
  • Analog vs. digital transmission: VGA vs. HDMI
• Speeds, distances and frequencies of wireless device connections: Bluetooth, IR, RF

1.8 Install an appropriate power supply based on a given scenario: Chapter 2

• Connector types and their voltages: SATA, Molex, 4/8-pin 12v, PCIe 6/8-pin, 20-pin, 24-pin, floppy
• Specifications: wattage, size, number of connectors, ATX, Micro-ATX; dual-voltage options

1.9 Evaluate and select appropriate components for a custom configuration, to meet customer specifications or needs: Chapter 5

• Graphic/CAD/CAM design workstation: powerful processor, high-end video, maximum RAM
• Audio/video editing workstation: specialized audio and video card, large fast hard drive, dual monitors
• Virtualization workstation: maximum RAM and CPU cores
• Gaming PC: powerful processor, high-end video/specialized GPU, better sound card, high-end cooling
• Home theater PC: surround sound audio, HDMI output, HTPC compact form factor, TV tuner
• Standard thick client: desktop applications, meets recommended requirements for running Windows
• Thin client: basic applications, meets minimum requirements for running Windows
• Home server PC: media streaming, file sharing, print sharing, Gigabit NIC, RAID array

1.10 Given a scenario, evaluate types and features of display devices: Chapter 4

• Types (CRT, LCD, LED, Plasma, Projector, OLED), refresh rates, resolution, native resolution, brightness/lumens, analog vs. digital, privacy/antiglare filters, multiple displays

1.11 Identify connector types and associated cables: Chapter 3

• Display connector types: DVI-D, DVI-I, DVI-A, DisplayPort, RCA, HD15 (i.e. DE15 or DB15), BNC, miniHDMI, RJ-45, miniDin-6
• Display cable types: HDMI, DVI, VGA, component, composite, S-video, RGB, coaxial, Ethernet
• Device connectors and pin arrangements: SATA, eSATA, PATA (IDE, EIDE), floppy, USB, IEEE1394 (SCSI), PS/2, parallel, serial, audio, RJ-45
• Device cable types: SATA, eSATA, IDE, EIDE, floppy, USB, IEEE1394, SCSI (68pin vs. 50pin vs. 25pin), parallel, serial, Ethernet, phone

1.12 Install and configure various peripheral devices: Chapter 3

• Input devices: mouse, keyboard, touch screen, scanner, barcode reader, KVM, microphone, biometric devices, game pads, joysticks, digitizer
• Multimedia devices: digital cameras, microphone, webcam, camcorder, MIDI enabled devices
• Output devices: printers, speakers, display devices

2.0 Networking

2.1 Identify types of network cables and connectors: Chapter 6

• Fiber. Connectors: SC, ST, and LC
• Twisted Pair. Connectors: RJ-11, RJ-45; wiring standards: T568A, T568B
• Coaxial. Connectors: BNC, F-connector

2.2 Categorize characteristics of connectors and cabling: Chapter 6

• Fiber. Types (single-mode vs. multi-mode); speed and transmission limitations
• Twisted pair. Types: STP, UTP, CAT3, CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6, plenum, PVC; speed and transmission limitations
• Coaxial. Types: RG-6, RG-59; speed and transmission limitations

2.3 Explain properties and characteristics of TCP/IP: Chapter 7

• IP class: Class A, Class B, Class C
• IPv4 vs. IPv6
• Public vs. private vs. APIPA
• Static vs. dynamic
• Client-side DNS
• DHCP
• Subnet mask
• Gateway

2.4 Explain common TCP and UDP ports, protocols, and their purpose: Chapter 7

• Ports: 21 - FTP, 23 - TELNET, 25 - SMTP, 53 - DNS, 80 - HTTP, 110 - POP3, 143 - IMAP, 443 - HTTPS, 3389 - RDP
• Protocols: DHCP, DNS, LDAP, SNMP, SMB, SSH, SFTP
• TCP vs. UDP

2.5 Compare and contrast wireless networking standards and encryption types: Chapter 8

• Standards: 802.11 a/b/g/n; speeds, distances, and frequencies
• Encryption types: WEP, WPA, WPA2, TKIP, AES

2.6 Install, configure, and deploy a SOHO wireless/wired router using appropriate settings: Chapter 8

• MAC filtering; channels (1–11); port forwarding, port triggering; SSID broadcast (on/off); wireless encryption; firewall; DHCP (on/off); DMZ; NAT; WPS; basic QoS

2.7 Compare and contrast Internet connection types and features: Chapter 8

• Cable, DSL, dial-up, fiber, satellite, ISDN, cellular (mobile hotspot), line of sight wireless Internet service, WiMAX

2.8 Identify various types of networks: Chapter 6

• LAN, WAN, PAN, MAN
• Topologies: mesh, ring, bus, star, hybrid

2.9 Compare and contrast network devices, their functions, and features: Chapter 6

• Hub, switch, router, access point, bridge, modem, NAS, firewall, VoIP phones, Internet appliance

2.10 Given a scenario, use appropriate networking tools: Chapter 6

• Crimper, multimeter, toner probe, cable tester, loopback plug, punchdown tool

3.0 Laptops

3.1 Install and configure laptop hardware and components: Chapter 9

• Expansion options: express card /34, express card /54, PCMCIA, SODIMM, flash
• Hardware/device replacement: keyboard, hard drive (2.5 vs. 3.5), memory, optical drive, wireless card, Mini-PCIe, screen, DC jack, battery, touchpad, plastics, speaker, system board, CPU

3.2 Compare and contrast the components within the display of a laptop: Chapter 9

• Types: LCD, LED, OLED, plasma
• Wi-Fi antenna connector/placement
• Inverter and its function
• Backlight

3.3 Compare and contrast laptop features: Chapter 9

• Special function keys: dual displays, wireless (on/off), volume settings, screen brightness, Bluetooth (on/off), keyboard backlight
• Docking station vs. port replicator
• Physical laptop lock and cable lock

4.0 Printers

4.1 Explain the differences between the various printer types and summarize the associated imaging process: Chapter 10

• Laser: imaging drum, fuser assembly, transfer belt, transfer roller, pickup rollers, separate pads, duplexing assembly. Imaging process: processing, charging, exposing, developing, transferring, fusing and cleaning.
• Inkjet: ink cartridge, print head, roller, feeder, duplexing assembly, carriage and belt. Calibration.
• Thermal: Feed assembly, heating element, special thermal paper
• Impact: Print head, ribbon, tractor feed, impact paper

4.2 Given a scenario, install, and configure printers: Chapter 10

• Use appropriate printer drivers for a given operating system
• Print device sharing: wired (USB, parallel, serial, Ethernet), wireless (Bluetooth, 802.11x, infrared [IR]). Printer hardware print server.
• Printer sharing: sharing local/networked printer via operating system settings

4.3 Given a scenario, perform printer maintenance: Chapter 10

• Laser: replacing toner, applying maintenance kit, calibration, cleaning
• Thermal: replace paper, clean heating element, remove debris
• Impact: replace ribbon, replace print head, replace paper

5.0 Operational Procedures

5.1 Given a scenario, use appropriate safety procedures: Chapter 11

• ESD straps
• ESD mats
• Self-grounding
• Equipment grounding
• Personal safety (disconnect power before repairing PC, remove jewelry, lifting techniques, weight limitations, electrical fire safety, CRT safety-proper disposal, cable management)
• Compliance with local government regulations

5.2 Explain environmental impacts and the purpose of environmental controls: Chapter 11

• MSDS documentation for handling and disposal
• Temperature, humidity level awareness and proper ventilation
• Power surges, brownouts, blackouts: battery backup, surge suppressor
• Protection from airborne particles: enclosures, air filters
• Dust and debris: compressed air, vacuums
• Component handling and protection: antistatic bags
• Compliance to local government regulations

5.3 Given a scenario, demonstrate proper communication and professionalism: Chapter 11

• Use proper language: avoid jargon, acronyms, slang when applicable
• Maintain a positive attitude
• Listen and do not interrupt the customer
• Be culturally sensitive
• Be on time (if late contact the customer)
• Avoid distractions: personal calls, talking to co-workers while interacting with customers, personal interruptions
• Dealing with difficult customer or situation
• Avoid arguing with customers and/or being defensive
• Do not minimize customer’s problems
• Avoid being judgmental
• Clarify customer statements (ask open ended questions to narrow the scope of the problem, restate the issue or question to verify understanding)
• Set and meet expectations/timeline and communicate status with the customer
• Offer different repair/replacement options if applicable
• Provide proper documentation on the services provided
• Follow up with customer/user at a later date to verify satisfaction
• Deal appropriately with customer’s confidential materials: located on a computer, desktop, printer, etc.

5.4 Explain the fundamentals of dealing with prohibited content/activity: Chapter 11

• First response: identify, report through proper channels, data/device preservation
• Use of documentation/documentation changes
• Chain of custody: tracking of evidence/documenting process

A+ Certification Exam Objectives: 220-802

The following table lists the domains measured by this examination and the extent to which they are represented on the exam.

1.0 Operating Systems

1.1 Compare and contrast the features and requirements of various Microsoft Operating Systems.

• Windows XP Home, Windows XP Professional, Windows XP Media Center, Windows XP 64-bit Professional: Chapters 12, 16
• Windows Vista Home Basic, Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Ultimate, Windows Vista Enterprise: Chapters 12, 14, 15
• Windows 7 Starter, Windows 7 Home Premium, Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Enterprise: Chapter 12
• Features: 32-bit vs. 64-bit: Chapters 12, 14, 15
• Features: Aero, gadgets, user account control, bit-locker, shadow copy, system restore, ready boost, sidebar, compatibility mode, XP mode, easy transfer, administrative tools, defender, Windows firewall, security center, event viewer, file structure and paths, category view vs. classic view: Chapters 12–16
• Upgrade paths—differences between in place upgrades, compatibility tools, Windows upgrade OS advisor: Chapter 14

1.2 Given a scenario, install, and configure the operating system using the most appropriate method: Chapter 13 except as noted

• Boot methods: USB, CD-ROM, DVD, PXE: Chapter 14
• Type of installations: creating image, unattended installation, upgrade, clean install, repair installation, multiboot, remote network installation, image deployment: Chapters 14–16
• Partitioning: dynamic, basic, primary, extended, logical
• File system types/formatting: FAT, FAT32, NTFS, CDFS, quick format vs. full format
• Load alternate third party drivers when necessary
• Workgroup vs. Domain setup
• Time/date/region/language settings
• Driver installation, software and windows updates
• Factory recovery partition

1.3 Given a scenario, use appropriate command line tools: Chapter 13

• Networking: PING, TRACERT, NETSTAT, IPCONFIG, NET, NSLOOKUP, NBTSTAT
• OS: TASKKILL, BOOTREC, SHUTDOWN, TLIST, MD, RD, CD, DEL, FDISK, FORMAT, COPY, XCOPY, ROBOCOPY, DISKPART, SFC, CHKDSK; [command name] /?
• Recovery console: fixboot, fixmbr

1.4 Given a scenario, use appropriate operating system features and tools.

• Administrative: computer management, device manager, users and groups, local security policy, performance monitor, services, system configuration, task scheduler, component services, data sources, print management, Windows memory diagnostics, Windows firewall, advanced security: Chapters 13–16
• MSCONFIG: general, boot, services, startup, tools: Chapter 13
• Task Manager: applications, processes, performance, networking, users: Chapter 13
• Disk management: drive status, mounting, extending partitions, splitting partitions, assigning drive letters, adding drives, adding arrays: Chapter 13
• Other: User State Migration tool (USMT), File and Settings Transfer Wizard, Windows Easy Transfer: Chapters 14–16
• Run line utilities: MSCONFIG, REGEDIT, CMD, SERVICES.MSC, MMC, MSTSC, NOTEPAD, EXPLORER, MSINFO32, DXDIAG: Chapter 13

1.5 Given a scenario, use Control Panel utilities (the items are organized by “classic view/large icons” in Windows): Chapter 13 except as noted

• Common to all Microsoft Operating Systems
• Internet options: Connections, Security, General, Privacy, Programs, Advanced
• Display: Resolution
• User accounts
• Folder options: Sharing, View hidden files, Hide extensions, Layout
• System: Performance (virtual memory), Hardware profiles, Remote settings, System protection
• Security center
• Windows firewall
• Power options: Hibernate, power plans, Sleep/suspend, Standby
• Unique to Windows XP: Add/Remove Programs, network connections, printers and faxes, automatic updates, Network Setup wizard: Chapter 16
• Unique to Vista: Tablet PC settings, pen and input devices, offline files, problem reports and solutions, printers: Chapter 15
• Unique to Windows 7: HomeGroup, Action center, remote applications and desktop applications, troubleshooting: Chapter 14

1.6 Setup and configure Windows networking on a client/desktop.

• HomeGroup, file/print sharing: Chapters 14-15
• WorkGroup vs. domain setup: Chapters 14, 16
• Network shares/mapping drives: Chapter 14
• Establish networking connections: VPN, dialups, wireless, wired, WWAN (cellular): Chapters 14, 16
• Proxy settings: Chapters 14, 16
• Remote desktop: Chapters 14, 16
• Home vs. Work vs. Public network settings: Chapter 14
• Firewall settings: exceptions, configuration, enabling/disabling Windows firewall: Chapters 14-15
• Configuring an alternative IP address in Windows: IP addressing, subnet mask, DNS, gateway: Chapters 14-15
• Network card properties: half duplex/full duplex/auto, speed, Wake-on-LAN, PoE, QoS: Chapters 14-16

1.7 Perform preventive maintenance procedures using appropriate tools: Chapters 12–13

• Best practices: scheduled backups, scheduled check disks, scheduled defragmentation, Windows updates, patch management, driver/firmware updates, antivirus updates
• Tools: Backup, System Restore, Check Disk, recovery image, defrag

1.8 Explain the differences among basic OS security settings.

• User and groups: Administrator, Power user, Guest, Standard user: Chapter 13
• NTFS vs. Share permissions: Allow vs. deny, moving vs. copying folders and files, file attributes: Chapters 12–13
• Shared files and folders: administrative shares vs. local shares, permission propagation, inheritance: Chapter 13
• System files and folders: Chapter 12
• User authentication: single sign-on: Chapter 13

1.9 Explain the basics of client-side virtualization: Chapter 12

• Purpose of virtual machines, resource requirements, emulator requirements, security requirements, network requirements, hypervisor

2.0 Security

2.1 Apply and use common prevention methods: Chapter 17

• Physical security: lock doors, tailgating, securing physical documents/passwords/shredding, biometrics, badges, key fobs, RFID badge, RSA token, privacy filters, retinal
• Digital security: antivirus, firewalls, antispyware, user authentication/strong passwords, directory permissions
• User education
• Principle of least privilege

2.2 Compare and contrast common security threats: Chapter 17

• Social engineering, malware, rootkits, phishing, shoulder surfing, spyware, viruses (worms, Trojans)

2.3 Implement security best practices to secure a workstation: Chapter 17

• Setting strong passwords, requiring passwords, restricting user permissions, changing default user names, disabling guest account, screensaver required password, disable autorun

2.4 Given a scenario, use the appropriate data destruction/disposal method: Chapter 17

• Low level format vs. standard format
• Hard drive sanitation and sanitation methods: overwrite, drive wipe
• Physical destruction: shredder, drill, electromagnetic, degaussing tool

2.5 Given a scenario, use the appropriate data destruction/disposal method: Chapter 17

• Change default user-names and passwords
• Changing SSID
• Setting encryption
• Disabling SSID broadcast
• Enable MAC filtering
• Antenna and access point placement
• Radio power levels
• Assign static IP addresses

2.6 Given a scenario, secure a SOHO wired network: Chapter 17

• Change default usernames and passwords
• Enable MAC filtering
• Assign static IP addresses
• Disabling ports
• Physical security

3.0 Mobile Devices

3.1 Explain the basic features of mobile operating systems: Chapter 18

• Android vs. iOS: open source vs. closed source/vendor specific, app source (app store and market), screen orientation (accelerometer/gyroscope), screen calibration, GPS and geotracking

3.2 Establish basic network connectivity and configure email: Chapter 18

• Wireless/cellular data network (enable/disable)
• Bluetooth: enable Bluetooth, enable pairing, find device for pairing, enter appropriate pin code, test connectivity
• Email configuration: server address, POP3, IMAP, port and SSL settings, Exchange, Gmail

3.3 Compare and contrast methods for securing mobile devices: Chapter 18

• Passcode locks, remote wipes, locator applications, remote backup applications, failed login attempts restrictions, antivirus, patching/OS updates

3.4 Compare and contrast hardware differences in regards to tablets and laptops: Chapter 18

• No field serviceable parts
• Typically not upgradeable
• Touch interface: touch flow, multitouch
• Solid state drives

3.5 Execute and configure mobile device synchronization: Chapter 18

• Types of data to synchronize: contacts, programs, email, pictures, music, videos
• Software requirements to install the application on the PC
• Connection types to enable synchronization

4.0 Troubleshooting

4.1 Given a scenario, explain the troubleshooting theory: Chapter 19

• Identify the problem: question the user and identify user changes to computer and perform backups before making changes
• Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious)
• Test the theory to determine cause. Once theory is confirmed determine next steps to resolve problem. If theory is not confirmed re-establish new theory or escalate.
• Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution
• Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventive measures
• Document findings, actions and outcomes

4.2 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common problems related to motherboards, RAM, CPU and power with appropriate tools: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: unexpected shutdowns, system lockups, POST code beeps, blank screen on bootup, BIOS time and settings resets, attempts to boot to incorrect device, continuous reboots, no power, overheating, loud noise, intermittent device failure, fans spin—no power to other devices, indicator lights, smoke, burning smell, BSOD
• Tools: multimeter, power supply tester, loopback plugs, POST card

4.3 Given a scenario, troubleshoot hard drives and RAID arrays with appropriate tools: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: read/write failure, slow performance, loud clicking noise, failure to boot, drive not recognized, OS not found, RAID not found, RAID stops working, BSOD
• Tools: screwdriver, external enclosures, CHKDSK, FORMAT, FDISK, file recovery software

4.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common video and display issues: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: VGA mode, no image on screen, overheat shutdown, dead pixels, artifacts, color patterns incorrect, dim image, flickering image, distorted image, discoloration (degaussing), BSOD

4.5 Given a scenario, troubleshoot wired and wireless networks with appropriate tools: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: no connectivity, APIPA address, limited connectivity, local connectivity, intermittent connectivity, IP conflict, slow transfer speeds, low RF signal
• Tools: cable tester, loopback plug, punch down tools, toner probes, wire strippers, crimper, PING, IPCONFIG, TRACERT, NETSTAT, NBTSTAT, NET, wireless locator

4.6 Given a scenario, troubleshoot operating system problems with appropriate tools: Chapter 19

• Common symptoms: BSOD, failure to boot, improper shutdown, spontaneous shutdown/restart, RAID not detected during installation, device fails to start, missing dll message, services fails to start, compatibility error, slow system performance, boots to safe mode, file fails to open, missing NTLDR, missing Boot.ini, missing operating system, missing graphical interface, graphical interface fails to load, invalid boot disk
• Tools: fixboot, recovery console, fixmbr, sfc, repair disks, pre-installation environments, MSCONFIG, DEFRAG, REGSRV32, REGEDIT, event viewer, safe mode, command prompt, emergency repair disk, automated system recovery

4.7 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common security issues with appropriate tools and best practices: Chapter 19

• Common symptoms: pop-ups, browser redirection, security alerts, slow performance, internet connectivity issues, PC locks up, Windows updates failures, rogue antivirus, spam, renamed system files, files disappearing, file permission changes, hijacked email, access denied
• Tools: anti-virus software, anti-malware software, anti-spyware software, recovery console, system restore, pre-installation environments, event viewer
• Best practices for malware removal
• Identify malware symptoms
• Quarantine infected system
• Disable system restore
• Remediate infected systems
• Update anti-virus software
• Scan and removal techniques (safe mode, pre-installation environment)
• Schedule scans and updates
• Enable system restore and create restore point
• Educate end user

4.8 Given a scenario, troubleshoot, and repair common laptop issues while adhering to the appropriate procedures: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: no display, dim display, flickering display, sticking keys, intermittent wireless, battery not charging, ghost cursor, no power, num lock indicator lights, no wireless connectivity, no Bluetooth connectivity, cannot display to external monitor
• Disassembling processes for proper re-assembly: document and label cable and screw locations, organize parts, refer to manufacturer documentation, use appropriate hand tools

4.9 Given a scenario, troubleshoot printers with appropriate tools: Chapter 20

• Common symptoms: streaks, faded prints, ghost images, toner not fused to the paper, creased paper, paper not feeding, paper jam, no connectivity, garbled characters on paper, vertical lines on page, backed up print queue, low memory errors, access denied, printer will not print, color prints in wrong print color, unable to install printer, error codes
• Tools: maintenance kit, toner vacuum, compressed air, printer spooler